Digital battery

4 parameters of battery management adjustment

Precisely because of the improved process described above, so that some changes in the characteristics of the VGP-BPS9/B VGP-BPS10 battery, if you are still using the traditional parameters of power management may be incompatible with the actual use of characteristics of the battery, affecting the battery life, difficult to achieve the requirements of battery life. Need to adjust the parameters of power management are:

1 floats voltage:

In general, supply default float voltage DC switching power supply is set to 2.23V / cell. As the acid, a general increase in density, float voltage should be increased accordingly. In specific adjustment, must be strictly in accordance with the manufacturer of the battery provides the parameter settings without the automatic temperature compensation must be adjusted according to the float voltage temperature. All uniform set or press the default power are inappropriate.

Start switching DC power plant, the float voltage is set by default, mostly 53.5V, due to battery acid increased density, the defect could not be better compensated float voltage independence of the battery discharge losses, leading to long term due to the capacity of the battery and use the loss of life. IBM ThinkPad R50 battery  IBM ThinkPad R51 battery

2, are the charging voltage:

The Charge of the value of the battery voltage must be in strict conformity with the parameters provided. In general, both charging voltage must be greater than 2.35V per cell, the higher the voltage, the positive plate of a large number of changes in oxygen, the oxygen evolving complex has increased rapidly, causing the battery heat, or even lead to a large number of dehydration or thermal runaway.

3, coefficient of temperature compensation:

There is temperature compensation, battery manufacturers should be provided by setting parameters. As the density of the acid, the battery performance of dehydration are the most sensitive. Air conservation efforts of the energy package being implemented, a general increase in temperature should, in particular to prevent the ambient temperature is high float voltage is too high. Dell Latitude D600 battery  Dell Latitude D610 battery 

4, the calendar every charge cycle:

The battery is fully self-repair to improve the discharge voltage are rechargeable, adding the battery to have an electrolysis unit “of water produces hydrogen and oxygen - hydrogen and heat oxygen combined, will not have to restore the acts of lead sulfate. As the oxygen rate AGM battery composed of 99% of all lead rechargeable batteries lose water, will shorten the life battery.

The consistency of the battery is good, the battery discharge is almost unique, a float current and the self-discharge current equal to the appropriate float voltage will probably make a battery life of monomer-off discharge, and for consistency with a good battery, it should be added from time to time have a charge cycle long, not even to have sufficient time to time. hp Pavilion dv2000 battery  hp Pavilion dv6000 battery

Large differences in individual cells (eg, the battery inside, or differences in the quality itself is great), self-rate differential between the discharge rate as well. Float time, self-discharge current of the battery cell to produce lead sulfate greater the need for early elimination. Are filled on a regular basis is an effective way to remove lead sulfate, both necessary to reduce the charge cycle regularly. After repeated after batteries are rechargeable, while behind the battery to be added, but many are charging the battery because of dehydration, scores of saturation, reduced the battery capacity decreases. Therefore, individual differences of a large package of batteries, battery performance, there is the trend line for the bad batteries to protect the poor without further deterioration of the battery is very important.

5, battery care optimized strategy

1, check the charging voltage

Check all float voltage, not only the module power control, the value displayed, but use the multimeter measures, because the voltage value displayed in a margin of error. In addition, thanks to remote monitoring means in the float voltage is generated when a warning exception, suggesting that the maintenance personnel to maintain real-time [6].

The PA3383U-1BRS PA3395U-1BRS battery for use may be due to the density of water loss Ershi acid. The voltage and acid density of the float, while the load voltage and acid density of the opening can not measure the battery voltage is similar to estimates of the actual battery acid, density, and thus whether the need to adjust the float voltage.

2, adjusting the depth of discharge

When more than 40% depth of discharge, α the apparent involvement of lead dioxide will respond to restore the lead dioxide became β. α reduction of lead dioxide, the positive plate to soften, the battery life will be shortened. Due to cost pressures, many battery manufacturers by improving the training process, reduced levels of lead dioxide α, it is necessary to strictly limit the number of deep discharge, usually not 100% DOD test discharge, and in due course after the blackout, so that the depth of battery discharge is below 40%.

3, the ability to correct configuration

Currently, the Commission routinely used high-capacity A1078 A1175 battery to provide enough electricity to support, after a long period. Compared to the high-capacity battery, the charging current is a small discharge current, the working time elapsed: the depth of battery discharge a small current. Small deep discharge current, α the loss of lead dioxide is more serious, much shorter battery life. Therefore, should not be a small horse drawn carts, the distribution capacity of the battery must be appropriate, maintenance measures, and when the power is better.

