Digital battery

Since 1992, benefits of Sony lithium-ion batteries to achieve industrialization since, under its high specific energy, long life, no memory effect, safe, reliable and can quickly load and unload, lithium-ion batteries are become the new power technology recent years, development of hot spots. Lithium-ion Dell Latitude D810 battery is the green environment-friendly pollution free rechargeable batteries meet environmental needs of national energy today in all areas of use of life is increasing rapidly. Currently, lithium-ion has been widely used in mobile phones, laptops, digital cameras, MP3 and other electronic products, many of replacing nickel-cadmium batteries and nickel-hydride batteries, metal, in applications such as most as an exclusive Jiucheng. In addition, lithium-ion battery electric vehicles in recent years, and some other high power batteries have started to come into practical use.

Before 2000, the Japanese lithium-ion batteries dominate the world, and production accounting for about 95%. In recent years, with China (including Taiwan) and the rapid rise of South Korea, the Japanese show a single model has been gradually broken. Market Share of Japanese lithium-ion batteries has fallen below 60%, about one third of the world to form a pattern. Although in 2008 the global financial crisis hit, but rechargeable batteries, regardless of volume, sales were both up there on the rise, but this year will continue to be a difficult year. The future, the rapid development of a variety of electric vehicles, lithium-ion batteries will become a major driving force for progress.

The status of lithium-ion batteries can not be shaken

In 1989, the small size of the room-type lithium batteries to achieve a practical use. However, in the summer over a series of batteries for cell phones use lithium overheating in 1989 and caught fire due to an accident in early 1990, the industry uses a cylindrical, hp F2024B battery Rechargeable lithium had a negative attitude towards the prospects for practical application. However, Sony has specialized in the manufacturing technology of energy batteries Sony (Sony Energy Tech) ’s courage to break the deadlock, the same year in February announced the lithium-ion rechargeable battery reached a practical level.

Cause of the accident caused by lithium batteries that will be used as anode material for lithium in the charge and repeated discharge, the cathode is the formation of dendritic crystals, so a short - circuit between the positive and negative electrodes, emitting smoke and fire. The lithium-ion rechargeable battery in the positive and negative do not use lithium metal and its positive use of LiCoO2 (lithium cobalt) alloy material, the negative electrode material using carbon type of coke. This ensures the safety of the Dell KD476 battery to reach the cylinders of lithium type.

However, the practice at the beginning of the performance of lithium-ion battery was not significantly better than the main competing products - Ni-MH rechargeable batteries. For example, in early 1993 lithium-ion rechargeable battery unit volume density of energy 220Wh / L (This is a diameter of 65mm and 18mm × length value of the cylinder type battery, the same below ), just over nickel-metal hydride batteries 180Wh / height of approximately 20 L%. In addition, lithium-ion rechargeable batteries, there are many shortcomings, such as “there is no tension between compatibility and dry,” the difficulties of load control “,” high resistance, current high charging and discharging can be, “difficult to parallel, it is difficult to realize large capacity battery” and so on.

However, mobile phones and video cameras and other manufacturers of lithium-ion rechargeable VGP-BPS9A/B battery features lights a little low. Energy density per unit weight of these terms, lithium-ion battery than nickel-metal hydride rechargeable batteries is about twice as high as up 115Wh/kg. In other words, the same energy capacity, lithium-ion battery reduces the weight by about half. Thus, manufacturers of portable equipment, under a special favor in 1991 after the adoption of lithium-ion rechargeable batteries have the product market, and very popular. Since then, Matsushita Battery Industrial Company in 1992, Japan’s Battery in 1993, Sanyo Electric, Hitachi and Canada Moli Energy (1990) were commissioned in 1994, established the lithium-ion rechargeable batteries in portable electronics on the market can not shake the position.

Since 1990, lithium-ion rechargeable batteries have been largely along the high density and secure the development of these two main lines. To promote the products of small and light, manufacturers of portable electronic equipment urged to improve the energy density of batteries. However, the denser the smoke of the fire, the greater the risk. Incident does not happen again! The summer of 1989 fire incidents in the apple A1060 batteryof technical persistent spirit: If an accident, the use of materials of lithium battery will be the future is doomed.

To this end, in lithium-ion rechargeable batteries, the beginning of practical use, the battery manufacturer for its implementation will be known as the “most protective” of strict security measures. In order to fall in poor operation of the battery due to excessive discharge / over charge of the state can ensure security, the manufacturer of the battery configuration of the three types of security architecture: PTC (positive temperature coefficient) thermistor valve Security diaphragm. When mounted detected an abnormal temperature, the possibility of cutting off the electric mode of the load cell to avoid the danger.

In addition, development of mobile phones, cameras, computer hardware manufacturers have to ensure mobile security battery has played an important role. At that time, all the hardware manufacturers have established programs for acceptance testing, such as nail prick test, high temperature / low temperature test, as well as heating pan tests. Equipment manufacturers will be a series of tests based on the results raise the existing problems in the toshiba PA3591U-1BRS battery manufacturer, on how to improve the cell structure and design of safety circuits, and so many points of view. In the hard work in close cooperation with the early 20th century during the period, lithium-ion rechargeable batteries are no longer a major accident, the market is developing very well.

Improved security, the lithium-ion battery energy density of the battery continues to increase. The beginning of practical use in 1990, lithium-ion battery density of energy per unit volume, but 190Wh / L to 19 years later, in 2009, this value increased about 4 times, reaching 740Wh / L. But the same period, the microprocessor clock frequency up to 100 times the capacity of the DRAM is increased 250 times. Therefore, the rechargeable battery is also frequently called progress is too slow.

