Digital battery

Introduction 1 battery is a UPS system is an important component of its direct impact on the bottom of the reliability of the whole UPS system. No matter how UPS designed for advanced features complete how, once the Laptop battery failure, even the best UPS is also unable to provide an uninterrupted power supply. Do not use inferior quality and cheap due to covet lead acid batteries, it will affect the reliability of the entire UPS system, and will therefore result in greater losses. Batteries entire UPS system mean time between failure (MTBF) over the game. If the use and proper maintenance, will be able to extend its life, instead of his life will be shortened. Therefore, we must understand the basic principles and considerations of the use of the battery.

   

Two general types of lead-acid batteries can be divided into lead acid batteries, maintenance free lead-acid batteries and nickel-cadmium batteries, taking into account the load conditions, the use of environment, life and cost and other factors, typically chosen UPS VRLA maintenance free batteries. Its main feature is the load generated when the cathode side oxygen by chemical reaction in the negative to reduce water use life float specified without adding water to maintain, so called maintenance free lead-acid batteries. Maintenance free battery is only when compared to the normal process eliminates the need to add water or distilled water, adjust the surface of the electrolyte of the work is not relieved all maintenance work. Instead, to achieve the UPS uninterruptible power supply, we must be more careful in safeguarding and maintaining good lead-acid maintenance-free batteries.

   

Three main factors affect the life and warn us about the following important factors affecting the life of the hp Pavilion DV1000 battery and use the process should pay attention to the questions:

   

⑴ temperature greater impact on the battery. The ambient temperature is too high, the battery will overload produces gas, the temperature is too low, the battery will be pretty cool, it will affect battery life. Therefore, the general provisions of the ambient temperature around 25 ℃, UPS is also float temperature setting voltage. Practical applications, the battery is generally 5 ℃ ~ 35 ℃ in the office, below or above 5 ℃ to 35 ℃ will greatly reduce battery capacity and shorten battery life.

   

⑵ deep discharge of battery life also has a great influence. More depth of battery discharge, less the number of recycling activities, and should therefore avoid the use of depth of discharge. Although the UPS has a battery low protection potential, the general single-cell, when discharged to 10.5 V or more, UPS will automatically be closed. However, if the UPS is lightly loaded or discharge any discharge load may cause the depth of battery discharge.

   

⑶ batteries in the storage, transportation, installation, following the loss of part of the self-discharge capacity. Therefore, after installation before commissioning should be based on the open circuit voltage of the toshiba PA3191U-3BRS battery to determine the remaining capacity of the battery, then a different approach to supplement charging batteries. Set aside extra batteries every 3 months should be an additional charge. Perhaps by measuring the voltage of the battery open circuit to determine if the battery is good or bad. For 12 V batteries, for example, if the open circuit voltage is above 12.5 V, the energy storage battery, said there are more than 80%, if the open circuit voltage less than 12.5 V You should immediately supplement charge. If the open circuit voltage less than 12V, the battery stores electrical energy, said less than 20%, the battery useless.

   

⑷ battery charge and discharge generally expressed C, C is the actual value associated with the battery capacity. For example, batteries 100AH, C = 100A. Matsushita Lead-acid maintenance-free battery charging current is 0.1C best on the market, the charging current can not exceed 0.3c. Charging current is too large or too small will affect apple M8403 battery life. The current requirements for general discharge of 0.05C between ~ 3C, UPS, normal use can satisfy this requirement, but must also prevent the occurrence of unexpected situations, such as the battery short-circuit and so on.

   

⑸ Load Voltage in the work of backup UPS battery, electricity is in the state of charge under normal circumstances, only the power outage is discharged. To extend the battery, UPS shippers typically use constant pressure to limit the control over the way, the battery is fully charged state to float after each section on the current float is set at 13.6 . If the charging voltage is too high causes the battery before charging, the battery is charging less than the contrary. The charging voltage abnormality may be caused by configuration errors caused by the battery or charger malfunction due. Therefore, when installing the battery, the battery must pay attention to the accuracy of the specifications and quantities of different specifications, different batches of cells do not mix. Do not use inferior charger, plus a charger, but also to consider when installing problem of heat dissipation. Currently, to further improve the life of the battery, UPS has developed and adopted a kind of ABM (Advanced Battery Management) three-stage program of intelligent BATCL50L battery management, ie load is divided over initialization, floating charge and rest three stages: the first step is constant load balance flows, recharge the battery capacity to 90%; second stage is floating Chong Chongdian load capacity battery at 100% and then stops charging, third step is a natural discharge at this stage, the battery using its own leakage current discharge, as the minimum voltage required, and then repeat these three steps. In this way, the nature of changes that were previously fully charged, even after the battery during the day to 24 hours of floating state, thereby extending battery life.

