Digital battery

Come on, the first single-crystal silicon solar batteries. Silicon is very abundant on earth, an element almost everywhere, the presence of silicon can be said to be inexhaustible, make using silicon solar batteries, in fact, no shortage of raw materials. However, refining, it is not easy, so people in the production of monocrystalline silicon solar batteries at the same time she studied the polycrystalline silicon solar batteries and solar batteries made from amorphous silicon, has commercial-scale production of solar batteries, not directly from a series of silicon . In fact, semiconductor materials for the production of solar batteries, a site with the materials, industrial development, solar batteries are more varieties. Has the research and development of solar batteries, in addition to the silicon series, there is cadmium sulfide, gallium arsenide, copper indium selenium, and performed many other types of solar batteries is endless, the following describes some of the most common solar Laptop battery .

 

Monocrystalline silicon solar batteries

 

Monocrystalline silicon solar batteries is currently the fastest developing a solar battery, has completed its process of composition and production, the product was to be widely used in space and ground facilities. These high purity single-crystal silicon solar batteries with rod as raw materials, 99.999% purity requirements. To reduce production costs, and now solar-terrestrial applications such as solar-grade silicon rods, material increases performance index. Some semiconductor devices can also be used to end the processing of waste materials and sub-end silicon materials, through re-pull rods of single crystal silicon solar VGP-BPS2C batteries made battery-specific. Slice the silicon rods, typically 0.3 mm thick films. Wafer after forming, polishing, cleaning and other processes that are processed from silicon raw material. The processing of solar film, we must first-doped silicon and the distribution, generally as a small amount of dopant boron, phosphorus, antimony and others. Distribution in the quartz in the high-temperature diffusion furnace checked. This has formed on the silicon P / FONT> N-junction. And then, with screen-printed, will be printed with a good paste of silicon gate line out, made after sintering at the same time back electrode and the gate lines in an area source of anti-reflective coating on a large number of photons prevent smooth silicon surface reflection path, now, single-chip silicon solar batteries are produced. Single-Chip through the random testing in accordance with the prescribed specifications) in a solar components (solar batteries, with serial and parallel processes are linked together to form a certain degree of output voltage and current, the final framework for packaging and packaging materials. Users on system design, can have a variety of solar components in various sizes of solar phalanx, also known as solar arrays. Monocrystalline silicon solar VGP-BPS9/B batteries currently photoelectric efficiency of around 15%, laboratory results were more than 20%. For the space station by up to 50% of the solar batteries.

 

Polycrystalline silicon solar batteries

 

Monocrystalline silicon solar battery production requires enormous amounts of high-purity silicon material, while the production of these materials, complex process, energy consumption and large, is the total production of solar batteries super-half, with a combined single-crystal silicon rod was drawn cylindrical, cut wafer-production of solar batteries is to form a flat-utilization of solar energy components. Therefore, the 80 years since the state has put in some European and American development of polycrystalline silicon solar batteries. Currently, the use of polysilicon solar hp PB991A battery materials depends, above all, a collection of a large number of single-crystal particles in it, or melt from wastes time monocrystalline silicon materials and metallurgical grade silicon material made votes. The process is to select resistance of 100 ~ 300 ohm-cm block of material or polycrystalline silicon material by squeezing the end with a 1:5 mixture of hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid corrosion, and then spent the end of the appropriate neutral-ionized water rinse and dry. Quartz crucible loaded with a good polysilicon materials, which can be the addition of boron-silicon amount, the casting furnace, the heating and melting in a vacuum. After melting insulation around 20 minutes, and then injected into the graphite form, which is solidified during slow cooling, the polysilicon can ingots. This cube can be made of silicon ingots to be processed into square slices solar film, can improve recycling and to facilitate the installation. Polycrystalline silicon solar batteries with single-crystal silicon solar Dell Latitude D510 battery manufacturing process is similar to the photoelectric efficiency of about 12%, somewhat lower than single-crystal silicon solar batteries, but the material is simple, the power consumption of the total production costs are low, save as to obtain a significant development . As the technology has improved, the current efficiency of polycrystalline silicon to reach around 14%.