4, on a regular basis to check the battery

Monomer on a regular basis to monitor the battery voltage, the conductance (or impedance) balanced, as adjusted on a regular cycle are load balanced, the degree of balance on a regular basis are no longer the charge cycle.

6 Conclusion

Suppliers of equipment, the cost of improvements is an inevitable choice for battery manufacturers to cost-based process to explore a variety of ways to improve the performance impact of battery in the construction and maintenance communication systems of power, should consider these factors, preference for brands and switching DC power supply batteries, set custom settings for battery management, change the mode of traditional maintenance, maintenance and management with the refinement of lead acid batteries to extend the life cycle, improve operating efficiencies and maintenance capabilities. Aspire 3000 battery LCBTP03003

Lithium-ion batteries is a new type of battery, it does not contain lithium metal in the charge-discharge process, only the lithium-ion in the positive and negative exchanges between the campaigns, the electrode and electrolyte not participating in the reaction. Lithium-ion batteries for energy densities can reach 300Wh / L, the density of the payload can reach 125Wh / L.

1, Principles of batteries

Lithium-Ion batteries, with charges reaction mechanism of the discharge pipe, the lithium ions between positive and negative electrodes embedded in a prolapse, shuttle to and from the internal VGP-BPS10 battery without the presence of lithium metal, lithium-ion batteries more security and stability. The reaction scheme and the formula of basic reaction is:

2, construction of piers

The positive is LiCoO2 batteries and more conductive adhesives, coated aluminum foil to form the positive plate, the negative electrode is a conductive layer of graphite as well as agents and adhesive coatings based on copper particles Graphite is now more advanced layers were negative using nano-carbon.

The mechanism of above reaction, the positive use of LiCoO2, LiNiO2, LiMn2O2 which this is a structure of LiCoO2 layer forms very stable crystal, but when away from LiCoO2 XLI, its structure may change, but if change depends on the X size. Through research has found that when X> 0.5, where the structure of Li1-XCoO2 expressed in extremely unstable and collapse occurs paralysis crystal, its outdoor performances of the end for the batteries overwhelming. Therefore, as part of VGP-BPS9 batteries must be controlled by limiting the charging voltage Li1-XCoO2 the value of X, the general tariff, the voltage does not exceed 4.2 V when X is less than 0.5, XCoO2-li1 then the crystal is always stable. C6 has its negative characteristics of its own, when for the first time after the LiCoO2 cathode of Li is sufficient to negative C6, when the discharge Li returned to the LiCoO2 cathode, but must be followed in a part of Li C6 remained negative, the heart of ensuring that the next charge and discharge embedding normal Li batteries otherwise overwhelming very short to ensure that there are part of the Li remained negative C6 The general threshold voltage by limiting the discharge to achieve. Therefore, the safety of lithium rechargeable batteries, the maximum voltage ≤ 4 .2 V, discharge lower limit voltage ≥ 2.5V.

3, the battery safety

Batteries for safety and design, materials and control of production processes in the production process is closely related to other factors. In IBM ThinkPad R51 battery charging and discharge process, the positive electrode potential anode materials are in dynamic change, with the voltage higher load, the cathode material (LixCoO2) the upside potential, the anode material for the insertion of lithium (LixC6) potential first down, then the potential emergence of a long platform, when the charging voltage is too high (> 4.2V) or because the negative electrode material of the surface density over the surface density of cathode material (C / A ratio) is low, excess lithium anode material, the cathode potential down rapidly and so the precipitation of lithium metal (in Under normal circumstances, it will not be the precipitation of lithium), it will be the performance of batteries and safety is a major threat. Potential changes see below:

In the matter has been defined circumstances, C / A too large, it will appear above the results. Instead, C / A is too small, the capacity is low platform, low cycle characteristics of the poor. Thus, in the production and transformation of the way to ensure the design of a good C / A ratio has become a key production and processing. Therefore, production must be controlled on the following aspects:

1. Materials handling anode

1) The large and ultra-fine powder with a particle size necessary for a complete separation, avoiding overheating local electrochemical reaction resulting from a negative reaction, to improve Dell Inspiron 1150 battery safety.

2) increasing the surface porosity, which can increase capacity by more than 10%, while C / A rate unchanged, security increased dramatically. Treatment led to the surface of anode materials for better compatibility with the electrolyte, and promote the formation of SEI film and stabilization.

2. Pulping process control

A) Process of pulping using methods and advanced technology of special chemical reagents, so that positive and negative slurry surface tension between the groups minimized. Improve the compatibility between the different groups to prevent the material in the mixing process “Reunion” phenomenon.

2) The time-based coating materials and spray the gap should be controlled to 0.2 mm below the surface of such a plate covered with smooth without particles, dents, scratches and other defects.

