Digital battery

Come on, the first single-crystal silicon solar batteries. Silicon is very abundant on earth, an element almost everywhere, the presence of silicon can be said to be inexhaustible, make using silicon solar batteries, in fact, no shortage of raw materials. However, refining, it is not easy, so people in the production of monocrystalline silicon solar batteries at the same time she studied the polycrystalline silicon solar batteries and solar batteries made from amorphous silicon, has commercial-scale production of solar batteries, not directly from a series of silicon . In fact, semiconductor materials for the production of solar batteries, a site with the materials, industrial development, solar batteries are more varieties. Has the research and development of solar batteries, in addition to the silicon series, there is cadmium sulfide, gallium arsenide, copper indium selenium, and performed many other types of solar batteries is endless, the following describes some of the most common solar Laptop battery .

 

Monocrystalline silicon solar batteries

 

Monocrystalline silicon solar batteries is currently the fastest developing a solar battery, has completed its process of composition and production, the product was to be widely used in space and ground facilities. These high purity single-crystal silicon solar batteries with rod as raw materials, 99.999% purity requirements. To reduce production costs, and now solar-terrestrial applications such as solar-grade silicon rods, material increases performance index. Some semiconductor devices can also be used to end the processing of waste materials and sub-end silicon materials, through re-pull rods of single crystal silicon solar VGP-BPS2C batteries made battery-specific. Slice the silicon rods, typically 0.3 mm thick films. Wafer after forming, polishing, cleaning and other processes that are processed from silicon raw material. The processing of solar film, we must first-doped silicon and the distribution, generally as a small amount of dopant boron, phosphorus, antimony and others. Distribution in the quartz in the high-temperature diffusion furnace checked. This has formed on the silicon P / FONT> N-junction. And then, with screen-printed, will be printed with a good paste of silicon gate line out, made after sintering at the same time back electrode and the gate lines in an area source of anti-reflective coating on a large number of photons prevent smooth silicon surface reflection path, now, single-chip silicon solar batteries are produced. Single-Chip through the random testing in accordance with the prescribed specifications) in a solar components (solar batteries, with serial and parallel processes are linked together to form a certain degree of output voltage and current, the final framework for packaging and packaging materials. Users on system design, can have a variety of solar components in various sizes of solar phalanx, also known as solar arrays. Monocrystalline silicon solar VGP-BPS9/B batteries currently photoelectric efficiency of around 15%, laboratory results were more than 20%. For the space station by up to 50% of the solar batteries.

 

Polycrystalline silicon solar batteries

 

Monocrystalline silicon solar battery production requires enormous amounts of high-purity silicon material, while the production of these materials, complex process, energy consumption and large, is the total production of solar batteries super-half, with a combined single-crystal silicon rod was drawn cylindrical, cut wafer-production of solar batteries is to form a flat-utilization of solar energy components. Therefore, the 80 years since the state has put in some European and American development of polycrystalline silicon solar batteries. Currently, the use of polysilicon solar hp PB991A battery materials depends, above all, a collection of a large number of single-crystal particles in it, or melt from wastes time monocrystalline silicon materials and metallurgical grade silicon material made votes. The process is to select resistance of 100 ~ 300 ohm-cm block of material or polycrystalline silicon material by squeezing the end with a 1:5 mixture of hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid corrosion, and then spent the end of the appropriate neutral-ionized water rinse and dry. Quartz crucible loaded with a good polysilicon materials, which can be the addition of boron-silicon amount, the casting furnace, the heating and melting in a vacuum. After melting insulation around 20 minutes, and then injected into the graphite form, which is solidified during slow cooling, the polysilicon can ingots. This cube can be made of silicon ingots to be processed into square slices solar film, can improve recycling and to facilitate the installation. Polycrystalline silicon solar batteries with single-crystal silicon solar Dell Latitude D510 battery manufacturing process is similar to the photoelectric efficiency of about 12%, somewhat lower than single-crystal silicon solar batteries, but the material is simple, the power consumption of the total production costs are low, save as to obtain a significant development . As the technology has improved, the current efficiency of polycrystalline silicon to reach around 14%.

