Digital battery

Come on, the first single-crystal silicon solar batteries. Silicon is very abundant on earth, an element almost everywhere, the presence of silicon can be said to be inexhaustible, make using silicon solar batteries, in fact, no shortage of raw materials. However, refining, it is not easy, so people in the production of monocrystalline silicon solar batteries at the same time she studied the polycrystalline silicon solar batteries and solar batteries made from amorphous silicon, has commercial-scale production of solar batteries, not directly from a series of silicon . In fact, semiconductor materials for the production of solar batteries, a site with the materials, industrial development, solar batteries are more varieties. Has the research and development of solar batteries, in addition to the silicon series, there is cadmium sulfide, gallium arsenide, copper indium selenium, and performed many other types of solar batteries is endless, the following describes some of the most common solar Laptop battery .

 

Monocrystalline silicon solar batteries

 

Monocrystalline silicon solar batteries is currently the fastest developing a solar battery, has completed its process of composition and production, the product was to be widely used in space and ground facilities. These high purity single-crystal silicon solar batteries with rod as raw materials, 99.999% purity requirements. To reduce production costs, and now solar-terrestrial applications such as solar-grade silicon rods, material increases performance index. Some semiconductor devices can also be used to end the processing of waste materials and sub-end silicon materials, through re-pull rods of single crystal silicon solar VGP-BPS2C batteries made battery-specific. Slice the silicon rods, typically 0.3 mm thick films. Wafer after forming, polishing, cleaning and other processes that are processed from silicon raw material. The processing of solar film, we must first-doped silicon and the distribution, generally as a small amount of dopant boron, phosphorus, antimony and others. Distribution in the quartz in the high-temperature diffusion furnace checked. This has formed on the silicon P / FONT> N-junction. And then, with screen-printed, will be printed with a good paste of silicon gate line out, made after sintering at the same time back electrode and the gate lines in an area source of anti-reflective coating on a large number of photons prevent smooth silicon surface reflection path, now, single-chip silicon solar batteries are produced. Single-Chip through the random testing in accordance with the prescribed specifications) in a solar components (solar batteries, with serial and parallel processes are linked together to form a certain degree of output voltage and current, the final framework for packaging and packaging materials. Users on system design, can have a variety of solar components in various sizes of solar phalanx, also known as solar arrays. Monocrystalline silicon solar VGP-BPS9/B batteries currently photoelectric efficiency of around 15%, laboratory results were more than 20%. For the space station by up to 50% of the solar batteries.

 

Polycrystalline silicon solar batteries

 

Monocrystalline silicon solar battery production requires enormous amounts of high-purity silicon material, while the production of these materials, complex process, energy consumption and large, is the total production of solar batteries super-half, with a combined single-crystal silicon rod was drawn cylindrical, cut wafer-production of solar batteries is to form a flat-utilization of solar energy components. Therefore, the 80 years since the state has put in some European and American development of polycrystalline silicon solar batteries. Currently, the use of polysilicon solar hp PB991A battery materials depends, above all, a collection of a large number of single-crystal particles in it, or melt from wastes time monocrystalline silicon materials and metallurgical grade silicon material made votes. The process is to select resistance of 100 ~ 300 ohm-cm block of material or polycrystalline silicon material by squeezing the end with a 1:5 mixture of hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid corrosion, and then spent the end of the appropriate neutral-ionized water rinse and dry. Quartz crucible loaded with a good polysilicon materials, which can be the addition of boron-silicon amount, the casting furnace, the heating and melting in a vacuum. After melting insulation around 20 minutes, and then injected into the graphite form, which is solidified during slow cooling, the polysilicon can ingots. This cube can be made of silicon ingots to be processed into square slices solar film, can improve recycling and to facilitate the installation. Polycrystalline silicon solar batteries with single-crystal silicon solar Dell Latitude D510 battery manufacturing process is similar to the photoelectric efficiency of about 12%, somewhat lower than single-crystal silicon solar batteries, but the material is simple, the power consumption of the total production costs are low, save as to obtain a significant development . As the technology has improved, the current efficiency of polycrystalline silicon to reach around 14%.

 

Amorphous silicon solar batteries

 