3) The suspension should be stored for more than 6 hours, the viscosity of the slurry remained stable in the Territories, slurry polymerization in a group phenomenon. Grout to ensure uniform distribution of positive and negative electrodes on the uniformity of the substrate, thereby improving the consistency of batteries, security.

3. The most advanced equipment for manufacturing chips

1) a pole piece can ensure stability and consistency of quality has greatly improved the uniformity of the F2024B battery pole piece, reducing the likelihood of the emergence of hazardous batteries.

2) monolithic plate coating machine exceeds the value of error density must be less than ± 2%, length of the plate and the size of the gap error must be less than 2 mm.

3) The rolls of the press roller cone and radial runout shall not be greater than 4μm, to ensure consistency of thick plates. The equipment must be equipped with a comprehensive collection of dust to prevent dust particles caused by the internal micro-batteries short-circuit, thus ensuring self-discharge performance of batteries.

4) cutting machine must be used as a knife-type cutting rolls cutting a continuous device, and cut the film is not quite there Yebian, burrs and other defects. The same device should be equipped with a comprehensive collection of dust, ensuring self-discharge performance of batteries.

4. Advanced Sealing Technology

At home and abroad square lithium-ion VGP-BPS8A batteries are sealed laser (laser) welding sealing technology, which prohibits the use of YAG (yttrium aluminum garnet) laser resonant cavity exposed to a source of bright light (usually the lamp nitrogen) to issue a bunch of inspired one frequency of light (λ = 1.06mm) was concentrated in an infinite number of refracted through the resonator, then concentrate on the Guidance cell alignment between the cylinder and the cover so that after the merger of affinity for one to reach the cover plate and the tube The objective of the merger sealing body. In order to achieve sealing welding, must contain the following elements:

1) It must be great energy, high frequency, focused performance monitoring and precision of the laser welding machine.

2) It must be applied to high precision laser welding of the shell and battery cover.

3) It must have a high degree of purity nitrogen uniform protection, especially aluminum batteries require high purity nitrogen, or aluminum surface will be difficult to produce molten Al2O3 (melting point 2400 ℃ ).

4) batteries and expansion control reasons

Lithium-ion batteries in the manufacture and use, there is often swelling of the phenomenon through the analysis and research are essentially two reasons:

Drowned in a lithium-ion led to changes in the thickness

Lithium rechargeable ion batteries where the anode from the cathode board prolapse, causing negative electrode layer spacing increases, but the swelling is, in general, the thicker apple iBook G4 14 inch battery, plus the amount of expansion.

2. Caused by the expansion process of poor control

During the manufacturing process, such as dispersion slurry, C / A than in discrete, temperature control directly affects the expansion of cells able batteries. Including water, because the rechargeable lithium formation of compounds with high carbon activity is very sensitive to water is a tug of chemical reactions. Gases produced by the reaction caused by the cell pressure is increased, an increase in the swelling behavior of batteries. Therefore, in production, in addition to dealing with the dehumidifier plate strict fluid injection in the process of dehumidification equipment should be used to ensure the dryness of the HR2% air, the dew point ( in the atmosphere of moist air due to temperature drop, so that the content of saturated water vapor began to condense when the temperature) is lower than -40 ℃. In very dry conditions, and taking fluids injected under vacuum, greatly reducing the chances of plates and electrolyte absorption.

5, aluminum and steel batteries comparison of the security

Aluminum over steel with high security benefits, the following is different from the pressure of the experience:

Note: The pressure is the pressure of batteries within the pressure (unit: kg), the data tables of a core electrical thickness (unit: mm) of steel can be considered to result internal pressure is very slow, while the internal pressure aluminum reaction was very acute. Therefore, from the thickness can be judged on the basis of battery internal pressure while the pressure of steel piles are often induced by the implicit hidden dangers. A steel model 063,448 batteries.

BYD F3DM launch the fastest dual mode electric vehicles present, except for a very small trial batches in Shenzhen, the market is still difficult to find their mark. There are various indications that the new Energy Line racing car technology, electric vehicles, China has become the new energy vehicle development, the main direction.

Electric vehicles in emerging strategic industries

Last Tuesday, workers issued by the Ministry of the fifth letter of energy conservation and new projects to demonstrate energy vehicles to promote the use of the VGP-BPS10 repertoire list of recommended models. In the list directory recommended, Sunwin Shanghai, Jiangsu, often long and Liuzhou Wuling three cases of three electric vehicles, so impressive.