 

Amorphous silicon solar batteries

 

Amorphous silicon solar batteries in 1976 appeared a new thin-film solar batteries, monocrystalline and multicrystalline silicon-silicon solar batteries with the production of an entirely different way silicon low material consumption, low power consumption, very attractive. Production of amorphous silicon solar batteries There are several possibilities, the most common is the glow discharge method and reactive sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, electron beam evaporation method and thermal decomposition of silane-law. Glow discharge method is a quartz container in the vacuum pump, filled into the hydrogen or argon diluted silane, with the RF power supply heat, so that silane ionization, the formation of plasma. Amorphous silicon films deposited on the heated substrate. If the silane in the right amount of hydrogenated phosphorus or boron hydride were mixed, can be obtained from N, or P-type amorphous silicon layer. Substrate general use glass or stainless steel. Production of amorphous silicon thin-film process, which mainly depends on the strict control of pressure, flow rate and RF power on the substrate temperature is also important. Amorphous silicon solar batteries have altered structures, which is a better structure called PiN IBM ThinkPad R52 battery, the substrate of the earliest sedimentary layer of the N-type phosphorus-doped amorphous silicon is deposited, and then a layer of undoped i-layer is deposited and then A layer of boron-doped p-type amorphous silicon, and finally a layer of electron beam evaporation of anti-reflective coating, and evaporation of silver electrode. This production, a series of deposition chamber can be used in production to provide a continuous process to achieve mass production. At the same time, a very thin amorphous silicon solar batteries of the composite type can, or use in the manufacture of integrated circuits, obtained in a plane with the corresponding mask process, a number of the serial production of battery to a higher voltage to be . For the general single-crystal silicon solar battery voltage of 0.5 volts or so, and now the Japanese production of amorphous silicon solar batteries in series of up to 2.4 volts. The current problem is that amorphous silicon solar battery efficiency is low, the international advanced level of about 10%, and is not stable enough, and often fall down conversion efficiency of the phenomenon that we are not yet widely used in the manufacture of large solar installations, and get into the low-light power supply, bag, such as electronic calculators, electronic watches and clocks, and copier and so on. Estimation of the efficiency decrease to overcome the problem, the amorphous silicon solar BATBL50L6 batteries will promote the great development of solar energy, because it is inexpensive, light weight, the application is convenient, it can be combined with the housing of the roof of an independent power households.

 

 

Multi-compound solar batteries

 

Multi-compound solar batteries that not a single item from semiconductor materials, solar batteries. Today, there are a variety of research, although most industrial production have not yet, but indicates that photoelectric conversion of the beauties of spring. Now a few brief introduction:

 

(1) CdS solar batteries - as early as 1954, Reynolds has discovered CdS photovoltaic effect. In the year 1960 was the rule of law vacuum evaporation of CdS solar batteries, photoelectric efficiency of 3.5%. By 1964, the United States of cadmium sulfide solar batteries, photoelectric efficiency increased to 4% ~ 6%. Later, lays down in Europe from a flood of CdS solar battery development, the photoelectric efficiency of up to 9%, but still can not compete with the polycrystalline silicon solar batteries. But people never give up, in addition to the massive study of sintered CdS solar apple A1175 battery, but more emphasis on research-type CdS thin-film solar batteries. It is as a barrier layer of cuprous oxide to hydrogen sulfide heterojunction CdS materials used form, according to theoretical calculations, the photoelectric efficiency of up to 16.4%. Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry in the early 80s once made to achieve CdS thin-film photoelectric efficiency of solar batteries to 7.6% respectively. Previously, some countries have continued to look at the development of cadmium sulfide solar batteries, to solve, because it is simply a relatively simple fabrication, equipment problems.

 

(2), gallium arsenide solar batteries - gallium arsenide solar batteries, a very good material, it is better suited to approximate the solar spectrum and can produce high temperatures at 250 ℃ under the terms of the photoelectric conversion resist performance is still good, sensors offer the highest efficiency of about 30%, particularly suitable for high temperature solar concentrators. Series of solar batteries has been studied with single-crystal gallium arsenide GaAs, based polycrystalline gallium arsenide, aluminum gallium arsenide - gallium arsenide heterostructures, metal - gallium arsenide semiconductor, metal - insulator - semiconductor gallium-arsenic solar VGP-BPS13 batteries and so on. GaAs material preparation of semiconductor materials like silicon, there is crystal growth method, the direct method generated, vapor growth method, liquid phase epitaxy method. For more scarce because of gallium, arsenic, toxic, manufacturing costs are high, affecting the development of such solar batteries.