 

Amorphous silicon solar batteries

 

Amorphous silicon solar batteries in 1976 appeared a new thin-film solar batteries, monocrystalline and multicrystalline silicon-silicon solar batteries with the production of an entirely different way silicon low material consumption, low power consumption, very attractive. Production of amorphous silicon solar batteries There are several possibilities, the most common is the glow discharge method and reactive sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, electron beam evaporation method and thermal decomposition of silane-law. Glow discharge method is a quartz container in the vacuum pump, filled into the hydrogen or argon diluted silane, with the RF power supply heat, so that silane ionization, the formation of plasma. Amorphous silicon films deposited on the heated substrate. If the silane in the right amount of hydrogenated phosphorus or boron hydride were mixed, can be obtained from N, or P-type amorphous silicon layer. Substrate general use glass or stainless steel. Production of amorphous silicon thin-film process, which mainly depends on the strict control of pressure, flow rate and RF power on the substrate temperature is also important. Amorphous silicon solar batteries have altered structures, which is a better structure called PiN IBM ThinkPad R52 battery, the substrate of the earliest sedimentary layer of the N-type phosphorus-doped amorphous silicon is deposited, and then a layer of undoped i-layer is deposited and then A layer of boron-doped p-type amorphous silicon, and finally a layer of electron beam evaporation of anti-reflective coating, and evaporation of silver electrode. This production, a series of deposition chamber can be used in production to provide a continuous process to achieve mass production. At the same time, a very thin amorphous silicon solar batteries of the composite type can, or use in the manufacture of integrated circuits, obtained in a plane with the corresponding mask process, a number of the serial production of battery to a higher voltage to be . For the general single-crystal silicon solar battery voltage of 0.5 volts or so, and now the Japanese production of amorphous silicon solar batteries in series of up to 2.4 volts. The current problem is that amorphous silicon solar battery efficiency is low, the international advanced level of about 10%, and is not stable enough, and often fall down conversion efficiency of the phenomenon that we are not yet widely used in the manufacture of large solar installations, and get into the low-light power supply, bag, such as electronic calculators, electronic watches and clocks, and copier and so on. Estimation of the efficiency decrease to overcome the problem, the amorphous silicon solar BATBL50L6 batteries will promote the great development of solar energy, because it is inexpensive, light weight, the application is convenient, it can be combined with the housing of the roof of an independent power households.

 

 

Multi-compound solar batteries

 

Multi-compound solar batteries that not a single item from semiconductor materials, solar batteries. Today, there are a variety of research, although most industrial production have not yet, but indicates that photoelectric conversion of the beauties of spring. Now a few brief introduction:

 

(1) CdS solar batteries - as early as 1954, Reynolds has discovered CdS photovoltaic effect. In the year 1960 was the rule of law vacuum evaporation of CdS solar batteries, photoelectric efficiency of 3.5%. By 1964, the United States of cadmium sulfide solar batteries, photoelectric efficiency increased to 4% ~ 6%. Later, lays down in Europe from a flood of CdS solar battery development, the photoelectric efficiency of up to 9%, but still can not compete with the polycrystalline silicon solar batteries. But people never give up, in addition to the massive study of sintered CdS solar apple A1175 battery, but more emphasis on research-type CdS thin-film solar batteries. It is as a barrier layer of cuprous oxide to hydrogen sulfide heterojunction CdS materials used form, according to theoretical calculations, the photoelectric efficiency of up to 16.4%. Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry in the early 80s once made to achieve CdS thin-film photoelectric efficiency of solar batteries to 7.6% respectively. Previously, some countries have continued to look at the development of cadmium sulfide solar batteries, to solve, because it is simply a relatively simple fabrication, equipment problems.

 

(2), gallium arsenide solar batteries - gallium arsenide solar batteries, a very good material, it is better suited to approximate the solar spectrum and can produce high temperatures at 250 ℃ under the terms of the photoelectric conversion resist performance is still good, sensors offer the highest efficiency of about 30%, particularly suitable for high temperature solar concentrators. Series of solar batteries has been studied with single-crystal gallium arsenide GaAs, based polycrystalline gallium arsenide, aluminum gallium arsenide - gallium arsenide heterostructures, metal - gallium arsenide semiconductor, metal - insulator - semiconductor gallium-arsenic solar VGP-BPS13 batteries and so on. GaAs material preparation of semiconductor materials like silicon, there is crystal growth method, the direct method generated, vapor growth method, liquid phase epitaxy method. For more scarce because of gallium, arsenic, toxic, manufacturing costs are high, affecting the development of such solar batteries.