In fact, since the first catalog of first car lots issued 193 energy saving projects and new demonstration vehicle to promote the energy use of models has been recommended to date, the Ministry of the letter published in five batches 46, all kinds of new energy vehicles, electric vehicles accounted for 28 models, not only more than all other technologies combined routes of new energy vehicles, but manufacturers are involved in Dongfeng, Chang’an, Chery BYD, Hafei, almost 20.

In addition, electric vehicles, and more recently “promoted” as a “new energy, energy saving environmental protection, electric cars, new materials, new medicines, bio-farming and industries of the information, “the seven new strategic industries” Seven “and one, all types of sufficient showing that countries have electric cars rather than VGP-BPS9/S technical in line with other new energy vehicles, like the future of strategic industries the country.

Previously, over a month, U.S. President Barack Obama during his visit, the electric car is also included in the release of the two heads of state signed the “Sino-US Joint Statement.”

The manufacturers of electric cars boom lifting force Qi

Policies to promote electric cars face a “wind” blowing hit, but at the enterprise level, electric cars feeding fat, “Thunder disaster” also rings frequently.

Last Thursday, the Shanghai Automotive and the United States A 123 Systems Inc. jointly announced that both sides of the shares in accordance with 51:49 ratio, the establishment of Shanghai Czech Republic, New Power Battery Systems Co. , Ltd. to jointly develop, manufacture and sale system vehicle battery power. As battery technology lithium iron phosphate in a corporation listed on NASDAQ in the foreground, A 123 now has a world-renowned large scale lithium-ion battery systems and batteries capacity. The industry generally believe that Shanghai Automotive and the A 123 of the cooperation will help achieve a new energy vehicles, Shanghai Automotive Industry Development Strategy and the key components in the battery system on the industrial development of the formation of ‘breakthrough.

At the same time, the reporter learned Hafei Motor, the company produced high-speed electric cars has been Saibao “Zheng Zhunsheng ‘official entry into the national high-speed production of electric vehicles directory. Hafei vehicle related sources, which can be vehicles of industrial production will soon be the first to enter the scope of government procurement in China.

In addition, the annual production capacity of pure electric vehicles in the 10000 Air Car power project was installed in Zhengzhou Institute of Aeronautical port. The project with Anhui, Chongqing, Henan, Guizhou and other places a number of car manufacturers have signed a long term cooperation agreement framework, and on this basis, the domestic VGP-BPS9A/B automakers and large-scale cooperation production of pure electric vehicles, a project is completed in 2012, the project can produce a pure electric car 10000.

Combining the previous mode double F3D M BYD E6 Electric Car, electric cars Chery S18, Beiqi “Beijing” BE701 mark Pure electric cars coming and Shanghai Automotive buses and electric cars, electric vehicles off the Unit, has been a marked increase in coverage other technical line of new energy vehicles. Fearing that the plane manufacturers in the optical current electric vehicles in terms of production and sales, the future of new energy vehicles will account for more than half.

Electric Vehicles Take-Sheung sandaokan “off”

However, despite the heat wave of electric vehicles, but the country does not dare to promise a company at a given time, will definitely launch its own electric vehicles. F3D M BYD dual-mode electric vehicles, announced the end of this year on the market, but outside of a very small trial batches in Shenzhen, the market is difficult to find the trail; Chery S18 also complained of be available this year, but understanding, the car during the year’s announcement was completely “Moxi”! Chery and Changan Electric Vehicle R & D-related person said that currently limit the development of the domestic electric car, there are three main factors: one is produced electric vehicle itself, one is its cost, it is one is its use of infrastructure.

It is understood that the basic technology of electric vehicles include four, namely, sony VGP-BPS2 battery technology, motor and control technology, vehicle technology and techniques of electrical energy management. In China, despite BYD, SAIC, Chery, Chang’an and so a few years ago began research on electric vehicles and development, and each has made great progress in the fields. However, the current situation, several major companies developing electric cars are still in some respects, there are advantages but there are other aspects of the situation in the short board. BYD battery technologies as well, but the technology of electric vehicles, but not obvious, Shanghai motor vehicle technology and energy management, it has been more advantages, but its battery for another great challenge.

The cost of electric vehicles from the point of view, as the generation of new products, its sales volume after industrialization can not be expected, many manufacturers have expressed their stakeholders, the market for electric cars for at least same platform as the price of traditional gasoline engine of the car 50% higher over. In fact, BYD F3D M nearly 15 million market value point of view, the least expensive compared to F3, a full price of more than 9 million yuan, this situation will undoubtedly limit the speed of vehicles electric market. In China, despite Chongqing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Guangzhou and Hangzhou and other cities have increased to subsidize the use of new energy vehicles, but the VGP-BPS9A specific pairs of electric vehicles on how the subsidies are not an explicit statement to date.