 

(3), copper-indium-selenium solar batteries - copper, indium, selenium, and ternary compound semiconductors as a starting material of the solar battery. It is a polycrystalline thin film structure to use, and typically vacuum coating, electrically, electrophoresis, etc. or chemical vapor deposition process for the preparation, less material consumption, low cost, stable performance, photoelectric efficiency of over 10%. Therefore, an amorphous silicon thin film solar batteries can compete with the new type of solar batteries. Added Recently developed thin-film copper-indium-selenium, to the amorphous silicon thin film laminated on a solar battery can improve the efficiency of solar batteries and the efficiency of amorphous silicon photovoltaic overcome decline below.

 

Currently we are using are basically on polysilicon and monocrystalline solar batteries concentrate.

Origin News

 

Chloroplasts of green plants through photosynthesis, which converts sunlight into chemical energy. Inspired by photosynthesis, scientists are working to develop a theory of the chloroplast is similar with the new Laptop battery - dye sensitized solar cells can convert light into electrical energy, a “true zero emissions.”

 

PV industry as a new force in the field of energy has become a high tech industries in Jiangsu, one of the fastest growing. However, as the representative of clean energy, the chain of cells of the silicon solar industry silicon material input materials is energy intensive and heavily polluting industries. To this end, scientists have begun the preparation of new materials developed for use in solar cells.

 

Through photosynthesis of green plants, we may not be familiar: The chloroplast, absorb and utilize light energy, carbon dioxide and water into organic material stored energy and release oxygen.

 

Throughout this process, as there is sunlight, photosynthesis can still continue.

 

Called “Dye-sensitized solar cell (hereinafter DSC)” works with the principles of photosynthesis is similar. The difference is that the photosynthesis of green plants throughout the chloroplast, DSC photosynthesis, using chlorophyll is similar the dye to absorb sunlight, produce electronic, electronics no longer collecting electrodes, and then through the external circuit to return against the electrode, the photocurrent.

 

These cells are considered the research on solar energy and development of another “Dawn”. Nanjing University of Technology, Professor Feng Xiaodong recently told reporters that the battery is the next generation of low cost solar cells. If the Dell Inspiron 1420 battery has proven successful, will allow the use of clean energy in millions of households.

 

Bright have electricity?

 

“The whole cycle, as there’s sun, and with the external circuit connected, we can always convert the charge of energy.” Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute DAI Song-Yuan introduced the battery works: When the dye molecular absorption of sunlight, the electronics started to become active and the state of the natural soil titanium dioxide and the oxidation reaction occurs, then returns electronically to the electrode surface of the collection, leaving the circuit, while returning from the other side of the electron trap electrode electrolyte ions and return to the oxidation of dye molecules to re-return to the ground state, which complete the cycle of electron transport.

 

However, Xiaodong Feng also said, DSC photosynthesis and photosynthesis of different plants. Chlorophyll molecules in plants can be said is that DSC used in the dye molecules in nature. With the similarity of plant photosynthesis is absorption of light excitation molecular charge transfer. Behind the difference is that the steps not the same as for DSC is passed over the two electrodes to collect the charge, resulting in electricity, while photosynthesis, charge transfer to the reaction center, forming new connections chemicals, it will install solar replaced by chemical energy.

 

Geometric new battery cost?

 

“DSC producing cost, simple and environmentally friendly, and can be prepared on flexible substrates.” Feng Xiaodong introduced, compared to silicon solar cells, such as preparation of thin film photovoltaic cells of the DSC is very simple, it was one of the main advantages of the hp 371785-001 battery.

 

In addition, DSC abundance of raw materials, low cost and stable performance. Cell production process is mainly a large screen surface printing technology and the method of simple immersion is conducive to mass production industry, and all raw materials and production processes are non-toxic, without pollution, the battery in the driver’s window can be fully recovered, the protection of the environment is important.

 

DAI Song-yuan said that the energy of the DSC can be directly solar energy into electrical energy to large scale production of photovoltaic electricity, China to solve the vast central and western regions, energy issues without electricity of great importance. It has established an account in the long term, if the DSC lower the cost of 10 yuan per peak watt, the cost can be considerable with conventional energy sources. If the yield of 7% per square meter will be a 70-watt toshiba PA3191U-2BRS battery-powered, then an area of 14.3 square kilometers can reach 1000 MW of power capacity.