Amorphous silicon solar batteries in 1976 appeared a new thin-film solar batteries, monocrystalline and multicrystalline silicon-silicon solar batteries with the production of an entirely different way silicon low material consumption, low power consumption, very attractive. Production of amorphous silicon solar batteries There are several possibilities, the most common is the glow discharge method and reactive sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, electron beam evaporation method and thermal decomposition of silane-law. Glow discharge method is a quartz container in the vacuum pump, filled into the hydrogen or argon diluted silane, with the RF power supply heat, so that silane ionization, the formation of plasma. Amorphous silicon films deposited on the heated substrate. If the silane in the right amount of hydrogenated phosphorus or boron hydride were mixed, can be obtained from N, or P-type amorphous silicon layer. Substrate general use glass or stainless steel. Production of amorphous silicon thin-film process, which mainly depends on the strict control of pressure, flow rate and RF power on the substrate temperature is also important. Amorphous silicon solar batteries have altered structures, which is a better structure called PiN IBM ThinkPad R52 battery, the substrate of the earliest sedimentary layer of the N-type phosphorus-doped amorphous silicon is deposited, and then a layer of undoped i-layer is deposited and then A layer of boron-doped p-type amorphous silicon, and finally a layer of electron beam evaporation of anti-reflective coating, and evaporation of silver electrode. This production, a series of deposition chamber can be used in production to provide a continuous process to achieve mass production. At the same time, a very thin amorphous silicon solar batteries of the composite type can, or use in the manufacture of integrated circuits, obtained in a plane with the corresponding mask process, a number of the serial production of battery to a higher voltage to be . For the general single-crystal silicon solar battery voltage of 0.5 volts or so, and now the Japanese production of amorphous silicon solar batteries in series of up to 2.4 volts. The current problem is that amorphous silicon solar battery efficiency is low, the international advanced level of about 10%, and is not stable enough, and often fall down conversion efficiency of the phenomenon that we are not yet widely used in the manufacture of large solar installations, and get into the low-light power supply, bag, such as electronic calculators, electronic watches and clocks, and copier and so on. Estimation of the efficiency decrease to overcome the problem, the amorphous silicon solar BATBL50L6 batteries will promote the great development of solar energy, because it is inexpensive, light weight, the application is convenient, it can be combined with the housing of the roof of an independent power households.

 

 

Multi-compound solar batteries

 

Multi-compound solar batteries that not a single item from semiconductor materials, solar batteries. Today, there are a variety of research, although most industrial production have not yet, but indicates that photoelectric conversion of the beauties of spring. Now a few brief introduction:

 

(1) CdS solar batteries - as early as 1954, Reynolds has discovered CdS photovoltaic effect. In the year 1960 was the rule of law vacuum evaporation of CdS solar batteries, photoelectric efficiency of 3.5%. By 1964, the United States of cadmium sulfide solar batteries, photoelectric efficiency increased to 4% ~ 6%. Later, lays down in Europe from a flood of CdS solar battery development, the photoelectric efficiency of up to 9%, but still can not compete with the polycrystalline silicon solar batteries. But people never give up, in addition to the massive study of sintered CdS solar apple A1175 battery, but more emphasis on research-type CdS thin-film solar batteries. It is as a barrier layer of cuprous oxide to hydrogen sulfide heterojunction CdS materials used form, according to theoretical calculations, the photoelectric efficiency of up to 16.4%. Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry in the early 80s once made to achieve CdS thin-film photoelectric efficiency of solar batteries to 7.6% respectively. Previously, some countries have continued to look at the development of cadmium sulfide solar batteries, to solve, because it is simply a relatively simple fabrication, equipment problems.

 

(2), gallium arsenide solar batteries - gallium arsenide solar batteries, a very good material, it is better suited to approximate the solar spectrum and can produce high temperatures at 250 ℃ under the terms of the photoelectric conversion resist performance is still good, sensors offer the highest efficiency of about 30%, particularly suitable for high temperature solar concentrators. Series of solar batteries has been studied with single-crystal gallium arsenide GaAs, based polycrystalline gallium arsenide, aluminum gallium arsenide - gallium arsenide heterostructures, metal - gallium arsenide semiconductor, metal - insulator - semiconductor gallium-arsenic solar VGP-BPS13 batteries and so on. GaAs material preparation of semiconductor materials like silicon, there is crystal growth method, the direct method generated, vapor growth method, liquid phase epitaxy method. For more scarce because of gallium, arsenic, toxic, manufacturing costs are high, affecting the development of such solar batteries.

 

(3), copper-indium-selenium solar batteries - copper, indium, selenium, and ternary compound semiconductors as a starting material of the solar battery. It is a polycrystalline thin film structure to use, and typically vacuum coating, electrically, electrophoresis, etc. or chemical vapor deposition process for the preparation, less material consumption, low cost, stable performance, photoelectric efficiency of over 10%. Therefore, an amorphous silicon thin film solar batteries can compete with the new type of solar batteries. Added Recently developed thin-film copper-indium-selenium, to the amorphous silicon thin film laminated on a solar battery can improve the efficiency of solar batteries and the efficiency of amorphous silicon photovoltaic overcome decline below.

 

Currently we are using are basically on polysilicon and monocrystalline solar batteries concentrate.

Some basic methods

 

First presents the basic methods, these methods, you may already be familiar with, but if the flexibility of demand, will greatly increase battery life.

 

1, using energy saving mode mobile phones

 

Take time to understand the interface of your smartphone, you will find the settings can be saved by changing the Laptop battery. Note that these parameters are related to many aspects of the use of mobile phones, it may be in different parts of the interface. But for most cell phones, such as Windows Mobile and BlackBerry mobile phones, the option in the Settings menu.

 

We must reduce the brightness of the screen by default, because the climax will consume more energy. But also shorten the time fire background. Although this may sometimes make you feel very cool, but its benefits are obvious.