Infrastructure for the use of electric vehicles is another cost. Based on the characteristics of electric vehicles, how to ensure the load quickly and easily to maintain the range of travel of electric vehicles, electric vehicles will obviously become a limiting factor in the development of a key. Now, look you require vehicle electrical training environments has a perfect network of charging stations, automakers and utilities rely solely on efforts are clearly inadequate. Even if he had confidence in the future for electric cars Nissan CEO Luo Card If Geen also pointed out that “electric cars have a bright future, but if the government does not join the perfect electric car charging stations, such as ranks of the construction of electricity infrastructure Automotive future will be more trouble!

As the core of electric vehicles, power battery applications with the particularity and complexity. To say, have the last hundred years, not the power battery development is bad, but the oil industry and the automotive industry is too large outstanding technological progress. Power Battery experience in the manufacture of batteries, batteries, battery modules, batteries, four-level links, the whole power system, Laptop battery technology has repeatedly stressed the concept of necessity is: consistency, standardization steps. From a technical achievement levels, ranging from small battery-battery technology upgrade to power, not simply “addition” can be easily reached. Power Battery performance factors (power density, energy density, durability, safety, cost) rings linked, high-power and high energy prices on the development and manufacture of hard to take into account a long time a serious impact on the work of the high-power battery, High-Power exothermic phenomenon of the work of the security of the test battery, energy efficiency must be sacrificed in order to obtain a longer life, high energy density and safety risks. This is technically difficult to obtain a full range of meeting, but only to find a balance, but also with the vehicle fuel system that is the biggest challenge for technology comparison. Route choice in technology, nickel metal hydride batteries, native defects (self-discharge, specific energy is small), it was replaced by lithium batteries, only a matter of time. However, the lithium battery line, a series of disputes can the electrode materials, different systems of lithium manganese oxide have, lithium iron phosphate, nickel-and cobalt-manganese ternary and other technical line. Of the lithium iron phosphate battery technology A123Systems lost Chevrolet tender incidents, automobile manufacturers program the freedom of choice of batteries, for a variety of technical path to wait. We believe that automobile manufacturers’ lithium IBM ThinkPad R40 battery technology is not just over the line, more concerned about the patent dispute, suppliers, manufacturing capabilities and financial strength, etc., it is systemic issues. Main lithium-ion battery makers are still the most commonly used lithium manganese oxide system, Ni-Co-Mn and other technical way, as we believe that given the uncertainty in technological progress, lithium battery technology fronts will be difficult in the 2-3 years will have a clear statement does not preclude the international community, the first benefit of industrialization is the more mature xHEV lithium manganese, nickel, cobalt and other battery-Mn line. Battery is still in the global industrial R & D phase is uncertain, the domestic industry structure and outlook, it is certain that China is in the technical research and development of battery power, battery and vehicle research and development and improve the docking Power battery industry support intensity.

The direction of the battery lithium ion battery that can be in Japan and the United States of lithium-manganese-lithium-divided iron. Lithium manganese battery refers to the lithium manganese oxide cathode materials LiMn2O4 in propulsion. Lithium-iron Dell Latitude D510 battery refers to the lithium iron phosphate as cathode material LiFePO4 Power Battery. Us for a comparison:

Security

Lithium-ion battery charging and discharging process of lithium-ion embedding / de-embedding process. When the crystal structure in the process stability, not change is the battery of security to be high. Otherwise, is that is small, such as the layered structure of the cobalt oxide lithium battery charging voltage rises under the circumstances, the cathode material of lithium ion in the other continued to de-embedded to swim with the cathode, anode material at a time when the filled in the position to the location of the lithium-ion site was, lithium-ion only in the form of metal precipitation on the surface. Such problems arise. On the one hand, the surface of lithium metal deposition is very simple, formed a branch of the form, poly-lithium dendrites, the membrane-penetrating, leading to positive and negative direct short circuit, the other hand, lithium metal is very lively, is a direct response to the electrolyte and heat have, at the same time, the backup lithium is very low, although it is not the surface of the lithium metal dendrite membrane-penetrating, as long as the temperature is slightly higher, as the hp Pavilion DV1000 battery by heating by the discharge of lithium is -melt metal, so that positive and negative short-circuit, causing accidents. There is a high temperature and depth of the charge-discharge process, the cobalt and oxygen bond can be broken to release oxygen and produce an explosion. Lithium cobalt oxide battery temperature of only 150 degrees, the lowest of the three cathode materials. Therefore, the security of the largest lithium cobalt oxide is a short-board batteries.