 

(3), copper-indium-selenium solar batteries - copper, indium, selenium, and ternary compound semiconductors as a starting material of the solar battery. It is a polycrystalline thin film structure to use, and typically vacuum coating, electrically, electrophoresis, etc. or chemical vapor deposition process for the preparation, less material consumption, low cost, stable performance, photoelectric efficiency of over 10%. Therefore, an amorphous silicon thin film solar batteries can compete with the new type of solar batteries. Added Recently developed thin-film copper-indium-selenium, to the amorphous silicon thin film laminated on a solar battery can improve the efficiency of solar batteries and the efficiency of amorphous silicon photovoltaic overcome decline below.

 

Currently we are using are basically on polysilicon and monocrystalline solar batteries concentrate.

Origin News

 

Chloroplasts of green plants through photosynthesis, which converts sunlight into chemical energy. Inspired by photosynthesis, scientists are working to develop a theory of the chloroplast is similar with the new Laptop battery - dye sensitized solar cells can convert light into electrical energy, a “true zero emissions.”

 

PV industry as a new force in the field of energy has become a high tech industries in Jiangsu, one of the fastest growing. However, as the representative of clean energy, the chain of cells of the silicon solar industry silicon material input materials is energy intensive and heavily polluting industries. To this end, scientists have begun the preparation of new materials developed for use in solar cells.

 

Through photosynthesis of green plants, we may not be familiar: The chloroplast, absorb and utilize light energy, carbon dioxide and water into organic material stored energy and release oxygen.

 

Throughout this process, as there is sunlight, photosynthesis can still continue.

 

Called “Dye-sensitized solar cell (hereinafter DSC)” works with the principles of photosynthesis is similar. The difference is that the photosynthesis of green plants throughout the chloroplast, DSC photosynthesis, using chlorophyll is similar the dye to absorb sunlight, produce electronic, electronics no longer collecting electrodes, and then through the external circuit to return against the electrode, the photocurrent.

 

These cells are considered the research on solar energy and development of another “Dawn”. Nanjing University of Technology, Professor Feng Xiaodong recently told reporters that the battery is the next generation of low cost solar cells. If the Dell Inspiron 1420 battery has proven successful, will allow the use of clean energy in millions of households.

 

Bright have electricity?

 

“The whole cycle, as there’s sun, and with the external circuit connected, we can always convert the charge of energy.” Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute DAI Song-Yuan introduced the battery works: When the dye molecular absorption of sunlight, the electronics started to become active and the state of the natural soil titanium dioxide and the oxidation reaction occurs, then returns electronically to the electrode surface of the collection, leaving the circuit, while returning from the other side of the electron trap electrode electrolyte ions and return to the oxidation of dye molecules to re-return to the ground state, which complete the cycle of electron transport.

 

However, Xiaodong Feng also said, DSC photosynthesis and photosynthesis of different plants. Chlorophyll molecules in plants can be said is that DSC used in the dye molecules in nature. With the similarity of plant photosynthesis is absorption of light excitation molecular charge transfer. Behind the difference is that the steps not the same as for DSC is passed over the two electrodes to collect the charge, resulting in electricity, while photosynthesis, charge transfer to the reaction center, forming new connections chemicals, it will install solar replaced by chemical energy.

 

Geometric new battery cost?

 

“DSC producing cost, simple and environmentally friendly, and can be prepared on flexible substrates.” Feng Xiaodong introduced, compared to silicon solar cells, such as preparation of thin film photovoltaic cells of the DSC is very simple, it was one of the main advantages of the hp 371785-001 battery.

 

In addition, DSC abundance of raw materials, low cost and stable performance. Cell production process is mainly a large screen surface printing technology and the method of simple immersion is conducive to mass production industry, and all raw materials and production processes are non-toxic, without pollution, the battery in the driver’s window can be fully recovered, the protection of the environment is important.