 

Battery bottleneck where?

 

For PV to become a part of future energy systems, the key is to achieve its performance cost with conventional energy sources can be quite. Dai Song-Yuan has brought cost advantages of DSC, such as 6% of the photoelectric conversion efficiency, stability in the open air, reaching more than 10 years, it has the potential for industrialization. But the DSC, as a period of time prolonged outdoor facilities will have a variety of natural conditions. Therefore, the study of long duration, high stability of the DSC is a very urgent matter.

 

Xiaodong Feng noted that the dye sensitized solar cells Another problem is the dye molecules to present its light absorption efficiency is not high enough. Exposure to solar spectrum on earth is very broad spectrum, 49% concentrated VGP-BPS2C energy in the infrared light, while the vast majority of dye molecules present on the efficiency of absorption of infrared light n is not high. Therefore, the absorption efficiency of dye molecules synthesis have also become a very important direction of research.

 

Would replace silicon-based solar power?

 

In 2004, industrial research, DAI Song-Yuan of the research team in a leading position in China. They prepared a large area tandem cell module (15 × 20cm2) of the initial efficiency of 5.9%, stability, efficiency of 5%. The industrial production for the next step and lay a good foundation.

 

He explained, the next main objective of DSC is the technology and process manufacturing industry, push for further progress, which seeks to solve the battery long time stability and efficiency of components of the apple A1061 battery once popularization and application, require at least 15 - the stabilization period of 20 years. But in the long run, to be truly low-cost applications in solar cells, so that ordinary people can afford is the way the key.

 

Feng Xiaodong that the photovoltaic cells will in future becomes an important safe and reliable new energy. DSC, as a kind of photovoltaic cells, has its unique applications market, of course, it can not replace the current silicon based on the dominance of solar energy.

Currently, most car batteries dry charge-type battery. The advantage is added after the electrolyte is covering 30 to 40 minutes after the car can be started. Some owners do not understand the operating principle of the Dutch type of battery is not maintenance, so that the battery life is much shorter, the proper selection and use of batteries of 10 points.

■ When you purchase batteries to see the letter above, where the letters with an assurance of the quality of the dry charge battery type.

■ first to add electrolyte battery stir again. Operation, wear gloves if you please, be careful not to sprinkle the electrolyte on hands or clothing.

■ unmarked line of batteries, the electrolyte higher than the plate can be 10-15 mm, there are two red line of batteries, the electrolyte should not exceed the red line.

Some people think that the more power the higher the electrolyte, which is false. Car at high speed, the output voltage of the generator is greater than the battery voltage to start recharging the Dell U4873 battery. The pricing, expansion in the volume of electrolyte, the electrolyte of the battery cover is too full of holes in the overflow. The conductivity of electrolytes, once the battery positive and negative flows between the two poles, they will form a loop of self-defense. Vehicles can not start, and shorten battery life. In this case, the electrolyte on the implementation of the son of cotton will be erased or wiped with a rinse with warm water.

■ increase the electrolyte does not drop among other things when the battery inside. If things fall in accidentally, do not use metal Qulao the application folder stick out impurities; Qulao such as copper wire or metal corrosion in sulfuric acid molecules to enter training self-discharge batteries, damaged batteries.

■ regular checks if the hp F4809A battery vent hole cover. If the holes were blocked, causing the line is not out of gas, electrolyte battery case literally burst when inflated, thus reducing battery life.

■ electrolyte periodically check the height of liquid droplets of liquid height in time to add electrolytes.

■ If a vehicle is not a long-term investment, all 25 days must be mobilized cars, average speed to run 20 minutes. Otherwise, the car put in place too long, it would be difficult to start.

■ the battery from the car removed, they would first split and then split the positive anode, when fitted to the contrary. Must take charge when the battery cover screw, we can not use open flame near the battery is charging mouth, because the charging when the battery is easy to hydrogen generated within the deflagration.

■ Do not give cars to replace large capacity battery than the original battery. Generating capacity of the generator because the car is fixed. As for the high capacity battery, the new battery will charge less than electricity, cars can not be a smooth start, but VGP-BPS2C battery power will shorten the life of the long-term deficit.

■ start the car each time start-up time should not exceed 3-5 seconds, once again start interval of not less than 15 seconds.