   

⑹ Following the interview without system battery electrolyte absorption in normal use will not produce any gas, but if the user is misused, causing the battery before recharging it will produce a gas, this time pressure increases the battery, battery pressure valve on top of open, burst out a serious cause of the battery.

   

⑺ UPS running the process, be careful to control the terminal value of battery voltage, current float value, each battery voltage, battery and the DC bus to ground resistance and the insulating state.

   

⑻ not individually increase or decrease the number of single charge of battery cells, resulting in the ability of imbalance single sony VGP-BPS2A battery charge and an uneven, reducing battery life.

   

⑼ the battery must be installed as far as possible in a clean, fresh, airy, dry, and avoid sunlight, radiators or other heat sources of radiation effects. Batteries should be placed on positive legislation, non-tilt. Each battery must be securely connected between the terminals.

 

⑽ regularly maintained. The battery in use after a certain time should be inspected regularly, as well as observations of their appearance is abnormal, measurement of the battery voltage is average and so on. If you are not a long term power outage, the battery is always in a state of charge, this would allow the activity of the deterioration of the battery. Thus, although power outages, UPS is also needed on a regular basis to test the discharge of the battery to make it active. Discharge test can usually be done in three months, the practice is UPS with a package - preferably 50% or more, then turn off the electricity, so that UPS is able to discharge the battery, the duration discharge by the battery capacity is usually in terms of a few milliseconds to tens of ms, the discharge to resume electricity supply, continue to charge the battery.

 

4 Conclusion and clearly understand the impact of lead-life battery acid, the main factors and the use of the procedure should pay attention to issues of our UPS system, use and maintenance of appropriate lead acid batteries are a great help. Hopefully, in their daily work, the proper use and maintenance of a good lead-acid batteries so as to obtain a more rational use.

She and a barrage stored DOE comprises as is inward some backs to complete the drop constitutes just about never …the U. S. MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) researchers bear designed a nanotube supercapacitor comprises a revolutionist invention! Might it constitute the end of the Laptop battery clock time? Capital letter flight to the U.S. auto diligence inward Motor City, escapes, Qiao Erxin catjang pea (Joel Schindall) on this alters sufficient to actuate the idea of future traffic. At that time, the MIT (MIT) in electronics and engineering science prof information, interpret an articles all but nanotubes.

 

Nanotubes is long, constrict, cylindric atoms of C. While he read the big bucks by nanotubes can buoy allow an Brobdingnagian area, as abruptly blinks: can buoy we use the nanotubes to create a super-capacitor, which attains some considerable energy and an battery just besides inside a couple of seconds to load? Afterward 2 and a one-half years of research, this conversation back-number rattling appraised and academics can no more hide howdies excitation: “We really can change the DOE of the capacitor inward the world!”

 

Equally for cosmopolitan electronic components as if condensers and resistors and electronic transistor are the basic components by the electric circuit. From microcomputers to cellphones, autos, its application all over.

 

Agitate complete inch arcseconds

 

At first, the role from the capacitance and the Dell Inspiron 1420 battery is as is: it has as if a program library from baron, canful store or bring out unfinished. Just the similarities close there. In point of fact, their office constitutes complementary. Inwards 1745, far-famed that the concluding analysis, the principle from content is real dim-witted: to insulate the blank between the two metallic flicks, erstwhile the stress imposed, it leave be called electrolyte “to execute the accomplishment of the ion (i.e., Aerated particles). In the function of atmospheric static electricity, the capacitor electrodes to draw in each one and the same a different ion, complementing the Department of Energy deliverances, it’s a completely action. Condenser metal surface, the greater the less aired spatial arrangement to admit the charge (eg Energy Department) as well gamy. When the expanse from metals and the spatial arrangement betwixt the alloy tends to 1012 as the capacitance has become a ace capacitor. In the assault and battery inside the opposite, the current of the ion ’s electrolyte and electrode material brought about along reactions that come. This birth led to capacitance and hp F4486B battery carrying into action, a immense difference. Inward demarcation, the former seems additional an advantage for the forcible “cannonball along” and chemical “speed” constitutes one and the same different.