 

DAI Song-yuan said that the energy of the DSC can be directly solar energy into electrical energy to large scale production of photovoltaic electricity, China to solve the vast central and western regions, energy issues without electricity of great importance. It has established an account in the long term, if the DSC lower the cost of 10 yuan per peak watt, the cost can be considerable with conventional energy sources. If the yield of 7% per square meter will be a 70-watt toshiba PA3191U-2BRS battery-powered, then an area of 14.3 square kilometers can reach 1000 MW of power capacity.

 

Battery bottleneck where?

 

For PV to become a part of future energy systems, the key is to achieve its performance cost with conventional energy sources can be quite. Dai Song-Yuan has brought cost advantages of DSC, such as 6% of the photoelectric conversion efficiency, stability in the open air, reaching more than 10 years, it has the potential for industrialization. But the DSC, as a period of time prolonged outdoor facilities will have a variety of natural conditions. Therefore, the study of long duration, high stability of the DSC is a very urgent matter.

 

Xiaodong Feng noted that the dye sensitized solar cells Another problem is the dye molecules to present its light absorption efficiency is not high enough. Exposure to solar spectrum on earth is very broad spectrum, 49% concentrated VGP-BPS2C energy in the infrared light, while the vast majority of dye molecules present on the efficiency of absorption of infrared light n is not high. Therefore, the absorption efficiency of dye molecules synthesis have also become a very important direction of research.

 

Would replace silicon-based solar power?

 

In 2004, industrial research, DAI Song-Yuan of the research team in a leading position in China. They prepared a large area tandem cell module (15 × 20cm2) of the initial efficiency of 5.9%, stability, efficiency of 5%. The industrial production for the next step and lay a good foundation.

 

He explained, the next main objective of DSC is the technology and process manufacturing industry, push for further progress, which seeks to solve the battery long time stability and efficiency of components of the apple A1061 battery once popularization and application, require at least 15 - the stabilization period of 20 years. But in the long run, to be truly low-cost applications in solar cells, so that ordinary people can afford is the way the key.

 

Feng Xiaodong that the photovoltaic cells will in future becomes an important safe and reliable new energy. DSC, as a kind of photovoltaic cells, has its unique applications market, of course, it can not replace the current silicon based on the dominance of solar energy.

Currently, most car batteries dry charge-type battery. The advantage is added after the electrolyte is covering 30 to 40 minutes after the car can be started. Some owners do not understand the operating principle of the Dutch type of battery is not maintenance, so that the battery life is much shorter, the proper selection and use of batteries of 10 points.

■ When you purchase batteries to see the letter above, where the letters with an assurance of the quality of the dry charge battery type.

■ first to add electrolyte battery stir again. Operation, wear gloves if you please, be careful not to sprinkle the electrolyte on hands or clothing.

■ unmarked line of batteries, the electrolyte higher than the plate can be 10-15 mm, there are two red line of batteries, the electrolyte should not exceed the red line.

Some people think that the more power the higher the electrolyte, which is false. Car at high speed, the output voltage of the generator is greater than the battery voltage to start recharging the Dell U4873 battery. The pricing, expansion in the volume of electrolyte, the electrolyte of the battery cover is too full of holes in the overflow. The conductivity of electrolytes, once the battery positive and negative flows between the two poles, they will form a loop of self-defense. Vehicles can not start, and shorten battery life. In this case, the electrolyte on the implementation of the son of cotton will be erased or wiped with a rinse with warm water.

■ increase the electrolyte does not drop among other things when the battery inside. If things fall in accidentally, do not use metal Qulao the application folder stick out impurities; Qulao such as copper wire or metal corrosion in sulfuric acid molecules to enter training self-discharge batteries, damaged batteries.

■ regular checks if the hp F4809A battery vent hole cover. If the holes were blocked, causing the line is not out of gas, electrolyte battery case literally burst when inflated, thus reducing battery life.

■ electrolyte periodically check the height of liquid droplets of liquid height in time to add electrolytes.

■ If a vehicle is not a long-term investment, all 25 days must be mobilized cars, average speed to run 20 minutes. Otherwise, the car put in place too long, it would be difficult to start.