 

2 for your cell phone to find stuff online

 

For example, there specifically for a new generation of Apple’s iPhone 3G page on how to save electricity. In addition, there are few manufacturers not to provide useful skills, like the BlackBerry and Windows Mobile website.

 

3, if there is an opportunity to take time to load

 

The use of mobile phones are lithium-ion IBM ThinkPad T40 battery, so it is quite possible and even recommended. If the conference room of the outlet or load terminal of the airport, to take full advantage of every opportunity to recharge their cell phones. Recharging while driving is a choice, you use a car charger for mobile phones directly from the handset manufacturer or carriers to search, you can also purchase companies such as APC provide a universal charger.

 

4, using calls, rather than e-Mail

 

In the cellular network, the data connection used to connect the battery is the voice of two to four times. For simple communications, call or send text messages rather than e-mail.

 

Effective management of your software

 

Many of us tend to have used an operating system. And the request to make your smartphone to make it useful and interesting. But regardless of the operating system or applications, will be the exhaustion of VGP-BPS9 power, forcing them to manage and reduce their energy consumption.

 

5, upgrade the operating system

 

Maximum power consumption is the operating system. In each version, manufacturers are still improving energy consumption, in a timely manner to update your operating system.

 

6, using a simple ring

 

Need to use the cell phone with music ringtones processor, leading to consume more energy. A simple, standard ringtones should not be such a treatment.

 

7, minimize the use of the push

 

The most popular is probably the smart phone applications, push e-mail, which requires little time to check the phone messages. This consumes much energy, and you can use settings on the server or the phone itself is set to adjust the cell phone every 10 minutes or half an hour to check the information first. Clearly, this must become accustomed to the use of instant messaging users to coordinate, but on saving hp Pavilion dv4 battery power is really worth doing.

 

In addition to push e-mail, there are a number of other applications and Web services such as instant messaging, navigation tools and stock, news, sports and weather information will be updated periodically. You may not be aware that if you ESPN updated every five minutes, will soon complete consumption battery power. So when you do not use these programs and websites where close.

 

8, weakened garrison functions

 

When news is old, do you really need to phone to vibrate? New messages for the closure of the auditory or visual alarm, or at least have the choice of closure, for example, to retain only your boss and inform parents.

 

Effective management of your hardware

 

In the past, the mobile phone is only a radio for voice calls. Now, in addition to cellular voice daily and data services, wireless, smart phones have Bluetooth, Wi-Fi radio and even GPS.

 

9, turn off the radio does not use

 

The radio is on, even without the use of considerable VGP-BPS13 energy. Learn how to switch off the radio smartphones. For example, for most Windows Mobile phones, if the hold the home button and keep for a while, a dialog box is displayed on mobile phones, you can open this dialog, or turn off the radio.

 

10, note that the time to call

 

When there are too many people trying to access the cellular network, mobile consumption of energy will be even more grande.Malgré this, you may also be reluctant to 3:00 call or answer the phone, but if you’re in the western region of a night owl, 7:00 is what one might call the best time for the eastern region.

 

11 know where you live

 

Studies have shown that the network will be a place where electromagnetic interference to become unstable. This means that in the outdoor park in the mail or call electric hospital less.

 

Similarly, the poor areas of radio coverage will be unstable. If you are in the areas covered by bad guys and you do not like SMS, then turn off your radio.

 

12, using low-speed network

 

Using HSPA or EV-DO as well as using EDGE or 3G services, such as 2.5G services, 1xRTT need more power. All applications require a maximum speed, you will notice in May 2.5G and 3G services, the major differences, such as checking your email. Some phones, such as the Apple iPhone 3G, you can jump to a network access low speed, thereby saving the Dell Inspiron E1705 battery power. If your phone has this feature, at the appropriate time to use it.

 

13, using a wired headset

 

Bluetooth headset to use their own needs for radio frequency use the battery. Using the wired headset does not use a separate radio frequency, will make your cell phone to use longer. And using a wired headset call quality is better.

 

14, using self-closing feature

 

Some phones, like BlackBerrys, mobile phones within the time specified, close parameters. Phone automatically turns off at 11 am, at 7:00 to open. In this case, you do not have to worry about the.

 

Battery Maintenance and Repair

 

On the way to maintain the battery some outdated ideas still exist for the old nickel-chromium batteries, power is often proposed that ion battery depletion, after full power, but for lithium today - The practice should not be so, and people still, and even some instructions in the user manual is wrong.

 

So here are some tips to ensure more usage time of battery life.

 

15, early and often responsible charge

 

Experts suggest that as far as possible not to pay very little when it is charging. But there is one exception, every few months they should be on your battery is completely discharged, then recharge. In fact, this does not apply if the battery life, but you can reset your phone to load the firmware to provide a more accurate value.

 

16, to keep the battery cool

 

Do not put your cell phone hot place. Experts said this would reduce the capacity of the storage battery.