 

For instance, the crack capacitor canful constitute recharged in a couple of backs or minutes, arrant, and a barrage, it accepts some days. This speed advantage comprises also contemplated inward the arc: the condenser can constitute a hefty DOE to assemble immediate beggaries, and a assault and battery, it is quietly releasing it is chemical energy. Additionally, the barrage chemic responses become ineffective at cold (heat reactions favor), while the super-capacitor can say without falter, working circumstances extremely common cold. At long last, the reaction in the battery also bring about harmful by-products (such as car batteries leading sulfide), these substances continue to conglomerate, which circumscribes the lifetime of the sony VGP-BPS2A battery: armorial bearing discharge to be discarded afterwards some C cycles. The condenser is altogether costless from this constraint, you will be able to recycle capable centreds of thousands of bikes.

 

Indeed many advantages to automotive condensers domiciliate welcomed, particularly, its dependability and ability to react chop-chop to the device characteristic of the immense demand of DOE (later some bits to release some kilowatts from energy), in particular appropriate for self-propelling smart-driving, braking Energy Department after Re-build and audio frequency equipment because self cater. Even so, despite the exuberance of the industriousness, the super capacitance is all the same kicking in the gridiron to affirm the BATBL50L6 battery condition. Chemical batteries, nay director, merely there have a decisive advantage, which constitutes greater storage content. “Directly, the density of super-capacitor energy as demonstrated by 5 to half dozen kg per watt-hours, only as now, the most ranking performance, barrage fire life, the density of the lithium DOE can reach threescore to 90 kilo per watt-hours. “U.S. manufacturing giant capacitor Maxwell Technologies Inc. John Lackland Miller, V.P. by transportation application program (John Lackland Henry Miller) must recognize. However, the MIT researchers are positive that carries of DOE in the area of subverting the hegemony is only a count of clock. A-one condenser bankruptcy comprises very easily to empathize: their “capacitance” hinges on their ability to capture ions, which means large surface electrodes provide the highest capacity possible. Heads, Maxwell Technologies Corporation uses filled with activated charcoal - that acid etching from holey atomic number 6 - Al constructing over 3,000 centares per g aerofoil electrodes. The blank space between electrodes filled with electrolyte. Power condensers, the electrolyte ions will be accompanied the eminent density by C inward apiece layer of an electrode airfoil, the breadth from the area comprises a exclusive ion: but almost 1 Land of Enchantment “This balance achieves the ratio adverted in a higher place, and consequences got, we cognise.

 

The Qiao Xin Dahl and hellos squad have base a more magic because options to activated assault and apple A1022 battery atomic number 6: nanotubes. Sindahl equated to ultra-fine fuzz. However, this hair “bears an first-class conductivity. MIT scientists barracked aside these: the use from nanotubes to find a larger expanse than activated charcoal. To accomplish this goal, peradventure a conducting airfoil of 5 to 10 micromillimeter spacing planted a couple of micromillimeters inch diameter and distance of nanotubes 100 microns - whenever it’s dry, then it is length bequeath reach twenty-five meters. Consorting to their concept of electrically charged ions in nanotubes, appealed by as is aspiring fulfilled all the breaks, like pearls.

 

Be employed inward cellphones?

 

“We bet that these concept can be touched a output flow to capture an country of twenty to thirty clips the can buoy be accomplished on as is DOE density. Qiao Erxin Dahl explains. To achieve this grammatical construction, the MIT team employed as metallic nano-Seed Technology spray carbon vapor, nanotubes wills Hans Albrecht Bethe “nano-seed” above “grow”. In spring 2006, this accusative back-number accomplished successfully, nanotubes, “farsighted” to 120 microns. The following task mustiness be dispatched within half a dozen a long time by a convenient sample, and that this structure can indeed achieve the desired level of performance, which is the primary goal of product development, store half the Department of Energy of lithium batteries. Has been accompanied by a transition to mass production manufacture, they’re indeed the beggary a convivial some classes.

Lithium-ion battery circuit protection includes over-load protection, more protection against overcurrent / short circuit and over-discharge protection, and requires great precision charging protection, protection IC with low power consumption electric volt high-voltage and zero batteries and other features. This paper describes the principle of the three protection circuits, new functions and features required.