■ the battery from the car removed, they would first split and then split the positive anode, when fitted to the contrary. Must take charge when the battery cover screw, we can not use open flame near the battery is charging mouth, because the charging when the battery is easy to hydrogen generated within the deflagration.

■ Do not give cars to replace large capacity battery than the original battery. Generating capacity of the generator because the car is fixed. As for the high capacity battery, the new battery will charge less than electricity, cars can not be a smooth start, but VGP-BPS2C battery power will shorten the life of the long-term deficit.

■ start the car each time start-up time should not exceed 3-5 seconds, once again start interval of not less than 15 seconds.

Vanadium redox batteries (VRB, VanadiumRedoxFlowBattery) is the largest and most technologically advanced, closer to the industrialization of high fuel cell performance reversible, with a great power, high capacity, high efficiency, low cost, a long life and a series of unique green benefits of wind energy, photovoltaic energy, energy peaks, distributed power generation, electrical storage military vehicles of municipal services, base station communication , power supplies UPS has a very wide field of good prospects in Japan, Canada, the United States, Australia, Western Europe and other countries and regions have begun to replace the capacity of small, short life, pollution a large lead-acid batteries.

 

With the rapid development of the vanadium Laptop battery technology, the vanadium battery is required to make a human being without precedent is of great importance and large industrial energy revolution!

 

Advantages of the vanadium battery

 

Compared to other food chemicals, vanadium battery has obvious advantages, the main advantages are:

 

1. Big Power: increasing the number of single cells and the area of the electrode, you can increase the power of the vanadium battery, the commercial demonstration of American power in the vanadium IBM ThinkPad R40 battery is running has reached six megawatts.

 

2. High capacity: an increase in the volume of electrolyte, you can arbitrarily increase the power of the vanadium battery until gigawatt hours or more, increasing the concentration of electrolyte, you can multiply the power of vanadium batteries.

 

3. The efficiency is high: When the vanadium battery electrode high catalytic activity, and positive and negative electrode active material were stored in the storage tank positive and negative electrolyte, preventing the material of positive electrode and negative active self-consumption of a discharge, charge the Dell XPS M140 battery of vanadium and discharge energy conversion efficiency up to 75% or more, much more that 45% of lead acid batteries.

 

4. Long life: When the vanadium battery positive and negative active material to exist only in the positive and negative electrolyte, charge and discharge the battery when no other phase-change policy, can not damage the battery deep discharge, long battery life. Canada Now VRBPowerSystems longest commercial demonstration module vanadium battery has worked more than 9 years, the burdens of life-cycle pulse of more than 18,000 times higher than the fixed type lead-acid battery 1000 times.

 

5. Speed of response: the heap is full of electrolyte hp 346970-001 battery of vanadium could be launched at a moment in the process of filling and operation requires the execution of only 0.02 seconds to turn the state, response time 1 ms.

 

Expenses 6. Perhaps snapshot: the electrolyte can be achieved by replacing the battery Vanadium instantaneous load.

 

7. High security: vanadium battery, without the potential risk of explosion or fire, although the mixture of positive and negative electrolytes is also non-hazardous, but the temperature of the electrolyte was slightly increased.

 

8. The cost is low: In addition to the ion exchange membrane, components of the vanadium battery, the cost for most low-cost carbon materials, engineering plastics, materials, sources of wealth, easy recovery, not of metal valuable as electrode catalysts, and low.

 

9. Vanadium VGP-BPS2C battery location large degree of freedom can be fully automated transaction closed, no pollution, easy maintenance, operating costs low.

 

Vanadium battery market outlook

 

Wind

 

Wind generators should be equipped at present is roughly equivalent to 1% of its power lead-acid batteries are used in emergencies to protect the revenues of the fan with a fan, another machine is also required Typhoon for each power is roughly equivalent to 4% of its power back-up battery. As the grid has become a bottleneck in the development of wind power with the explosive growth of wind energy, wind energy and power struggles will become stronger over the network to reduce the impact of the substantial increase in the use of wind energy at the same time win a huge difference peak and valley power systems, wind farm will be required with a power equal to its power 10 ~ 50% of toshiba PA3399U-1BAS battery storage dynamics. For fans outside the electricity grid, you need a greater proportion of flow storage batteries.