 

What’s happening in the money

 

17, a spare battery

 

If you want to use the phone for a long time, then buying a laptop toshiba PA3465U-1BRS battery. Depending on your phone model is different from the battery usually costs only U.S. $ 10-30.

 

18 for long battery life

 

Such cells are usually caused by telecom operators and handset manufacturers to sell, they should be larger than the standard battery, this may be filled with the entire phone. But the cell can use a longer time, so you will not be forgotten to worry about a battery backup.

 

Depending on your phone model is different from the price of this long battery life of 20 to 30 dollars.

 

Note that the two techniques above do not apply to Apple’s iPhone because the iPhone battery cell phone is not replaceable.

 

19, carrying a portable rechargeable battery

 

These products are now endless. For example, Medis 24-7 Power Pack fuel cell technology to recharge the apple M8403 battery while the solar charger Solio provides. Portable battery using technology more conventional batteries, such as the Big Wave Power in EnergyPORT. Completely full-power portable battery for your cell phone offers 30 hours of battery life.

 

20, buy a spare battery

 

Battery backup as a method of last resort, and turbo charge manufacturers Cellboost like to buy. This battery lighter, cheaper, and not burden of bulky battery, they are reserved for emergencies.

 

Obviously, if you follow this advice, you may not need emergency aid. Pay more attention to your cell phone battery, they will work longer.

In the 21st century, the world’s energy saving problem of reducing emissions is very important, while the height of the information age of high automotive, high technology, good conditions for the development of another, so that the global automotive industry, appeared in two types of innovative ways: First, attach importance to technology to traditional internal combustion engine vehicle a significant improvement, the second is actively engaged in developing new energy vehicles, particularly the development of electric car development and industrialization. Electric Vehicles and vehicle fuel cell in the global automotive industry, the future development of vehicles and the theme for the competition and electric vehicles as a key vehicle batteries to power new car, auto giants are and the reasons leading manufacturer of Laptop battery, but they have announced investment plans and production workload, triggering a boom car battery investment.

 

Electric vehicle batteries on board a new energy

 

The overall development of electric vehicle battery technology in two major aspects: first, the two existing time the battery should be improved; second is to develop new fuel cells. Currently the majority of electric vehicle battery is still at relatively cheap price of lead acid batteries and other traditional products, but with technological advances and cost effective control of production, batteries lithium and nickel-light metal hydride battery, mileage long life and high energy density and production benefits are gradually being power, which will become the heart of development. Experts predict that by 2015 the global market demand for batteries of hybrid cars will increase three times with a total value reached 23 billion U.S. dollars in 2009, first used in hybrid cars on lithium-ion batteries may occupy the entire half of the IBM ThinkPad X60 battery market. Japanese car giant is expected in the United States and Europe around the year 2010 will be officially in the lithium-ion batteries on passenger cars.

 

1) The vehicle fuel cell on demand. Fuel cells use a variety of fuels, which may be petroleum-based fuels, can also be an organic fuel, and can use, including renewable fuels, including virtually all elements of hydrogen fuel. Been transformed into hydrogen fuel, with its hydrogen fuel cell fuel cell conversion of fuel energy law Carnot cycle limit, thermal efficiency can reach 34% ~ 40%.

 

Different types of fuel cells use different electrolytes are acidic, alkaline, molten salts or solid electrolytes. In the fuel cell fuel and oxidizer through the catalyst in the process of energy conversion, production of electricity through the electrochemical reaction and water (H2O), therefore, does not produce ‘oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and hydrocarbons (HC) and so on air pollution emissions from the environment.

 

Currently, for the combustion engine powered vehicles has become one of the harmful gas emissions, the main source of emissions. Experimental Evidence: When the new vehicle to use natural gas, hydrogen fuel cells as fuel VGP-BPS9 rather than gasoline engines, internal combustion, CO2 emissions can be reduced up to 72%. However, if fuel cells replace the internal combustion engine, the technology of fuel cells, not only to comply with strict legislation on emissions vehicle requirements, but also provide the same convenient and flexible for users end transportation solutions. Drive vehicles, fuel cells must be able to quickly reach operating temperature, with economic benefits and can provide stable performance. It must be said cell proton exchange membrane fuel is best placed to meet these requirements, lower operating temperature can quickly reach the required temperature. As can quickly adapt to a variety of different needs, and about 25% of the efficiency of internal combustion engine, compared to their effectiveness can be as high as 60%. Studies have shown that cells with methanol fuel, fuel consumption is to use gasoline for internal combustion engines of vehicles to 1.76 times. In the existing fuel cells, fuel proton exchange membrane cell power density of the most important. When people in the vehicle for special attention to the design of space is maximized, this factor is essential. In addition, the solid polymer electrolyte may help reduce potential corrosion and safety management. The only potential problem is the fuel quality to avoid contamination of the catalyst at low temperature, fuel cell proton exchange membrane must be used without polluting hydrogen fuel.