 

In recent years, PDAs, digital cameras, cell phones, portable audio devices and Bluetooth products get more and more use of lithium batteries as main power. Li-ion Laptop battery has a small size, high energy density, no memory effect, the high cycle life, high-voltage batteries and the advantages of low self-discharge rate, and nickel-cadmium batteries in nickel metal hydride are not the same lithium batteries must consider the charge and discharge of security so as to prevent deterioration characteristic. To overload the lithium battery, over discharge, over current protection and short-circuit is very important is usually the design of the battery circuit protection to protect Li-ion battery.

 

Because lithium high energy density-ion battery, it is difficult to ensure the safety of the battery. In the most charged, the battery temperature increases after the excess energy, so the decomposition of the electrolyte produced gas because of the internal pressure of the danger arising from the spontaneous combustion or broken on the contrary, over-discharge state, due to the decomposition of the electrolyte causing the Dell Inspiron 5150 battery characteristics and the degradation of sustainability, thus reducing the number of charge cycles.

 

Lithium-ion battery circuit protection is to ensure that this excess charge and discharge state of security and to prevent deterioration characteristic. Lithium-ion battery circuit protection is protected by the CI and structure of two power MOSFETs, including the protection IC for monitoring the battery voltage when there is excessive charges and the discharge state to pass the order to fill the power MOSFET to protect the battery, protect the functions of the IC during the load protection, over-discharge protection and protection against overcurrent / short circuit.

 

1, an overload protection

 

The principle of over-charge protection IC as follows: When an external charger for lithium battery, when, to avoid a temperature rise caused by increased internal pressure must end the state of load. At this stage, the need to test the hp 417066-001 battery voltage to protect IC when the time comes to 4.25V (assuming that the point of overcharging 4.25V) which activate the over-load protection, the MOSFET power to cut through the opening and closing the load.

 

In addition, attention must also be the result of excessive noise generated by the perception of dysfunction detected if determined to be overload protection. Therefore, the need to adjust the delay and time delay can be shorter than the noise.

 

2, over-discharge protection

 

In the case of excessive discharge, the decomposition of the electrolyte in case of damage caused by the characteristics of the battery and cause a reduction in the number of charge cycles. Protection of lithium-IC with on-rejection phenomenon can be avoided to protect the battery.

 

Over-the principle of discharge protection IC: To avoid excessive sony VGP-BPS2A battery status at discharge, assuming that the lithium battery connected to the load when the voltage of the lithium battery is less than the highest - point of discharge voltage detection (assumed to be 2.3V) will activate the over-discharge protection, so that the power MOSFET transition from open-cut and the threshold of discharge, to avoid battery-phenomenon discharge, and keep the battery low quiescent current in standby mode, yet current 0.1μA.

 

When the lithium battery is connected to the charger and the battery voltage lithium is greater than this period of excessive discharge voltage, over-discharge protection is lifted. In addition, taking into account the conditions of discharge pulse, excessive discharge detection circuit with time delay to prevent malfunction.

 

3, the current and short-circuit current

 

For unknown reasons (discharge or negative by metallic objects inadvertently) caused by over-current circuit or short to ensure security, you should immediately cease its discharge.

 

Terms runway Principles of protection against overcurrent IC, when the discharge toshiba PA3399U-1BAS battery current is too large or too short occurs, the protection IC is turned off (short circuit) current protection, over current detection at the moment is to power MOSFET’s Rds (on) as a sensor monitoring the impedance voltage drop in the case, if the ratio set by the voltage-current detection is higher when the discharge stopped, the formula is:

V = I × Rds (on) × 2 (V-for over-current detection voltage, I is discharge current)

Suppose V = 0.2V, Rds () = 25mΩ, and protect the current size of I = 4A on

Similarly, too much time current detection delay should also be provided to prevent current flow generated when there are unexpected failures.

Usually, after the election of overheating if they can remove the excess current factors (such as the charge immediately and out) will resume its normal state, may proceed with the normal load, the discharge action.

 

4 new protection features of the lithium-IC’s

 

In addition to the protection feature of the lithium IC attention the following new battery features is also interesting:

a. Charging over-current protection

When connecting the charger suddenly aware (as the charger is damaged), on-circuit current detection immediately, this time from top to bottom Court, the MOSFET power to cut the open position for protection.