 

As the fan there is lead-acid batteries currently used in small capacity, short life, poor stability, maintenance time and effort, causing pollution and other serious defects, manufacturers fan has been looking for a better alternative to lead product battery acid, I believe, has many outstanding advantages of the vanadium battery can replace the existing lead-acid batteries, thereby building a wind farm dynamic system of energy storage, has greatly improved the efficiency and effectiveness of wind farms to promote the industry of wind energy to develop better and faster.

 

PV

 

According to official statistics, in recent years, the growth rate of average annual global PV modules up to 30%, the photovoltaic industry has become the world’s fastest growing emerging industries. In particular, in 2008, the world’s total installed PV capacity of 3 GW.

 

As its name suggests, the photovoltaic power generation needs sunlight, once in the evening and on rainy days is not like electricity, and thus the need for apple A1012 battery energy storage electricity because of power lead-acid battery, capacity, life expectancy is very limited, I think a number of advantages of an outstanding series of Vanadium Batteries will serve as first choice for battery storage of photovoltaic energy.

 

A peak power

 

Grid shaving up was the primary means of pumped storage power plant. Nearly three decades, the developed world in the development of power plants pumped storage power faster and faster. Pumped-storage power plant in the world’s fastest growing installed capacity of the largest in Japan, followed by the United States, Italy, Germany, France, Spain, Japan and the United States were station pump-turbine installed capacity of over 20 million kilowatts.

 

Pumped Storage Power Station due to the need to build upper and lower reservoirs, subject to conditions more limited geographically, in lowland areas is not easy to build, and covers a large area, the high maintenance costs . Vanadium station storage TravelMate 290 battery, without geographical restrictions, location of free, compact, low maintenance cost. We can expect, with the battery technology develops vanadium, vanadium station battery energy storage will gradually replace the pumping station-turbine in the network plays an important role in peak shaving.

 

Transportation Services

 

As the world continues to accelerate the process of urbanization and the continuing growth of motorization, pollution, car exhaust, urban air pollution has become the primary source of pollution. Vigorously develop energy-saving, environmentally friendly alternative to traditional fuel cars electric car, has become the consensus of the people. With the rapid development of Dell RN873 battery technology of vanadium can be seen, has many outstanding advantages of vanadium in batteries for electric vehicles (especially buses), electric motorcycles, electric bicycles, electric boats, traffic lights, streetlights and other major areas of scenery to play an important complementary role.

 

Communication Base Station

 

Base stations of communication and communication needs of the battery as a back-up supply chamber, and usually not less than 10 hours. Operators in terms of communications, security, stability and reliability and longevity are most important in this area, the vanadium hp PB991A battery is a lead-acid batteries can not match the rewards.

 

UPS Power Supply

 

CCID Consulting research shows that in 2007, UPS market has continued growth trend, primarily because of rapid and sustained development of China’s economy caused by the decentralization of UPS needs of users, making the industry more more business-to-UPS produces a sustained needs. The next few years, the UPS product development towards greater availability, security and features integrated, intelligent, and humane.

 

Currently, China’s UPS market, strong demand for large power, batteries are safe, stable and reliable batteries of vanadium in this area, as opposed to lead-acid batteries in terms of power, safety and stability, or both have an absolute advantage in life.

 

Power Distribution

 

In today’s society of energy and electricity supply, quality, efficiency, environmental protection and the growing requirement for high security and reliability, large-scale power was due to their own failures can not meet this requirement. With the rise of the distribution of the central, large central power stations will gradually decrease. I think the vanadium battery is the first in a hospital, command centers and control, data processing and communications centers, commercial buildings, entertainment centers, vital government services, pharmaceutical and chemical industrial materials, Industries precision manufacturing play an important role in the distribution of power.

 

Military Reserve Power

 

Vanadium battery may also be military bases, command centers, military and other military departments play an important role in charge storage.