Increased energy density is mainly based on positive and negative materials to improve hp Pavilion dv4 battery of structural adjustment and improvement of manufacturing processes such as leather and complete been piecemeal. 19 years, there have been three times the material of great change, many, many times the energy density of high speed. The first took place in 1994 and 1995, the anode material of coke in a class of carbon materials, carbon, graphite type materials, this change so that the energy density has increased by about 20%. In the following 8 ~ 9 years, has maintained a positive use of LiCoO2, cathode graphite using a combination of such carbon material. The Change 2nd occurred in 2002 and 2003, the LiCoO2 cathode material in the LiCoO2 and Li (Ni-Co-Mn) O2 mixture of materials, the energy density of about 10%.

Is currently in 3rd period of change. The anode material is the reform candidate materials, including the type of silicon alloy, tin alloy and lithium three categories. An alloy of tin came in practical use. Sony introduced after the spring of 2005, the group of device battery has started to use this material. 14mm (diameter) x 43mm (length) of the unit cell volume of the energy density can reach 478Wh / L, compared to traditional materials, an increase of approximately 20% of the Dell Latitude D410 battery.

In January 2007, Matsushita Electric Industrial and Matsushita Battery Industrial through the use of certain types of materials such as alloy anode material, with successes to 740Wh / L energy density per unit volume. The company did not disclose the specific circumstances of this alloy material, until March this year, not mass production, it is expected that the near future or will be put to practice. In addition, the type of alloy of silicon and metal lithium as a cathode can significantly increase the energy density of batteries are also on trial.

After 2006, laptops and mobile phones and other products used in lithium-ion rechargeable batteries, the recurrence of an abnormal occurrence of heat, the potential fire hazard. Sony, Matsushita Battery Industrial, Sanyo Electric and other battery manufacturers have a large number of recycling batteries. The reasons are said to be mixed in the process of manufacturing powder metal, it is said to be load and unload equipment manufacturers in the management of misconduct. And equipment manufacturers face the cons, up another case of malfeasance.

In fact, the real reason not yet been identified. To this extent, must be carefully verified reason, understand that the resurgence ‘accident, the future is doomed, “the gravity of technical staff to learn both sides to ensure safety at all costs try to develop the spirit of time, work together to move forward together.

BYD F3DM launch the fastest dual mode electric vehicles present, except for a very small trial batches in Shenzhen, the market is still difficult to find their mark. There are various indications that the new Energy Line racing car technology, electric vehicles, China has become the new energy vehicle development, the main direction.

Electric vehicles in emerging strategic industries

Last Tuesday, workers issued by the Ministry of the fifth letter of energy conservation and new projects to demonstrate energy vehicles to promote the use of the VGP-BPS10 repertoire list of recommended models. In the list directory recommended, Sunwin Shanghai, Jiangsu, often long and Liuzhou Wuling three cases of three electric vehicles, so impressive.

In fact, since the first catalog of first car lots issued 193 energy saving projects and new demonstration vehicle to promote the energy use of models has been recommended to date, the Ministry of the letter published in five batches 46, all kinds of new energy vehicles, electric vehicles accounted for 28 models, not only more than all other technologies combined routes of new energy vehicles, but manufacturers are involved in Dongfeng, Chang’an, Chery BYD, Hafei, almost 20.

In addition, electric vehicles, and more recently “promoted” as a “new energy, energy saving environmental protection, electric cars, new materials, new medicines, bio-farming and industries of the information, “the seven new strategic industries” Seven “and one, all types of sufficient showing that countries have electric cars rather than VGP-BPS9/S technical in line with other new energy vehicles, like the future of strategic industries the country.

Previously, over a month, U.S. President Barack Obama during his visit, the electric car is also included in the release of the two heads of state signed the “Sino-US Joint Statement.”

The manufacturers of electric cars boom lifting force Qi

Policies to promote electric cars face a “wind” blowing hit, but at the enterprise level, electric cars feeding fat, “Thunder disaster” also rings frequently.

Last Thursday, the Shanghai Automotive and the United States A 123 Systems Inc. jointly announced that both sides of the shares in accordance with 51:49 ratio, the establishment of Shanghai Czech Republic, New Power Battery Systems Co. , Ltd. to jointly develop, manufacture and sale system vehicle battery power. As battery technology lithium iron phosphate in a corporation listed on NASDAQ in the foreground, A 123 now has a world-renowned large scale lithium-ion battery systems and batteries capacity. The industry generally believe that Shanghai Automotive and the A 123 of the cooperation will help achieve a new energy vehicles, Shanghai Automotive Industry Development Strategy and the key components in the battery system on the industrial development of the formation of ‘breakthrough.

At the same time, the reporter learned Hafei Motor, the company produced high-speed electric cars has been Saibao “Zheng Zhunsheng ‘official entry into the national high-speed production of electric vehicles directory. Hafei vehicle related sources, which can be vehicles of industrial production will soon be the first to enter the scope of government procurement in China.

In addition, the annual production capacity of pure electric vehicles in the 10000 Air Car power project was installed in Zhengzhou Institute of Aeronautical port. The project with Anhui, Chongqing, Henan, Guizhou and other places a number of car manufacturers have signed a long term cooperation agreement framework, and on this basis, the domestic VGP-BPS9A/B automakers and large-scale cooperation production of pure electric vehicles, a project is completed in 2012, the project can produce a pure electric car 10000.