 

2) Lithium-ion batteries and lithium-polymer and objects (LIP) battery. Lithium-ion battery (Li-ion) batteries developed from a lithium Dell Inspiron B130 battery. Material Lithium MnO2 cathode or thionyl chloride, lithium anode. After completing assembly of the battery is the battery voltage at no charge. This battery can be charged, but the cycle performance is not good in the charge-discharge cycle over the formation of lithium dendrites, causing internal short-circuit the battery, under normal circumstances the battery Management is prohibited. Later, the Japanese Sony invented the carbon anode materials, lithium-containing compounds to make positive, the charge-discharge process, there is no lithium metal and lithium-ion does, which is Lithium-ion battery. When the battery is charging, the lithium positive ion generation, resulting in movement of lithium ions through the electrolyte to the cathode. As the anode carbon multilayer structure, it has a lot of micro, lithium-ion anode embedded in the porous carbon layer, the integrated lithium-ion plus more carrying capacity. Similarly, when the discharge of the battery (ie, the process of using the battery), which is incorporated in the layer of carbon cathode of lithium-ion extrusion, but also the movement back to positive. Back to the cathode of lithium-ion battery plus the largest discharge capacity. Commonly called “battery capacity refers to the discharge capacity. LII and LiP battery is the newest technology batteries, lithium chemical processes involved in organic electrolyte ions Li in the carbon anode in lithium metal and lithium compounds, running between the cathode. Developed by LiI batteries using cathode lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO), the negative is very high capacity hard carbon online carbon material to form a single cylindrical cell (diameter 67 mm, length 410 mm) by set of eight composition of a standard component. Weight 29 kg Voltage 28.8 V, capacity of 100 Ah, the specific energy of 100 W? H / kg. Only charging voltage of 4.2 V hp Pavilion dv4000 battery, full-time load is 2.5 h, the power density of up to 300 W / kg, to about Ni-H 2 times. LIP is a state of “solid” battery, which uses a lithium metal or pure lithium in the carbon anode, the use of high conductivity of the solid polymer electrolyte. The unique nature of the electrodes for lips and polymer is very thin, the thickness of a unit is only 0.01 cm, the equivalent of a “transparent tape” thick. May be packaged in any form, can drive and installed in the cylinder, may also piled up a block of apartments. LiP unit battery voltage 3 V (NiMH battery 1.2 V) so that 12 V batteries lip may be composed of four single-cell battery 14 V Lip.

 

Canada Hydroquébec Electric Company and 3M, the joint development of the lips for the batteries of electric cars to work at 60 ℃ to obtain high conductivity in solid polymer electrolyte, so that better performance of the battery, its energy density 120 W? H / kg. Nissan Hyper Mini electric vehicle using high density and light quality lithium-ion batteries, their energy density batteries, lead acid 3 times, 1.5 times the nickel-metal hydride sony VGP-BPS5 battery can load and unload 1 200 times. Load simple, non-contact charging method, you can simply roll the plastic into a high output power of ordinary frequency, you can connect. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have developed a new type of cathode materials for lithium battery, lithium batteries can produce lighter and prices lower, while the energy conversion more efficient. Using a replacement aluminum parts are usually made of cobalt cathode, the lithium produces a higher voltage than normal. As the density of aluminum small and inexpensive, thereby reducing the quality and cost of the entire battery.

 

3) Ni - MH battery. It is also a type of alkaline batteries, the nominal voltage of 1.2 V, the specific energy can reach 70 ~ 80 W? H / kg, will extend the mileage of electric cars. That the power of 200 W / kg, is the lead acid batteries twice may improve the performance of starting the vehicle, and acceleration. Features a high discharge rate, a short period of time can be 3 C discharge, the instantaneous rate of discharge pulses much. Ni - MH over-charging and over-discharge performance is good, may be responsible charge and can fast charge, within 15 minutes in up to 60% charge, 1 h may be completely filled in the additional period of Emergency care is short. In 80% depth of discharge, cycle life can reach 1 000 times more than lead acid batteries 3 times. All closed-shell, you can work in a vacuum environment. Better performance at low temperature can be stored longer. Ni - MH are not heavy metals like lead and cadmium do not pollute the environment, Ni - MH toshiba PA3191U-3BRS battery can be charged with leaving it with no nickel - cadmium in the absence of discharge after finished charging electricity to the “memory effect”.

 

2-car electric vehicle battery is the bottleneck technique

 

The ultimate development of the new direction of energy vehicles purely electric vehicles and electric vehicles to fuel cell, while the current market outlook is the most hybrid electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) especially the broad perspective PHEV, its maximum technical difficulty is precisely the vehicle battery. Pure Car battery is running in bus lanes, and some carmakers are beyond the pure cell prototype car, but because the level of battery power and price reasons, not in the car on a wide range of applications . Vehicle fuel cell are currently part of a basic theory and practical skills while promoting high-tech products, while the global automotive industry, a more coherent vision, from a historical trend and realistic to consider the scientific development, it will be the future of the electric car industry is also the best final product. Currently, a fuel cell powered electric + electric hybrid car has more to occur. This will temporarily reduce its technology to fuel cell requirements of lithium-compensated ion apple A1079 battery, it can be said that hybrid vehicles in the longer term transition, leading to a real cell vehicle fuel is an issue course. Hybrid technology is an important part of the strategy for energy research and development of automotive batteries, countries are wrestling competition to advance a breakthrough. In 1991, the U. S. General Motors, Ford and Chrysler have created an electric car “Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC), co-developed needs a new generation of high-energy batteries and heavily subsidized by the U.S. Department of Energy. In recent years the government U.S. has also provided 3 100 dollars to accelerate research into this technology. The foreseeable future, new energy vehicles PHEV is an important development direction.