The potential contamination of used batteries has aroused widespread concern in the community. China is the world’s number one dry Laptop battery producing and consuming countries, our data show that China currently has more than 1,400 battery manufacturers in 1980, the volume of production of dry batteries surpassed the United States and the largest in the first world. In 1998, production of dry batteries in China amounted to 14 billion, while the same year the total world production of dry batteries is approximately 30 billion euros.

 

Such a large quantity of batteries, making it a big problem to light and that is how to make so many batteries does not affect the pollution of our environment. According to our survey, used batteries containing heavy metals and waste acid, waste alkali and electrolyte solution. If you arbitrarily discarded batteries will destroy the corruption of water, erosion of our cultural survival and the earth, our environment is facing a huge threat. If any of the cell 1 in the soil and rotting, it’s toxic form a square meter of land to lose value, throw a coin IBM ThinkPad R32 battery in water, which contains toxic substances that have killed more than 60 million liters of water pollution, equivalent to a person’s life, water, batteries containing heavy metals cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel, zinc, manganese, etc., in which cadmium, lead, mercury is a great mistake to substances in the body. Nickel, zinc and other metals, although to a certain range of concentration is a useful material, but in the environment over the limit, but also harm the human body. Waste batteries leaking heavy metals can cause rivers, lakes, sea and other bodies of water pollution, endangering the survival of aquatic and water consumption, an indirect threat to health human. Waste acid, waste alkali and so on could contaminate the electrolyte solution so that soil acidification and salinization, which Decker around us like a bomb. Therefore, collection and disposal of batteries is very important, if disposed of improperly, may be placed on the ecological environment and human health, cause serious injury. Randomly throw used batteries are not only pollute the environment, is also a waste of resources. Some people forget one account to the country’s annual production of 10 billion batteries, the annual consumption by 156,000 tonnes of zinc, 226.000 tonnes of manganese dioxide, 2080 tons of copper, 27,000 tonnes of zinc chloride, 79,000 tons of chloride ammonium, 4.3 million tons of carbon rod. Despite the advanced technology has given us the right direction, but the phenomenon of pollution in China’s Dell FK890 battery is still not optimistic. Most waste in courtyards of China has been mixed with used batteries together in the soil over time, after the battery into decay, leaching of heavy metals, the two agencies could contaminate groundwater, they can contaminate soil and finally through a variety of ways to enter the human food chain. Biological uptake of heavy metals from the environment by biomagnification in the food chain, class by class in higher organisms tens of thousands of times richer, and then enter the body through the food chain, and economies Organ cause chronic poisoning, Japan Minamata disease is a typical case of mercury poisoning.

 

The batteries are generally divided into disposable batteries and rechargeable batteries. Disposable primary batteries, including zinc-manganese batteries (zinc and manganese dioxide) batteries containing mercury zinc (zinc oxide and mercury) and lithium batteries and several other categories. Rechargeable VGP-BPS2C batteries are the main cadmium - nickel, iron - nickel, zinc - silver, zinc - air and lithium - iron sulfide and lead acid batteries and so on. Our daily life is the most frequently used zinc-manganese batteries and zinc-mercury batteries, leaving the farm pollution is mainly caused by mercury (Hg) and cadmium (Cd).

 

The toxicity of mercury

 

Mercury, which are commonly called “Mercury is liquid at room temperature, the material, can keep the battery in zinc oxide cathode, this approach to improve the shelf life of the hp Pavilion dv4000 battery. Thus, when the zinc previously used in batteries to be very cloudy almost all do a certain amount of mercury preservative. However, the chemical combination of mercury and mercury neurotoxicity of endocrine, immune system, also have a negative effect, it will trigger problems for people with speech, unsteady gait, limb paralysis, leading to generalized convulsions , mental disorders and died.

 

For years, China’s production of dry batteries, it is necessary to attach a toxic substance - mercury or mercury compounds. China mercury in alkaline batteries up to 1% ~ 5%, 0.025% neutral dry-cell batteries, dry batteries annually for the production of tens of tons of mercury amounted to much. With advances in technology, the toshiba PA3591U-1BRS battery began to implement a low-mercury and mercury-free alternatives to the mercury surface of fluoropolymers FORAFAC to prevent corrosion of zinc has achieved good results.