Combining the previous mode double F3D M BYD E6 Electric Car, electric cars Chery S18, Beiqi “Beijing” BE701 mark Pure electric cars coming and Shanghai Automotive buses and electric cars, electric vehicles off the Unit, has been a marked increase in coverage other technical line of new energy vehicles. Fearing that the plane manufacturers in the optical current electric vehicles in terms of production and sales, the future of new energy vehicles will account for more than half.

Electric Vehicles Take-Sheung sandaokan “off”

However, despite the heat wave of electric vehicles, but the country does not dare to promise a company at a given time, will definitely launch its own electric vehicles. F3D M BYD dual-mode electric vehicles, announced the end of this year on the market, but outside of a very small trial batches in Shenzhen, the market is difficult to find the trail; Chery S18 also complained of be available this year, but understanding, the car during the year’s announcement was completely “Moxi”! Chery and Changan Electric Vehicle R & D-related person said that currently limit the development of the domestic electric car, there are three main factors: one is produced electric vehicle itself, one is its cost, it is one is its use of infrastructure.

It is understood that the basic technology of electric vehicles include four, namely, sony VGP-BPS2 battery technology, motor and control technology, vehicle technology and techniques of electrical energy management. In China, despite BYD, SAIC, Chery, Chang’an and so a few years ago began research on electric vehicles and development, and each has made great progress in the fields. However, the current situation, several major companies developing electric cars are still in some respects, there are advantages but there are other aspects of the situation in the short board. BYD battery technologies as well, but the technology of electric vehicles, but not obvious, Shanghai motor vehicle technology and energy management, it has been more advantages, but its battery for another great challenge.

The cost of electric vehicles from the point of view, as the generation of new products, its sales volume after industrialization can not be expected, many manufacturers have expressed their stakeholders, the market for electric cars for at least same platform as the price of traditional gasoline engine of the car 50% higher over. In fact, BYD F3D M nearly 15 million market value point of view, the least expensive compared to F3, a full price of more than 9 million yuan, this situation will undoubtedly limit the speed of vehicles electric market. In China, despite Chongqing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Guangzhou and Hangzhou and other cities have increased to subsidize the use of new energy vehicles, but the VGP-BPS9A specific pairs of electric vehicles on how the subsidies are not an explicit statement to date.

Infrastructure for the use of electric vehicles is another cost. Based on the characteristics of electric vehicles, how to ensure the load quickly and easily to maintain the range of travel of electric vehicles, electric vehicles will obviously become a limiting factor in the development of a key. Now, look you require vehicle electrical training environments has a perfect network of charging stations, automakers and utilities rely solely on efforts are clearly inadequate. Even if he had confidence in the future for electric cars Nissan CEO Luo Card If Geen also pointed out that “electric cars have a bright future, but if the government does not join the perfect electric car charging stations, such as ranks of the construction of electricity infrastructure Automotive future will be more trouble!

In the 21st century, the world’s energy saving problem of reducing emissions is very important, while the height of the information age of high automotive, high technology, good conditions for the development of another, so that the global automotive industry, appeared in two types of innovative ways: First, attach importance to technology to traditional internal combustion engine vehicle a significant improvement, the second is actively engaged in developing new energy vehicles, particularly the development of electric car development and industrialization. Electric Vehicles and vehicle fuel cell in the global automotive industry, the future development of vehicles and the theme for the competition and electric vehicles as a key vehicle batteries to power new car, auto giants are and the reasons leading manufacturer of Laptop battery, but they have announced investment plans and production workload, triggering a boom car battery investment.

Electric vehicle batteries on board a new energy

The overall development of electric vehicle battery technology in two major aspects: first, the two existing time the battery should be improved; second is to develop new fuel cells. Currently the majority of electric vehicle battery is still at relatively cheap price of lead acid batteries and other traditional products, but with technological advances and cost effective control of production, batteries lithium and nickel-light metal hydride battery, mileage long life and high energy density and production benefits are gradually being power, which will become the heart of development. Experts predict that by 2015 the global market demand for batteries of hybrid cars will increase three times with a total value reached 23 billion U.S. dollars in 2009, first used in hybrid cars on lithium-ion batteries may occupy the entire half of the IBM ThinkPad X60 battery market. Japanese car giant is expected in the United States and Europe around the year 2010 will be officially in the lithium-ion batteries on passenger cars.

1) The vehicle fuel cell on demand. Fuel cells use a variety of fuels, which may be petroleum-based fuels, can also be an organic fuel, and can use, including renewable fuels, including virtually all elements of hydrogen fuel. Been transformed into hydrogen fuel, with its hydrogen fuel cell fuel cell conversion of fuel energy law Carnot cycle limit, thermal efficiency can reach 34% ~ 40%.

Different types of fuel cells use different electrolytes are acidic, alkaline, molten salts or solid electrolytes. In the fuel cell fuel and oxidizer through the catalyst in the process of energy conversion, production of electricity through the electrochemical reaction and water (H2O), therefore, does not produce ‘oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and hydrocarbons (HC) and so on air pollution emissions from the environment.