 

3 warlords market investment vehicle battery becomes mainstream lithium batteries

 

In the field of lithium batteries is the global market share of first place in Sanyo Electric of Japan to start mass production in 2009. From the beginning of 2006, Sanyo to join the Volkswagen Group in Germany, a new generation of nickel - systems hydride batteries. Volkswagen is currently jointly developed specifically for hybrid vehicle battery high capacity Lithium, and is ready to be in 2012, the use of vehicles environmentally friendly. Toyota Motor Corporation jointly Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., a substantial increase in the Aspire 3000 battery environment friendly hybrid car. Toyota and Matsushita Battery co-funded manufacturing enterprises “PanasonicEV energy (hereinafter PEVE) will build a mainstream production of nickel - plant hydride batteries, the large investment of about 300 billion yen is expected to put into service in 2011, an annual production capacity of around 300,000 car batteries. This series of initiatives to increase the total investment of about 700 billion yen. At the same time, Toyota also accelerate research and development at a lower cost mass production of next generation lithium-ion battery technology. PEVE will invest in new production of next generation lithium-ion battery plant, and strengthen the existing installation Ni - MH battery capacity. These measures will accelerate the environmental strategy and achieve Toyota hybrid production to reach its global vehicle output 1 / 10 targets.

 

To catch up to Toyota, Nissan and NEC have started joint production of car batteries. Nissan and NEC will jointly cost 20000000000 yen (about $ 194 million) in the mass production of the first world of hybrid cars and electric vehicles and other environmentally dedicated lithium-ion batteries. The new joint venture plant in early 2009 formally put into operation, the initial production of lithium batteries will be able to provide 1 million hybrid electric vehicles use, future production will increase by five times. Nissan began in 1992 on board lithium-ion VGP-BPS9A/B battery research and development. 2000, the company co-operation with NEC to jointly develop lithium thin-ion battery technology. In May 2008, Nissan Motor and NEC and its subsidiaries NECTokin joint venture company - Automotive Energy Supply Corporation (AESC) began operations around the same time, Nissan and its French partner Renault to provide the lithium battery. 2 shots from 2010 in Japan and the U.S. market for electric cars.

Development of electric cars and hybrid vehicles in the automotive industry in energy shortages in the world and its changing lifestyle need to find a way out of your move. Europe and the United States on alternative fuel vehicles in the current development of new energy is different. Characteristics of the island of Japan geographical influence their consumption habits, has developed a new bus station and convenient charging for development for the city driving a small electric car for the entire national acceptance.

 

4 Conclusions

 

Currently includes the Toyota Prius hybrid cars, including the use of Ni - MH VGP-BPS13 battery, but the efficiency of the battery technology is regarded as having reached the limit, while the lithium-ion batteries due to have a low light weight, high capacity and high power and other advantages of being in North America, Europe and Asia, auto makers favor, is expected to field lithium-ion batteries will also gradually replace nickel - hydride batteries. Currently, the leading countries have a deposit of more than 20 lithium-ion battery research and development, while Toyota and Ford and other carmakers are clear that the future of its hybrid car will use lithium-ion rechargeable battery.

 

The future increase in demand for portable devices, and can be multi-processing task in recent years, the average consumer to use “small parts” of the market expansion will promote the growth of lithium batteries ion battery market, light electric vehicles and electric vehicles and other new applications are for the lithium-ion battery in the dynamic high growth industry and the car lithium-ion battery market next 5 to 7 years continue to grow. 2016 value of total production of lithium-ion battery market is expected to challenge 10 billion U.S. dollars, the lithium-ion batteries are also broad prospects for developing lithium-ion battery room huge industry electrolyte imagination.

United States and other countries from both the government to choose the development of the automotive industry, new energy to stimulate economic growth, Warren Buffett BYD to choose one of the automotive energy as an investment target. Whether a coincidence or a high degree of eye to eye, a lithium triggered by the “energy revolution” and the “industrial revolution” the world is staged, it will completely change the future of automobile industry competitive landscape.

 

In the chain of new energy automotive industry, iron phosphate, lithium as the main direction of development of lithium batteries is the key point, which is capable of capturing the capital, where the greatest value in which the lithium Laptop battery positive electrode of this channel will be the most dazzling jewel - - highest profit margins, greater market capacity.