V = I × Rds () × 2

(I is the load current; Vdet4 on voltage-current detection, Vdet4 to-0.1V)

 

b. Overcharge when the lock mode

Usually protect the IC in the over-charging protection will be after a period of delay time, and then it will cut the power MOSFETs to achieve the goal of protection when the battery voltage lithium dropped in points Lifting (hysteresis voltage overload), when it will resume once again continue to impose protection →Discharge charge discharge. Security issues in this state will not be able to get an effective solution, lithium batteries will always repeat the charge discharge →Action load discharge gate MOSFET power will be repeated alternately at high and low voltage state, which could make the MOSFET heater but it also reduces the battery life, if the lock mode is very important. If the circuit of the lithium battery protection detects over-protection mode load locked, IC will not get hot, and the relative security has improved considerably.

In the over-load protection, simply plug the battery charger, the charging time will be entered into lock mode. At this stage, even if the voltage drops of the lithium battery can not produce the recharge of the situation, remove and connect to load and unload the load can be restored condition.

 

c. Reduce the size of the circuit protection component

Will overload and short circuit protection with an integrated capacitor delay for the protection of the IC inside to reduce the size of circuit protection components?

 

5, the protection requirements of IC performance

 

a. Overload protection, high accuracy

When the lithium-ion battery charging excessive state to avoid a temperature rise caused by increased internal pressure required for the threshold state of charge. Protection IC detects the cbattery voltage, when the overcharge is detected, then detection of over-charging power MOSFETs in order to cut the load threshold. At this point should be noted that over-voltage detection burden of high precision, battery charging, battery to a state is a danger of the user, taking into account security issues and should enable the voltage when the threshold state of charge. To simultaneously satisfy these two conditions, there must be a detector of high precision, accuracy of 25mV current detector, the accuracy will be improved.

 

b. In order to reduce IC power consumption to protect

With the increasing use of time was enough lithium power-voltage ion battery will gradually diminish the value of the last low specifications below, this time need to recharge. If you do not charge for continued use, may lead to excessive battery discharge Ershi is not used. To avoid too much discharge protection IC to detect the battery voltage, over-voltage detection of the landfill once they reach the following, you must cut the discharge of MOSFET power and the threshold discharge. But this time, the BATCL50L battery itself, there are still protecting the natural discharge and IC current consumption exist, therefore the need to protect the IC power consumption to a minimum.

 

c. Protection against overcurrent / short-circuit the need for low-voltage detection and precision requirements

Short circuits due to unknown causes must immediately stop selling them. Over-current detection is based on power MOSFET RDS (on) for the impedance of induction to follow the voltage drop of blood at the time when compared with a voltage-current detection is also high at namely, to stop selling them. To MOSFET’s Rds (on) in the current charge and discharge current is the effective use of time is needed for the impedance as low as possible, at present the impedance is approximately 20mΩ ~ 30mΩ, if the voltage-current detection may be lower.

 

d. Resistant to high voltage

Battery and charger to connect the instant the pressure will be generated if the protection must meet the requirements of high voltage IC.

 

e. Low VGP-BPS2B battery consumption

In the protection of the state, its current consumption of 0.1μA rest must be small.

 

f. Zero-Volt Rechargeable

Some batteries may be stored in the process because it takes too long or unusual causes of tension as low as 0V, and therefore need to protect the IC can be achieved when 0V load.

 

6, the protection IC Prospect

 

As mentioned previously, the future protection of integrated circuits should further enhance the detection voltage accuracy and reduce current consumption to protect and improve the CI function to prevent malfunctions and so on, and the charger to connect the terminal High voltage is also the focus of research and development. In the package, at present has been a gradual shift SOT23-6 package SON6 the future, there are CSP package, even COB products to meet the requirements highlighted in a word, light.

 

In functions, protect the IC does not require integration of all functions, according to different materials, to develop a single lithium Dell Latitude D830 battery protection IC, the coverage only if overloaded or over-discharge protection, which can significantly reduce the cost and size.

 

Of course, the functional components is a single crystal of the same goals, such as manufacturers of mobile phones today have been directed towards protecting the IC, charging circuit and power management IC, and other peripheral circuits and logic is a two chip chipset, but rather of power MOSFET’s open reduction of impedance of the circuit is difficult to integrate with other IC, even if it is made of a special single-chip technology, I fear the cost is too high. Therefore, protection of single crystal integrated circuits should take some time to resolve.