Currently, for the combustion engine powered vehicles has become one of the harmful gas emissions, the main source of emissions. Experimental Evidence: When the new vehicle to use natural gas, hydrogen fuel cells as fuel VGP-BPS9 rather than gasoline engines, internal combustion, CO2 emissions can be reduced up to 72%. However, if fuel cells replace the internal combustion engine, the technology of fuel cells, not only to comply with strict legislation on emissions vehicle requirements, but also provide the same convenient and flexible for users end transportation solutions. Drive vehicles, fuel cells must be able to quickly reach operating temperature, with economic benefits and can provide stable performance. It must be said cell proton exchange membrane fuel is best placed to meet these requirements, lower operating temperature can quickly reach the required temperature. As can quickly adapt to a variety of different needs, and about 25% of the efficiency of internal combustion engine, compared to their effectiveness can be as high as 60%. Studies have shown that cells with methanol fuel, fuel consumption is to use gasoline for internal combustion engines of vehicles to 1.76 times. In the existing fuel cells, fuel proton exchange membrane cell power density of the most important. When people in the vehicle for special attention to the design of space is maximized, this factor is essential. In addition, the solid polymer electrolyte may help reduce potential corrosion and safety management. The only potential problem is the fuel quality to avoid contamination of the catalyst at low temperature, fuel cell proton exchange membrane must be used without polluting hydrogen fuel.

2) Lithium-ion batteries and lithium-polymer and objects (LIP) battery. Lithium-ion battery (Li-ion) batteries developed from a lithium Dell Inspiron B130 battery. Material Lithium MnO2 cathode or thionyl chloride, lithium anode. After completing assembly of the battery is the battery voltage at no charge. This battery can be charged, but the cycle performance is not good in the charge-discharge cycle over the formation of lithium dendrites, causing internal short-circuit the battery, under normal circumstances the battery Management is prohibited. Later, the Japanese Sony invented the carbon anode materials, lithium-containing compounds to make positive, the charge-discharge process, there is no lithium metal and lithium-ion does, which is Lithium-ion battery. When the battery is charging, the lithium positive ion generation, resulting in movement of lithium ions through the electrolyte to the cathode. As the anode carbon multilayer structure, it has a lot of micro, lithium-ion anode embedded in the porous carbon layer, the integrated lithium-ion plus more carrying capacity. Similarly, when the discharge of the battery (ie, the process of using the battery), which is incorporated in the layer of carbon cathode of lithium-ion extrusion, but also the movement back to positive. Back to the cathode of lithium-ion battery plus the largest discharge capacity. Commonly called “battery capacity refers to the discharge capacity. LII and LiP battery is the newest technology batteries, lithium chemical processes involved in organic electrolyte ions Li in the carbon anode in lithium metal and lithium compounds, running between the cathode. Developed by LiI batteries using cathode lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO), the negative is very high capacity hard carbon online carbon material to form a single cylindrical cell (diameter 67 mm, length 410 mm) by set of eight composition of a standard component. Weight 29 kg Voltage 28.8 V, capacity of 100 Ah, the specific energy of 100 W? H / kg. Only charging voltage of 4.2 V hp Pavilion dv4000 battery, full-time load is 2.5 h, the power density of up to 300 W / kg, to about Ni-H 2 times. LIP is a state of “solid” battery, which uses a lithium metal or pure lithium in the carbon anode, the use of high conductivity of the solid polymer electrolyte. The unique nature of the electrodes for lips and polymer is very thin, the thickness of a unit is only 0.01 cm, the equivalent of a “transparent tape” thick. May be packaged in any form, can drive and installed in the cylinder, may also piled up a block of apartments. LiP unit battery voltage 3 V (NiMH battery 1.2 V) so that 12 V batteries lip may be composed of four single-cell battery 14 V Lip.

Canada Hydroquébec Electric Company and 3M, the joint development of the lips for the batteries of electric cars to work at 60 ℃ to obtain high conductivity in solid polymer electrolyte, so that better performance of the battery, its energy density 120 W? H / kg. Nissan Hyper Mini electric vehicle using high density and light quality lithium-ion batteries, their energy density batteries, lead acid 3 times, 1.5 times the nickel-metal hydride sony VGP-BPS5 battery can load and unload 1 200 times. Load simple, non-contact charging method, you can simply roll the plastic into a high output power of ordinary frequency, you can connect. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have developed a new type of cathode materials for lithium battery, lithium batteries can produce lighter and prices lower, while the energy conversion more efficient. Using a replacement aluminum parts are usually made of cobalt cathode, the lithium produces a higher voltage than normal. As the density of aluminum small and inexpensive, thereby reducing the quality and cost of the entire battery.

3) Ni - MH battery. It is also a type of alkaline batteries, the nominal voltage of 1.2 V, the specific energy can reach 70 ~ 80 W? H / kg, will extend the mileage of electric cars. That the power of 200 W / kg, is the lead acid batteries twice may improve the performance of starting the vehicle, and acceleration. Features a high discharge rate, a short period of time can be 3 C discharge, the instantaneous rate of discharge pulses much. Ni - MH over-charging and over-discharge performance is good, may be responsible charge and can fast charge, within 15 minutes in up to 60% charge, 1 h may be completely filled in the additional period of Emergency care is short. In 80% depth of discharge, cycle life can reach 1 000 times more than lead acid batteries 3 times. All closed-shell, you can work in a vacuum environment. Better performance at low temperature can be stored longer. Ni - MH are not heavy metals like lead and cadmium do not pollute the environment, Ni - MH toshiba PA3191U-3BRS battery can be charged with leaving it with no nickel - cadmium in the absence of discharge after finished charging electricity to the “memory effect”.