 

In terms of investment, the chain of the lithium battery industry down the battery, the electrode material has a characteristic of production, profitability, ability to show a downward trend, the upper mineral products, smelting and so have the characteristics of extractive industries, the profitability that fluctuations in commodity prices.

 

In 2006, the largest electric companies in the world of hand tools Black & Decker has introduced a new package type electric hand tools, the list of products due to its high speed loading, high capacity battery, life long cycle, and high security that gave rise to a wave of sales boom.

 

What product is used in cells of the lithium iron phosphate. Now, when the lithium iron phosphate and car combined, the new era which opened the vehicle of energy. Warren Buffett on the BYD investment, and probably taken a liking to this point. This is an “energy revolution” and the “industrial revolution”, Chinese Academy of Engineering Li-Quan Chen.

 

Obama economic policy is almost the new government, energy synchronized, the Chinese government is expected to exceed the industry, vigorously promote the new energy vehicles. This is a new path of industrial upgrading, and because the automotive industry is a relatively long industrial chain, has given the mission to stimulate economic growth.

 

Brokerage researcher believes that with the lithium iron phosphate battery-Powered Hybrid vehicles will become the next scene, and new energy vehicles in the mainstream, the industry chain of the lithium IBM ThinkPad R32 battery is the subject of the investment in new energy vehicles, while the cathode materials of lithium will be in this industry, the most brilliant pearl in the chain.

 

Academician Li-Quan Chen believes that China’s development of lithium-electric cars, not only to compete with developed countries, technological advantages, developed countries have the advantage of resources and market benefits and is in the fierce international competition in a rare historical opportunity.

 

In this “historic occasion” vehicle manufacturers in the country of a hybrid, pure electric program fuel cell vehicle “out of the assembly line,” the business of auto parts to accelerate development production capacity, the battery manufacturers rushed different vehicles new energy R & D fuel cells and battery technologies, materials suppliers are quick to launch a new round of promotion of research and production lines.

 

Capital markets, the lithium-motor chain of the energy industry Motor vehicles have become a festival of wealth. Vehicle manufacturer Foton Motor Vehicles (20.20, -0.03, -0.15%) (600.166), with the headwaters of lithium in mineral resources of Tibet (25.20, -1.03, -3.93%) (000.762), components of the lithium and electrolyte suppliers Shanshangufen (17.34,0.22,1.29%) (600.884), China Baoan (12.61, -0.17, -1.33%) (000009), Jiangsu Guotai (002091), including another way Technical - Ni-MH Dell Inspiron 1521 battery manufacturer Branch Li Yuan (18.47, -0.53, -2.79%) (600,478), etc. are all concerned listed company’s share price rose dramatically.

 

After the return of the value of vanity, new energy automotive industry chain of the performance of different companies, whether explosive growth? Their real business situation and future prospects? Then new energy vehicles in China in the global auto industry came in the third world in terms of the technological revolution? Securities Market Weekly “reporter from the bottom up to the batteries of hybrid electric vehicles and power of the whole industrial chain of leading companies have begun research to search for future stars of hope.

 

50 billion yuan of the battery market

 

The new energy vehicles can be divided in hybrids, pure electric vehicles and vehicles with fuel cells are three. In the present technical conditions, given the way pure electric vehicle hp F4486B battery, endurance, performance, and related facilities are not perfect (such as charging station construction), hybrid cars becoming the development vehicles to new energy choices transition.

 

For the hybrid Toyota Prius nickel-metal hydride, represented by Japan in the field of new energy vehicles started early, its makers is the development of strategic core hybrid. In 2006, the market share of sales of hybrid vehicles of Japan’s total new energy 94.2%.

 

2001-2007 data from U.S. sales of hybrid cars, the rate of compound annual growth of 58.4% in the period of high growth speed. Obama announced after taking office in 2015, the United States to keep the amount of hybrid cars will be more than 1 million.

 

Science and Technology Minister Wan Gang, the “2008 China Green Energy Summit Automotive Development Forum” is also given new energy vehicles in the development goals of China - in 2012, China had 10% of the car production will save energy and new energy vehicles.

 

Do not the same projections, in 2008, Chinese production of automobiles is approximately 9.3 million euros, while the annual production in 2012 rose to 10 million euros, the new energy vehicles will reach an annual production of 1 million scale.

 

Under each cost of hybrid car batteries 5 million, lithium iron phosphate cathode material, 50 kg, 40 kg of anode material, electrolyte 40 Calculation kg. 1 million hybrid vehicles will lead the 50,000 tonnes of cathode material, anode material for 40,000 tonnes, 40,000 tonnes of electrolyte needs.

 

For manufacturers of household batteries, it would be a gross production value of 50 billion yuan of big cake. If it is calculated according to passenger cars, this value will be multiplied by three times - the application of each hybrid passenger car battery is multiplied by four. Currently, ownership of cars in China reached 62.893 million, so the next year 10% of the power of the battery replacement vehicle, it will create a market for more space for imagination.