Lithium manganese spinel crystal battery, lithium-ion embedding / de-embedding process is stable, secure high. The oxidation temperature of 250 degrees of lithium cobalt oxide batteries than a full 100 degrees higher. However, in the depths of the charging and discharging the material lattice Kawasaki (susceptible to changes, especially at the higher temperature), and manganese-oxygen bond can be broken to produce and release oxygen in an explosion. There is also a high temperature lithium-manganese oxide crystals slowly dissolved in the electrolyte problems. Lithium manganese battery and must therefore take a variety of security measures to improve security.

Lithium iron phosphate sony VGP-BPS2A battery is currently the safest battery. Its unique crystal structure of olivine in the phosphate-base for the entire material has a stabilizing effect, makes the material itself has thermal stability and good cycling performance. This is one of the key in the lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion differs from LiCoO2 cathode material of lithium cobalt oxide and lithium manganese LiMn2O4 with a one-dimensional direction of their mobility, the charge-discharge process can undo and be accompanied by extrusion, and move a central metallic iron oxidation and reduction. In addition, the phosphorus-oxygen bond and strong, so lithium batteries short-circuited, it is not because of the short circuit and produce an explosion. The oxidation temperature is higher than 400 degrees, can be placed on the fire. Therefore, increasing the cathode material lithium cobalt oxide and manganese-lithium battery for the safety had to take on a variety of means, while the cathode material lithium iron phosphate is a naturally have security.

Economy

How much do the cobalt to the high price of lithium cobalt oxide material. Manganese is rich in natural resources are cheap, while lighter lithium manganese preparation, manganese-lithium batteries and low cost. Phosphorus and iron-rich cheap, but difficult to lithium iron phosphate preparation for its low rate of sintering of the finished product, so that the material lithium iron phosphate battery costs. To reduce the cost of lithium iron phosphate a variety of methods, such as increased production, improved technology and so on.

High Capacity

Including the electrical power and voltage. Theory of the highest capacity in the lithium-cobalt, manganese and lithium the lowest. However, in order to assess the safety, the actual performance of lithium cobalt oxide of a compromise, only about half the theoretical capacity. Thing like this would, if you have to increase generating capacity to sacrifice safety. Security, high theoretical lithium manganese oxide with a low capacity means that there is not much scope for the development of electric power and up to 148mAh / g VGP-BPS10 with greater safety in comparison, lithium iron phosphate, it was made in the laboratory 160 mAh / g capacity of the actual performance. Of course, the operating voltage of lithium iron phosphate as low as 3.3. But it has a very flat voltage platform, which means it is more stable and efficient discharge properties.

Fast Charge

Speed of charge from the conductive material decision. There is no doubt the worst of lithium iron phosphate. This is because the lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion extrusion, reducing the volume of the grid, from which a total FeO6 octahedron corners, because they can not be separated by oxygen atoms to form a permanent FeO6 network structure, whereby the electronic conductivity. On the other side of the crystal in the oxygen atom near the main road of tightly packed six-party agreement, so that the lithium-ion offers only limited access, allowing lithium ions in the structure at room temperature in a very small migration rates. But that does not mean that lithium manganese oxide can be easily achieved fast loading. Because of its crystal structure of lithium iron phosphate is not stable, high current fast charge may mean that the bars come saki changes, the key of the manganese and oxygen can be broken, which means an explosion. By pair-doped lithium iron phosphate, for example, by adding carbon, cobalt and the like will be the conductivity is greatly increased. BYD experiments reported that his 10 minutes to the apple M8403 battery to 80% are filled.

With the popularity of digital cameras, rechargeable batteries have been in the daily lives of citizens, can be seen everywhere as one of the essential daily needs. The new curriculum standards in high school physics elective module 2-1 explicitly require that students “know the power of the emf and internal resistance. But also “discuss the lithium Laptop battery, nickel-hydrogen batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries of the main characteristics and application of the respective occasion. In this paper, these three types of ordinary rechargeable batteries for a short introduction.

1, the main parameters of rechargeable batteries

The rechargeable battery of five main parameters: the battery capacity, rated voltage, internal resistance, the termination voltage and discharge voltage for charge termination. Battery inside the battery capacity of many decisions of active substances, usually milliamps (mAh) said, 1 000 mAh is capable of 1 A discharge current 1 h, converted to the charge contained in the amount of about 3 600 C. The battery positive and negative electrical potential difference between the nominal voltage of the battery. Rated voltage of electrode materials, electrode potential and electrolyte concentration of the internal decision. When the ambient temperature variation condition, a slight change in the output voltage of the battery; In addition, the battery voltage output and the battery charge remaining there some relationship between the amount of. Nickel Under normal circumstances, cell-cadmium batteries rated voltage of 1.3 V (usually seen around 1.25 V), cell Ni-MH IBM ThinkPad R32 battery 1.25 V, cell lithium-ion battery 3.6 V. The battery internal resistance of the resistance of the plate and the impedance of ion flow from the decision in the discharge process loads, the plate resistance is unchanged, but resistance to the flow of ions is responsible the concentration of electrolytes and changes in the ion change. In general, cell nickel cadmium battery internal resistance for the 7 ~ 19 mW, cell nickel-metal hydride battery internal resistance of 18 ~ 35 mW, lithium-ion battery cell internal resistance of 80 ~ 100 mW.