2-car electric vehicle battery is the bottleneck technique

The ultimate development of the new direction of energy vehicles purely electric vehicles and electric vehicles to fuel cell, while the current market outlook is the most hybrid electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) especially the broad perspective PHEV, its maximum technical difficulty is precisely the vehicle battery. Pure Car battery is running in bus lanes, and some carmakers are beyond the pure cell prototype car, but because the level of battery power and price reasons, not in the car on a wide range of applications . Vehicle fuel cell are currently part of a basic theory and practical skills while promoting high-tech products, while the global automotive industry, a more coherent vision, from a historical trend and realistic to consider the scientific development, it will be the future of the electric car industry is also the best final product. Currently, a fuel cell powered electric + electric hybrid car has more to occur. This will temporarily reduce its technology to fuel cell requirements of lithium-compensated ion apple A1079 battery, it can be said that hybrid vehicles in the longer term transition, leading to a real cell vehicle fuel is an issue course. Hybrid technology is an important part of the strategy for energy research and development of automotive batteries, countries are wrestling competition to advance a breakthrough. In 1991, the U. S. General Motors, Ford and Chrysler have created an electric car “Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC), co-developed needs a new generation of high-energy batteries and heavily subsidized by the U.S. Department of Energy. In recent years the government U.S. has also provided 3 100 dollars to accelerate research into this technology. The foreseeable future, new energy vehicles PHEV is an important development direction.

3 warlords market investment vehicle battery becomes mainstream lithium batteries

In the field of lithium batteries is the global market share of first place in Sanyo Electric of Japan to start mass production in 2009. From the beginning of 2006, Sanyo to join the Volkswagen Group in Germany, a new generation of nickel - systems hydride batteries. Volkswagen is currently jointly developed specifically for hybrid vehicle battery high capacity Lithium, and is ready to be in 2012, the use of vehicles environmentally friendly. Toyota Motor Corporation jointly Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., a substantial increase in the Aspire 3000 battery environment friendly hybrid car. Toyota and Matsushita Battery co-funded manufacturing enterprises “PanasonicEV energy (hereinafter PEVE) will build a mainstream production of nickel - plant hydride batteries, the large investment of about 300 billion yen is expected to put into service in 2011, an annual production capacity of around 300,000 car batteries. This series of initiatives to increase the total investment of about 700 billion yen. At the same time, Toyota also accelerate research and development at a lower cost mass production of next generation lithium-ion battery technology. PEVE will invest in new production of next generation lithium-ion battery plant, and strengthen the existing installation Ni - MH battery capacity. These measures will accelerate the environmental strategy and achieve Toyota hybrid production to reach its global vehicle output 1 / 10 targets.

To catch up to Toyota, Nissan and NEC have started joint production of car batteries. Nissan and NEC will jointly cost 20000000000 yen (about $ 194 million) in the mass production of the first world of hybrid cars and electric vehicles and other environmentally dedicated lithium-ion batteries. The new joint venture plant in early 2009 formally put into operation, the initial production of lithium batteries will be able to provide 1 million hybrid electric vehicles use, future production will increase by five times. Nissan began in 1992 on board lithium-ion VGP-BPS9A/B battery research and development. 2000, the company co-operation with NEC to jointly develop lithium thin-ion battery technology. In May 2008, Nissan Motor and NEC and its subsidiaries NECTokin joint venture company - Automotive Energy Supply Corporation (AESC) began operations around the same time, Nissan and its French partner Renault to provide the lithium battery. 2 shots from 2010 in Japan and the U.S. market for electric cars.

Development of electric cars and hybrid vehicles in the automotive industry in energy shortages in the world and its changing lifestyle need to find a way out of your move. Europe and the United States on alternative fuel vehicles in the current development of new energy is different. Characteristics of the island of Japan geographical influence their consumption habits, has developed a new bus station and convenient charging for development for the city driving a small electric car for the entire national acceptance.

4 Conclusions

Currently includes the Toyota Prius hybrid cars, including the use of Ni - MH VGP-BPS13 battery, but the efficiency of the battery technology is regarded as having reached the limit, while the lithium-ion batteries due to have a low light weight, high capacity and high power and other advantages of being in North America, Europe and Asia, auto makers favor, is expected to field lithium-ion batteries will also gradually replace nickel - hydride batteries. Currently, the leading countries have a deposit of more than 20 lithium-ion battery research and development, while Toyota and Ford and other carmakers are clear that the future of its hybrid car will use lithium-ion rechargeable battery.

The future increase in demand for portable devices, and can be multi-processing task in recent years, the average consumer to use “small parts” of the market expansion will promote the growth of lithium batteries ion battery market, light electric vehicles and electric vehicles and other new applications are for the lithium-ion battery in the dynamic high growth industry and the car lithium-ion battery market next 5 to 7 years continue to grow. 2016 value of total production of lithium-ion battery market is expected to challenge 10 billion U.S. dollars, the lithium-ion batteries are also broad prospects for developing lithium-ion battery room huge industry electrolyte imagination.

With the popularity of digital cameras, rechargeable batteries have been in the daily lives of citizens, can be seen everywhere as one of the essential daily needs. The new curriculum standards in high school physics elective module 2-1 explicitly require that students “know the power of the emf and internal resistance. But also “discuss the lithium Laptop battery, nickel-hydrogen batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries of the main characteristics and application of the respective occasion. In this paper, these three types of ordinary rechargeable batteries for a short introduction.