 

The mercury batteries disposed of untreated overflow from the battery slowly in soil or water, then under the action of microorganisms, inorganic mercury can be transformed into methylmercury, meeting in the body of fish, human consumption of fish such as methylmercury, enters the cells of the human brain, the nervous systems of people have been seriously damaged in severe cases would be crazy to death. Well known Minamata disease in Japan is caused by methylmercury.

 

The toxicity of cadmium

 

Cadmium is a trace element necessary for the human body, the body of newborn babies, and there is no cadmium, but increased with age, and gradually accumulated. Cadmium with renal toxicity, which caused kidney damage is irreversible. At the same time, after a kidney damage may also be secondary osteoporosis, osteomalacia and fractures. In 1993, the International Union Against Cancer will be set at IA carcinogen cadmium level. For these reasons, many developed countries have recommended a ban on the use of nickel-cadmium batteries and nickel-metal hydride apple A1079 battery has been replaced by nickel-cadmium batteries, avoiding the use of cadmium. In China, the vast majority of battery manufacturers still use cadmium as raw materials for manufacturing the battery, the battery being further increase the dangers. Affected by the long-term consumption of cadmium from water and contaminated food can lead to bone pain and disease, cadmium in the body, causing skeletal deformities, osteomalacia, and in the severe form of natural fractures, and even death.

 

The toxicity of manganese

 

Excessive levels of manganese accumulation in the body can cause neurological dysfunction, an early manifestation of an integrated sexual dysfunction, the emergence of more heavy monotonous speech, sad expression, emotional indifference, accompanied by psychological symptoms .

 

Lead toxicity

 

Driving a major role in the nervous system, hematopoietic system, digestive system and liver, kidneys and other organs, can inhibit the synthesis of hemoglobin metabolism, but also directly on the mature red blood cells, for infants, children much younger, it will lead to Dell Latitude D830 battery physical development of children, a chronic lead late in the mental retardation of children first.

 

The toxicity of nickel

 

Nickel powder dissolved in the blood, to participate in the movement of the body, with a high toxicity, may damage the central nervous system, causing abnormal blood vessels, severe cases, cause cancer.

 

The toxicity of zinc

 

Zinc is an essential element of the human body, less toxic, 1000 mg of zinc sulfate orally only to those with acute intoxication, but inhalation of dust zinc oxide may cause poisoning. The symptoms include generalized fatigue, muscle pain, difficulty breathing, vomiting, diarrhea, severe heart weakness, prostration, convulsions, death. Zinc sulphate, zinc chloride penetrated the mucous membrane of the skin may produce dermatitis and ulcers. Zinc to fish and aquatic toxicity of the toxic people, if the requirements of water quality for fish in the water content of zinc per liter should not exceed 0.1 mg.

 

Recycling of waste batteries

 

Waste batteries may be small, large Queshen cons. However, due to pollution, waste piles are not as waste, air and water pollution, as would any sensory think she has a big secret, so do not receive the attention. At present, TravelMate 290 battery production and consumption of China to become a great country, and the batteries of pollution is an urgent need to address a major environmental problem.

 

According to environmental experts, recovery of waste batteries per 1000 grams of metal, which are 82 grams of mercury, 88 grams of cadmium, we can say that eliminating the recycling of waste batteries s The address not only the sources of pollution, but also to achieve the recycling of resources. In developed countries the recycling of batteries and use very seriously. Many countries in Western Europe, not only in stores, but also directly on the sony VGP-BPS2A battery street are equipped with a special box for recycling batteries and accumulators are 95% of the material can be recycled, especially in high recovery of valuable metals. Such as foreign secondary lead industry developed rapidly, lead to short-term 55% of production comes from reclaimed lead. The secondary lead industry in the treatment of the regeneration of waste lead-acid batteries account for a substantial portion. 100 kg of waste lead-acid batteries can be recycled 50 to 60 kilograms of lead. Cadmium batteries for the regeneration of technology waste treatment abroad, have been more mature to deal with 100 kilograms of waste recycling cadmium batteries of about 20 kg of metal cadmium, mercury batteries are mainly used to treat environmentally sound ways to prevent environmental pollution. However, there is in this area of management rather low.