Rechargeable battery is fully charged, the most active substances board has reached the saturation point, then continue to charge the battery voltage does not increase the voltage currently known voltage charge termination. Cell-nickel-cadmium battery charge termination voltage of 1.75 ~ 1.8 V Ni-MH battery 1.5 V lithium-ion battery 4.2 V. Termination voltage discharge is the minimum allowable battery voltage discharge. If the voltage is below the battery voltage discharge termination of the discharge, the battery voltage decreased rapidly at both ends to form a depth of discharge, so that the resultant formation of a council where he is not easy in the resume normal load, thus affecting the battery life. Ceasing discharge voltage and flow, speaking generally, the cell nickel-cadmium battery discharge voltage termination of 1.1V, Ni-MH battery for 1 V, lithium-ion battery 2.7V

2, nickel-cadmium batteries (Ni-Cd)

Nickel material of the cathode cadmium Dell Inspiron B120 battery nickel hydroxide and the mixture of graphite powder, the negative electrode material for sponge powder and cadmium oxide powder of cadmium, the electrolyte is usually sodium hydroxide solution or potassium hydroxide. It should be noted that nickel-cadmium batteries before charging, the battery is composed of water, the reaction occurred in the positive and negative plate has a precipitation of oxygen and hydrogen. Bubbles gathered at the plate surface of the plate will reduce the surface involved in chemical reactions and increase the resistance of the internal battery. These gases, if not rapidly compounds in water, the pressure inside the battery would be increased considerably, which would damage the battery, the pressure is too large, sealed batteries will open porosity, so the oven electrolyte, but he repeated the release stomatal gas furnace, the viscous nature of the electrolyte increase the transmission of ions between the plates becomes difficult, the internal resistance of the battery will increase dramatically reduce battery capacity.

Nickel-cadmium hp F4809A battery process, if not all power has begun to charge over, the next, and then discharge, you can not release the total amount of money. For example, battery-nickel-cadmium is only 80% of the fee paid after after the start of the load is fully charged, the battery can only release 80% of home electricity, a phenomenon called “memory effect”. The main discharge appeared in some off camera is set too high, the battery is completely discharged each time the equipment is automatically closed, and if the battery will be serious long term “memory effect” may be more more capacity for less electricity. “Memory effect” is mainly due to the drum part of the discharge, the nickel hydroxide is not completely in the nickel hydroxide and nickel hydroxide remaining will be combined to form larger crystals, larger crystals generally difficult to restore, which causes the reduction of active substances inside the battery.

Nickel-cadmium batteries were first used in mobile phones, laptops, and other types of batteries, it is resistant to more load capacity and discharge, maintenance is simple, parallel bars, electric oven deep fried . But compared to nickel-hydride batteries, metal and lithium-ion batteries in terms of there are many disadvantages, such as loading and unloading process if not handled properly, there will be serious “memory effect”, greatly reducing the lifespan; Cadmium is toxic, and therefore nickel-cadmium VGP-BPS10 battery is not conducive to eco-environmental protection. Many gaps, nickel-cadmium batteries are now largely been eliminated from the scope of digital cameras.

3 nickel-hydride batteries, metal (Ni-H)

Ni-MH battery capacity nickel-cadmium batteries large, usually about twice as its main component of the nickel hydroxide positive electrode material negative alloy mainly pollution, dust free, the electrolyte is 30% potassium hydroxide aqueous solution. Reaction of nickel-hydride batteries, metal and nickel-cadmium batteries is similar to overcharging, the precipitation plate positive oxygen precipitation plate negative hydrogen. However, due to large surface of the catalyst of the hydrogen electrode, hydrogen can easily be extended to the hydrogen electrode surface, hydrogen and oxygen may be relatively easy to fit into the battery and combine to form water, so that the gas pressure inside the container essentially unchanged. Even so, long after the overcharge, the battery inside the pressure is too high, it may explode.