1, the main parameters of rechargeable batteries

The rechargeable battery of five main parameters: the battery capacity, rated voltage, internal resistance, the termination voltage and discharge voltage for charge termination. Battery inside the battery capacity of many decisions of active substances, usually milliamps (mAh) said, 1 000 mAh is capable of 1 A discharge current 1 h, converted to the charge contained in the amount of about 3 600 C. The battery positive and negative electrical potential difference between the nominal voltage of the battery. Rated voltage of electrode materials, electrode potential and electrolyte concentration of the internal decision. When the ambient temperature variation condition, a slight change in the output voltage of the battery; In addition, the battery voltage output and the battery charge remaining there some relationship between the amount of. Nickel Under normal circumstances, cell-cadmium batteries rated voltage of 1.3 V (usually seen around 1.25 V), cell Ni-MH battery 1.25 V, cell lithium-ion battery 3.6 V. The IBM FRU 92P1141 battery internal resistance of the resistance of the plate and the impedance of ion flow from the decision in the discharge process loads, the plate resistance is unchanged, but resistance to the flow of ions is responsible the concentration of electrolytes and changes in the ion change. In general, cell nickel cadmium battery internal resistance for the 7 ~ 19 mW, cell nickel-metal hydride battery internal resistance of 18 ~ 35 mW, lithium-ion battery cell internal resistance of 80 ~ 100 mW.

Rechargeable battery is fully charged, the most active substances board has reached the saturation point, then continue to charge the battery voltage does not increase the voltage currently known voltage charge termination. Cell-nickel-cadmium battery charge termination voltage of 1.75 ~ 1.8 V Ni-MH battery 1.5 V lithium-ion battery 4.2 V. Termination voltage discharge is the minimum allowable battery voltage discharge. If the voltage is below the battery voltage discharge termination of the discharge, the battery voltage decreased rapidly at both ends to form a depth of discharge, so that the resultant formation of a council where he is not easy in the resume normal load, thus affecting the battery life. Ceasing discharge voltage and flow, speaking generally, the cell nickel-cadmium battery discharge voltage termination of 1.1V, Ni-MH battery for 1 V, lithium-ion battery 2.7V

2, nickel-cadmium batteries (Ni-Cd)

Nickel material of the cathode cadmium Dell Latitude D410 battery nickel hydroxide and the mixture of graphite powder, the negative electrode material for sponge powder and cadmium oxide powder of cadmium, the electrolyte is usually sodium hydroxide solution or potassium hydroxide. It should be noted that nickel-cadmium batteries before charging, the battery is composed of water, the reaction occurred in the positive and negative plate has a precipitation of oxygen and hydrogen. Bubbles gathered at the plate surface of the plate will reduce the surface involved in chemical reactions and increase the resistance of the internal battery. These gases, if not rapidly compounds in water, the pressure inside the battery would be increased considerably, which would damage the battery, the pressure is too large, sealed batteries will open porosity, so the oven electrolyte, but he repeated the release stomatal gas furnace, the viscous nature of the electrolyte increase the transmission of ions between the plates becomes difficult, the internal resistance of the battery will increase dramatically reduce battery capacity.

Nickel-cadmium hp PP2182D battery process, if not all power has begun to charge over, the next, and then discharge, you can not release the total amount of money. For example, battery-nickel-cadmium is only 80% of the fee paid after after the start of the load is fully charged, the battery can only release 80% of home electricity, a phenomenon called “memory effect”. The main discharge appeared in some off camera is set too high, the battery is completely discharged each time the equipment is automatically closed, and if the battery will be serious long term “memory effect” may be more more capacity for less electricity. “Memory effect” is mainly due to the drum part of the discharge, the nickel hydroxide is not completely in the nickel hydroxide and nickel hydroxide remaining will be combined to form larger crystals, larger crystals generally difficult to restore, which causes the reduction of active substances inside the battery.

Nickel-cadmium batteries were first used in mobile phones, laptops, and other types of batteries, it is resistant to over capacity and discharge, and easy maintenance. But compared to nickel-hydride batteries, metal and lithium-ion batteries in terms of there are many disadvantages, such as loading and unloading process if not handled properly, there will be serious “memory effect”, greatly reducing the lifespan; Cadmium is toxic, and therefore nickel-cadmium VGP-BPS9A/B battery is not conducive to eco-environmental protection. Many gaps, nickel-cadmium batteries are now largely been eliminated from the scope of digital cameras.

3 nickel-hydride batteries, metal (Ni-H)

Ni-MH battery capacity nickel-cadmium batteries large, usually about twice as its main component of the nickel hydroxide positive electrode material negative alloy mainly pollution, dust free, the electrolyte is 30% potassium hydroxide aqueous solution. Reaction of nickel-hydride batteries, metal and nickel-cadmium batteries is similar to overcharging, the precipitation plate positive oxygen precipitation plate negative hydrogen. However, due to large surface of the catalyst of the hydrogen electrode, hydrogen can easily be extended to the hydrogen electrode surface, hydrogen and oxygen may be relatively easy to fit into the battery and combine to form water, so that the gas pressure inside the container essentially unchanged. Even so, long after the overcharge, the battery inside the pressure is too high, it may explode.

Ni-MH battery also has the effect of memory, but relatively low in nickel-cadmium batteries. Ni-MH batteries or nickel-cadmium battery memory effect can generally be put through several depth charges for the relief depth. Deep-discharge toshiba PA3191U-4BRS battery is usually necessary to put in the termination voltage is down to a single cell is usually below 1 V, but not too low, otherwise permanent damage will result in greater. Better not use the equipment for in-depth self-discharge, in particular, is a wire and a small bulb connected to the battery positive and negative measures of repression are more desirable because it can not control blood discharge, the voltage is too low will seriously damage the battery. Recommended with a function of discharge and protective equipment against overload charge to make deep and deep discharge.