 

Over the years, the automotive industry in China has the technology to follow the road, this flood of new energy vehicles, perhaps one of the following roles. The eyes of the industry policy of government subsidies can boost energy industry news from the automotive, routes to market to achieve economies of scale, reduce the total cost of ownership, which depends on the rate overall industry location in the chain of technical progress and improvement.

 

Securities Market Weekly, “The investigation concluded that the national chain of automotive industry, new energy constraints of all links with each other, or the existence of the split chain. It is urgent to resolve the current power system battery power management, battery technology for power separation, and the electrolyte of the VGP-BPS13 battery, lithium hexafluorophosphate electrolyte of the most critical lithium (LiPF 6) production of synthetic problems. Only these three great technological advances, China’s energy industry chain automobile may be close to perfection. 

Lithium battery storage devices ion energy on behalf of the development orientation of the spacecraft is the third generation storage device power spacecraft. It has a lightweight, small, no memory effect, to adjust to the temperature scale, etc., the main use of Ni-Cd, Ni-MH battery replacement. Lithium-ion batteries for the ratio of weight aerospace energy of 90 ~ 110Wh/kg compared to Ni-MH Laptop battery ~ 45 indicators 60Wh/kg have obvious advantages. However, the electrochemical properties of lithium-ion batteries that require charging process must be strictly controlled, therefore, to design a special circuit to monitor the management of lithium-ion battery ship loading process.

 

The lithium-Key-ion battery charger

 

Lithium-ion batteries replaced nickel-cadmium, Ni-MH battery can not be applied a “plug and play” approach, because the lithium-ion battery and Ni-Cd, Ni-MH battery has a very big difference: Lithium-overcharging ion is strictly prohibited. Therefore, we must combine the features of the design of new lithium-ion battery charging circuit for battery management. Lithium-ion battery circuit management charge of key points (with Ni-Cd, Ni-MH battery charge management circuitry main differences between points) is two main aspects: the mode of charging and load balanced.

 

In engineering applications, lithium-ion VGP-BPS10 battery monomer or from a single cell in parallel to form a battery module is held in tandem with the battery, it must take into account the process of charging the battery or a stack imbalance monomer unit, but as time passes, these imbalances will become increasingly serious, serious impact on battery life and reliability, equalization charge is also the key technologies for lithium - ion battery.

 

A constant voltage constant current - (TAPER) Charge Control Model

 

The introduction of nickel-cadmium, nickel-hydrogen battery power system by satellite, using essentially the current mode of constant load, when the curve reached VT, power electronics, pressure, the third electrode method command such as checkpoints to stop charging the completion of a charging process. Lithium battery ion control is not suitable for application of these methods, because the charge does not guarantee the lithium rechargeable ion batteries is always limited to the final pressure within limits, although the load is guaranteed final pressure is often pressure to reach the final load immediately after the termination of charging, lithium batteries, ion batteries to reach the final after fracturing must add about 30% of electricity. From the perspective of developing lithium-ion batteries for many years, a constant current - constant voltage charge command is the most common and most appropriate mode of load control. In this mode, the charger first lithium-ion batteries for charging at constant current when the VGP-BPS13 battery voltage is raised gradually when the battery voltage reaches the value set to a constant voltage charging, where the load current decreases approximately exponentially, so that kind of load, also known as TYPE-based load control. 

 

 

2 load-balanced technologies

 

Aerospace lithium-ion battery charging technology must be balanced, this view has been fully recognized at home and abroad. A balanced technology is primarily responsible for resolving the long-term single lithium-ion battery charging process in the electrochemical properties of bias and, therefore, the merits of a balanced pricing will take some time, capital and investments are made to be effectively checked.

 

Lithium-ion battery equalization charging civilians in the product has not yet received widespread attention and application, because the multi-cell section is only rarely applied in series, reliability, durability and non - not ask for much. Lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicle system, the single cell series of other sessions, has adopted a balanced charging technology, the general system of microcomputer control is used in a single cell on a shunt resistor on the application running well-off and control the amount of a single battery charge. Such methods to control the complexity, low efficiency, heat consumption of large, balanced for a long period in the early program of aerospace products in the transplantation of this approach, the technical personnel at home and abroad studying now even more perfect.

 

The importance of a balanced load is to make lithium-ion battery voltage difference monomer remain in the expected range, thus ensuring the life of every cell in the satellite during the shocks are not subjected to stress too much damage. Without a balanced control costs, with the increase in charge-discharge cycle, the voltage of a single cell differentiated gradually.

 

Under normal circumstances, when the lithium-ion battery voltage difference load monomer within 50mV is perfectly acceptable. We believe that the main reason for discrepancies caused by an effective single battery charge, self-discharge rate is different. On the other hand, single cell in the circuit measuring the current consumption should also seriously consider the effects, sometimes consumed circuit current measurement has reached the size of the VGP-BPS11 battery discharge current. Experience life Lithium-Ion battery make, and some technical staff to reflect the first round of the battery is often only the first or last is damaged; it is often consumed as a result of the measurement circuit.