Ni-MH battery also has the effect of memory, but relatively low in nickel-cadmium batteries. Ni-MH batteries or nickel-cadmium toshiba PA3191U-4BRS battery memory effect can generally be put through several depth charges for the relief depth. Deep-discharge battery is usually necessary to put in the termination voltage is down to a single cell is usually below 1 V, but not too low, otherwise permanent damage will result in greater. Better not use the equipment for in-depth self-discharge, in particular, is a wire and a small bulb connected to the battery positive and negative measures of repression are more desirable because it can not control blood discharge, the voltage is too low will seriously damage the battery. Recommended with a function of discharge and protective equipment against overload charge to make deep and deep discharge.

Ni-MH battery internal resistance is low, high discharge current, discharge voltage changed very little, and easy to recycle batteries, damage to the environment are minimal, its costs and low prices, as the ‘DC power supply is a battery of very high quality. Ni-MH batteries can be used to create the column of rechargeable batteries, clocks, electronic games, digital cameras, video cameras, and some laptops have applied.

4 Li-ion battery (Li)

Li-ion apple M8403 battery is divided into two broad categories: non-rechargeable and rechargeable. Non-rechargeable batteries called disposable, it can be only one time chemical energy into electrical energy, electrical energy can be restored to chemical energy such as lithium-manganese dioxide. Known as the secondary rechargeable batteries, which is commonly known as lithium-ion battery (Li-Ion). The cathode is a lithium-ion batteries containing lithium transition cathode metal oxide is a carbon material such as graphite, the electrolyte is a lithium salt-containing organic solution. Cells both positive and negative or in the battery separator, the lithium-ion form are based there. The battery work, the lithium ions in the positive and negative electrodes and an electrolyte membrane in directional movement. When the battery is charging, the cathode to the electrolyte release Lithium-ion, this process is de-embedded; anode electrolyte in lithium-ion inhalation, this process is integrated. The process of discharging the battery and the situation at hand, such a charge and discharge when the lithium-ion intercalation and de-embedded process, as if the same rocking chair rocking, it was said that the image of lithium-ion batteries for “rocking chair batteries.

Lithium-ion batteries and nickel-cadmium batteries and nickel-metal hydride batteries in comparison, there are many advantages. Lithium-ion battery memory effect did not exist, the same capacity, the size is very small, using a voltage of 3.6 V, is a nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-hydride batteries in three metal time and can be used in a wide range of temperatures (-20 ℃ ~ 60 ℃), while nickel-metal hydride TravelMate 290 battery (0 ℃ ~ 50 ℃). At the same time lithium-ion battery self-discharge rate is relatively low. Self-discharge rate is defined as a period of time, the battery is not used in the circumstances, an automatic loss of electricity for the percentage of total capacity. Generally, at room temperature, nickel-cadmium batteries self-discharge rate of 13% per month, 15%, Ni-MH battery for a month 25% ~ 35%, while the lithium-ion battery is only 5 % ~ 8% per month.

But lithium-ion batteries are also some areas unsatisfactory. Such as: lithium-ion batteries have life, usually for two years and do not use the state is stored for some time, some of its capacity would be permanently lost. Lithium-ion battery anode and cathode material from a plant has already begun its failure in history, different temperatures and state of battery charge saturation, the impact is different from data in Table 1 ( capacity accounts for the remaining percentage of the initial capacity) of the column.

Thus, the higher the storage temperature and charge the battery more saturated, more severe loss of capacity. So I do not recommend long-term preservation Lithium Ion battery, if there are idle hands of the VGP-BPS10B battery and the storage time should not exceed 40% charge level, temperature, preferably less than 15 ℃ or less. The nickel-hydride batteries, metal and nickel-cadmium batteries are almost not subject to aging effects of long-term storage of nickel-based charge batteries for deep discharge after a few deep can be restored to its capacity of origin. But the charge deep deep discharge can not be restored the ability of lithium-ion batteries and cause permanent damage to the positive and negative electrodes. Since the molecular level, the excessive discharge of carbon anode will lead to excessive release of lithium-ion batteries, while showing the lamellar structure collapsed, an overload of the lithium-ion battery will go too hard in the structure carbon negative, while making some of the lithium-ion batteries can not be released.

Lithium at the same time, battery charge and ion time of discharge only 400 to 600 times, specially modified products, but many times 800. The number of nickel-metal hydride rechargeable batteries generally able to reach more than 700 times, some good quality office products and output up to 1 200 times.

Because of the many advantages of lithium-ion battery is still optimistic about its potential applications, mainly in digital cameras, camcorders, mobile phones, PDAs, laptops that use power. Lithium-ion batteries currently in the hot area of research should be used in vehicles, electricity and gasoline and used motor vehicles or hybrid electric vehicles. Same time, people also develop a real sense of the solid state lithium batteries, lithium-ion battery completely eliminate the organic liquid, as well as safe and reliable lithium battery