Ni-MH battery internal resistance is low, high discharge current, discharge voltage changed very little, and easy to recycle batteries, damage to the environment are minimal, its costs and low prices, as the ‘DC power supply is a battery of very high quality. Ni-MH batteries can be used to create the column of rechargeable batteries, clocks, electronic games, digital cameras, video cameras, and some laptops have applied.

4 Li-ion battery (Li)

Li-ion battery is divided into two broad categories: non-rechargeable and rechargeable. Non-rechargeable batteries called disposable, it can be only one time chemical energy into electrical energy, electrical energy can be restored to chemical energy such as lithium-manganese dioxide. Known as the secondary rechargeable batteries, which is commonly known as lithium-ion apple A1061 battery (Li-Ion). The cathode is a lithium-ion batteries containing lithium transition cathode metal oxide is a carbon material such as graphite, the electrolyte is a lithium salt-containing organic solution. Cells both positive and negative or in the battery separator, the lithium-ion form are based there. The battery work, the lithium ions in the positive and negative electrodes and an electrolyte membrane in directional movement. When the battery is charging, the cathode to the electrolyte release Lithium-ion, this process is de-embedded; anode electrolyte in lithium-ion inhalation, this process is integrated. The process of discharging the battery and the situation at hand, such a charge and discharge when the lithium-ion intercalation and de-embedded process, as if the same rocking chair rocking, it was said that the image of lithium-ion batteries for “rocking chair batteries.

Lithium-ion batteries and nickel-cadmium batteries and nickel-metal hydride batteries in comparison, there are many advantages. Lithium-ion battery memory effect did not exist, the same capacity, the size is very small, using a voltage of 3.6 V, is a nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-hydride batteries in three metal time and can be used in a wide range of temperatures (-20 ℃ ~ 60 ℃), cupcake machine, while nickel-metal hydride battery (0 ℃ ~ 50 ℃). At the same time lithium-ion TravelMate 290 battery self-discharge rate is relatively low. Self-discharge rate is defined as a period of time, the battery is not used in the circumstances, an automatic loss of electricity for the percentage of total capacity. Generally, at room temperature, nickel-cadmium batteries self-discharge rate of 13% per month, 15%, Ni-MH battery for a month 25% ~ 35%, while the lithium-ion battery is only 5 % ~ 8% per month.

But lithium-ion batteries are also some areas unsatisfactory. Such as: lithium-ion batteries have life, usually for two years and do not use the state is stored for some time, some of its capacity would be permanently lost. Lithium-ion battery anode and cathode material from a plant has already begun its failure in history, different temperatures and state of battery charge saturation, the impact is different from data in Table 1 (capacity accounts for the remaining percentage of the initial capacity) of the column.

Thus, the higher the storage temperature and charge the battery more saturated more severe loss of capacity. So I do not recommend long-term preservation Lithium Ion battery, if there are idle hands of the battery and the storage time should not exceed 40% charge level, temperature, preferably less than 15 ℃ or less. The nickel-hydride VGP-BPS10 batteries, metal and nickel-cadmium batteries are almost not subject to aging effects of long-term storage of nickel-based charge batteries for deep discharge after a few deep can be restored to its capacity of origin. But the charge deep deep discharge can not be restored the ability of lithium-ion batteries and cause permanent damage to the positive and negative electrodes. Since the molecular level, the excessive discharge of carbon anode will lead to excessive release of lithium-ion batteries, while showing the lamellar structure collapsed, an overload of the lithium-ion battery will go too hard in the structure carbon negative, while making some of the lithium-ion batteries can not be released.

Lithium at the same time, battery charge and ion time of discharge only 400 to 600 times, specially modified products, but many times 800. The number of nickel-metal hydride rechargeable batteries generally able to reach more than 700 times, some good quality office products and output up to 1 200 times.

Because of the many advantages of lithium-ion battery is still optimistic about its potential applications, mainly in digital cameras, camcorders, mobile phones, PDAs, laptops that use power. Lithium-ion batteries currently in the hot area of research should be used in vehicles, electricity and gasoline and used motor vehicles or hybrid electric vehicles. Same time, people also develop a real sense of the solid state lithium batteries, lithium-ion battery completely eliminate the organic liquid, as well as safe and reliable lithium batteries.

Camera battery digital battery commonly used in lithium-ion batteries, batteries nickel hydrogen, nickel-chromium batteries, alkaline batteries, etc … Most digital cameras use batteries AA Ni-MH Laptop battery to do.

1, Ni-MH battery features:

Nickel-metal hydride batteries (NIMH) is one of modern electronics, the battery the most widely used, a large green with a unique ability, the discharge characteristics of a smooth, high universality, heat a little and so on. The disadvantage is that large, self-weight important.

2, Ni-MH to self:

Ni-MH battery nominal voltage of 1.2 V, in the case of sufficient power to 1.35 V, with Class AA regular alkaline battery are similar, essentially universal, Ni-discharge characteristics of MH battery are very good, very smooth discharge curve, consumption of electricity is about to end, the voltage drops abruptly, which is close to the nickel chromium batteries, but not as good as nickel discharge current instantly piles of chromium. In addition, nickel-metal hydride batteries used mercury-free design, which is of great importance to environmental protection.

3, Ni-MH battery structure:

AA Ni-MH VGP-BPS9 battery with the same form as ordinary AA batteries. With nickel chromium batteries, like nickel-metal hydride batteries used reversible chemical reaction to reach the charge and discharge process. Therefore, in the process of loading and unloading of the battery will produce a large number of gas inside the battery internal pressure is relatively high, therefore, nickel-hydride batteries are used in metal in the design of the exhaust vent to prevent excessive internal pressure caused by an explosion. Currently, we have been in contact with GP series battery, do not see how the tube, because the battery is installed on top of a circular plastic film used to prevent blockages and prevent the positive vent cap Hull with the negative short-circuit.

4, the battery memory effect:

The effect of so-called memory refers to the battery charging and discharging process, the chemical composition of the internal battery is determined in a region can not continue to produce a chemical reaction phenomenon. With an example: When the battery is fully charged, it can be a continuous stream of 60 minutes. Now we’ll use this section to conduct the VGP-BPS13/S battery of this electric discharge, discharge to 30 minutes to stop, and then this part of the battery to charge a good 30 minutes after powering up continue to perform, are not completely discharged each time, after N repeated operations The batteries have a memory effect, the process used in the future, when the discharge of the battery after 30 minutes, more output current, which is the battery capacity of this section reduced by half. Of course, we now use nickel-metal hydride batteries in general, this phenomenon do not occur, because the chemical composition of nickel-hydride batteries and nickel metal battery chromium different. Ni-Cr memory effect the battery is very serious.

5, the battery:

Is slightly different and the Ni-Cr, Ni-Cr battery is a constant pulse of current to recharge, while the nickel-hydride batteries in metal using a wavelet, the relatively smooth current to recharge. In emergencies, the two shippers are interoperable. Charge should be to control the charging current appropriate, how to estimate the current load properly done? This depends on the battery capacity to decide. In general, civil standard battery 16 hours to charge, charge current is: VGP-BPS9/B battery capacity / 10, units mA. There are fast charge, fast charge current standard of 2.5 ~ 5 times, there is no uniform standard. Our selection of chargers, they should try using the standard charger, how to determine the load current chargers do? When we buy a magazine, looking for a JS or have a multimeter multimeter, charger plug supply, multimeter affected DC 500mA stall, desktop charger red pen and then the film cathode of the battery, pen blackboard, and negative films, which can be approached by reading multimeter to determine feeder load current, because the internal resistance of the battery is low, so close to the actual load meter reading in progress. You can also use a number of self-feeder, the advantage of such a charger stops automatically loads the son not to worry people. There is also a charger with a trickle charge is a function, which is an electric charge in good condition, the charger automatically uses less than 10 times the current standard of care for small current continues to maintain the battery charge which is to maintain the battery capacity and prolong the life of the battery well. Al-Sahaf GP has recommended that such a combination of pricing Po charger recommended. In addition, we should try to avoid the use of fast-charge, fast charge, the chemical reaction inside of the battery is very severe, the temperature is high, which will accelerate the aging of the battery and shorten battery life. However, when you exit or emergency charger fast, but very useful oh.

6, the discharge of the battery:

Were fed the exercise, and consumption. The VGP-BPS9A/B battery is the same charge of electricity, we must pay. In addition to the normal discharge in outdoor use, why do we still run the battery to discharge it? Please come listen to me 11. When our camera due to run out of batteries needed to recharge the battery when we find that these batteries run out in other electrical devices can continue to use? In addition, for each cell the same as that used in the electrical length of time-varying? This indicates a problem is the capacity of these batteries is inconsistent. Why is there such a situation? The reason is: we use our appliances, most are two or more cells of the battery is to link the battery packs in accordance with Ohm’s law, one can see that throughout the series circuit current is equal, the internal resistance of each cell can not be fully compatible with (even at the same time, the same production line for batteries), then the voltage drop at both ends of each section and the power consumption of battery is not completely the same. This has led to the battery in the same imbalance in the relationship between the circuit, eventually leading to one or more batteries in the long “enough to eat, could not stop,” the State until that it is damaged. The reason we display on the battery discharge, while abhorrent to eliminate memory effect, on the other, so that each section of the battery as much as possible to reach equilibrium, with full, finished with release, work synchronously. So how can we discharge? Please keep in mind this truth: “discharge, we must separate each section of the discharge of the VGP-BPS9A battery!” Otherwise, cons-productive, not as good as letting go. Discharge resistor or small bulbs can be purely resistive components such as resistance controlled discharge at 1.5 to 4 ohms, slow discharge big, too small to heat the battery. In practice, it is recommended to use three 3.8V parallel beads the electric discharge lamp, a resistance of 1.7 ohms at this time, discharge current of 700mA, less than 10 minutes, the lights went on discharge is completed, it is intuitive. You can also use the method of resistance + discharge bulb, Shi measure the resistance controlled at between 1.5 and 4 ohms on it. We can be converted to produce low discharge of the battery charger of the quality we want is to buy charger less (about 5 million euros) for a better selection of housing and support this amendment, then remove the internal battery charger for all electronic components, retaining only the circuit board and watching the battery then welded to both ends of each VGP-BPS8A battery clip with our light bulbs or resistance and so on, so we put on the equipment yourself better.

7, battery care:

In the process of using the battery, following the release of “full full” principle, do not eat too full, do not be too tired. Beware of the battery shorted on, this is very dangerous. Do not tear the skin in plastic drums, as this may easily lead to a short circuit, this one is very dangerous. Do not disassemble the battery or the battery in fire. A long time does not use the battery must be filled with storage, the reopening of the first discharge, then charge to use. Try to match the use. If we could do the above, we will always keep the battery in good condition, the best services for the majority of DX.

8, the battery of purchase:

Buy batteries, in addition to a pair of piercing eyes, we must also note the following points: ① Select JS confidence, at least the assurance; ② need to choose according to their abilities, some of the best choices for large capacity; ③ Choose well known brand battery;