Digital battery

Introduction: Ni-MH battery based on the hydrogen storage alloy electrode replacement Ni-Cd Cd electrode and developed a new type of batteries of high capacity rechargeable alkaline, becoming green energy is aujourd ‘Today an important direction of development of a secondary Laptop battery. The advantage is a greater energy density than the energy of the Ni-Cd 1.5 to 2 times, and resistance to overcharge, no memory effect, the advantages long battery life and the absence of metal pollution of the environment CD unique, it is as a national “95″ major projects of high technology research. After years of research and development, Ni-MH battery has become the market for rechargeable batteries (particularly the market for mobile), advanced products, to form their own country have been established and emerging industries.

 

1 works of the Ni-MH battery

 

Ni-MH material of the battery anode is an alloy hydrogen storage, a hydrogen absorption and desorption can be reversibly alloy. It’s the early seventies developed a new type of functional materials, which, under certain conditions, alloy reversible storage of hydrogen can absorb or release large numbers of hydrogen, d ‘ such a singular performance was applied to hydrogen storage and purification, This alloy is used resulting in turn heat pumps, compressors, catalysts, hydrogen cars burning, the separation of isotopes of hydrogen and so on. Ni-MH Ni-Cd have the same positive, ie hydroxy-nickel oxide as positive electrode, negative alloy extremely hydrogen storage, between positive and negative electrodes are separated by a membrane, while electrolyte solution is formed by the KOH and LiOH. [1] Ni-MH IBM ThinkPad X60 battery electrode chemical reactions that occur are:

 

Loading, the reaction at the cathode: Ni (OH) 2 + OH → NiOOH + H2O + e

                    Negative reaction: M + H2O + e → MH + OH —

Discharge cathode: NiOOH + H2O + e → Ni (OH) 2 + OH —

                   Negative: MH + OH-→ H2O + M + e

 

When overcharging and over the discharge occurs when the following reaction:

 

Overload, the positive electrode: 4OH-→ 2H2O + O2 +4 e

 

Cathode: 2H2O + O2 +4 e → 4OH —

 

Was released, the cathode: 2H2O +2 e → H 2 OH 2 —

 

Anode: H 2 → 2-OH 2H2O +2 e

 

Loading, the positive Ni (OH) 2 into NiOOH, the water molecules in the alloy hydrogen storage negative electrode on the discharge, the decomposition of hydrogen atom VGP-BPS9/S adsorbed on the surface electrode to form hydrogen atoms adsorbed. And then spread to the internal alloy hydrogen storage alloy reacts with hydrogen storage to form metal hydrides.

 

Disclaimer, enter e NiOOH-Ni (OH) 2 metal hydride hydrogen atom diffusion on the inner surface of the formation of adsorbed hydrogen atoms, the recurrence of the electrochemical reaction of alloy storage of ‘hydrogen and water. Over-discharge, the cathode can be restored on the consumption of NiOOH has been completed (the Ni-MH batteries are generally designed to be more negative), while H2O will be restored in the nickel electrode.

 

Overload due to the anode can be oxidized Ni (OH) 2 became NiOOH, when the formation of OH-lost e-O2, O2 spread cathode catalyst, the alloy hydrogen storage to be formed e-OH-, is also may produce negative hydrogen compounds in water, heat, so that the toshiba PA3191U-4BRS battery temperature, but also reduce the internal pressure of the battery. As the alloy hydrogen storage on the anode has been saturated with the absorption of hydrogen can not absorb hydrogen, this time, the water molecules in the cathode on discharge shape H2, H2, and a catalyst in the alloy hydrogen storage to the cathode under the infiltration of water on the compound of oxygen.

 

2, Ni-MH battery manufacturing process of batteries

 

Ni-MH battery can be made alkaline button-shaped or cylindrical, so different cell types, its structure similar to Ni-Cd batteries, especially for the sandwich-like. Ni-MH alloys manufacturing battery storage of hydrogen are primarily the preparation, positive and negative form, a pole piece assembly and so on. A typical link type Ni-MH battery manufacturing process of the battery is as follows:

 

 

Alloys for hydrogen storage apple A1060 battery should have a storage capacity of hydrogen, the equilibrium pressure of hydrogen moderate (0.01-0.5 MPa), good chemical stability in alkaline solution, abundant resources, low price and so on. Developed alloy hydrogen storage can be divided into four groups. Who have been marketed only AB5-type alloy, its actual capacity reached 330mAh / g, close to the theoretical value (372mAh / g). AB2 Laves phase alloys type are the subject of further research, quality of light, high capacity Mg-based AB2-type alloy While interest in people, but its capacity fading fast in order to achieve practical standards still need some time. To improve the life of an alloy hydrogen storage and a fast charge and discharge properties, surface treatment of alloys and diversified. Introduce the method of preparation of alloys for hydrogen storage are mainly gas atomization, centrifugal melt-spinning method, such as directional solidification method.

 

Currently used primarily to improve the sintering and impregnating parameters to increase the size of the sintered nickel cathode specific capacity, improving the ratio of volume capacity of sintered nickel positive electrode of a maximum of 500mAh/cm3 [4 ], while Ni-Cd ordinary sintered nickel positive electrode The volume ratio of capacity is only 400mAh/cm3. Ni-Cd in general need to add a small amount of nickel in the positive electrode to increase the charging efficiency of nickel cathode, reducing its rate of expansion; Ni-MH TravelMate 290 battery anode instead of adding Zn and Co to achieve the same results, and improve the absorption capacity of hydrogen battery, the control cells increased internal pressure.

 

3, at home and abroad to present Ni-MH battery research

 

3.1 current domestic battery Ni-MH Research

 

China in 70 years began to explore alloy hydrogen storage LaNi 5 electrode materials for the research opportunity is to make the material LaNi 5 physical properties and chemical and electrochemical properties. So Po Helanfeili first alloy LaNi 5 pluralistic makes Ni-MH batteries, with its U.S. and Japan, represented by a few developed countries, has launched a competition Ni-MH battery research practices and industrial development, in the shortest period of time have a marketing of Ni-MH BTP-43D1 battery market. China is the United States and Japan in the industrial development after the first developing countries. In 1995, China produced 2 million (equivalent to AA-type) batteries, the output value 210 million yuan in 1996, produced 31.4 million in 1997, producing 52 million in 1998 produced 80 million , an increase very rapidly. Tianjin Peace Bay in 1998 from the Toshiba Corporation to introduce technology and equipment. In February 1999, Tianjin blue sky, Sanyo, Japan, were introduced by Toyota, Ni-MH basic cell production, with an annual productivity of 30 million euros, and the formation of the corresponding battery, the product Sanyo’s latest is high capacity, fast charge, high reliability of the Ni-MH, with the highest level of the world. Developed by the Institute of Tianjin 1400mAhAA battery 1A charge-discharge, 100% DOD, the cycle life of more than 1000 times. Recently, Ni-MH battery-electric vehicles has been classified as medium development goals focus on long-term battery. Ni-MH battery industry in China over other countries in terms of manufacturing process of battery or product quality, varieties, there are many problems, the battery is not strong in the competitive international market. For example, the square sealed batteries because of these difficulties, lack of matching domestic manufacturers of parts and components, is not automated, and therefore not marketed. The existence of national capacity Ni-MH battery is small, short life cycle of high pressure, the discharge voltage is low self-discharge rate of greater uniformity and reproducibility is poor gap. Assembly of mobile phone batteries in China, Japan represents about 60% of the VGP-BPS9/B battery. On the Ni-MH battery recycling work at home or in white. China every year about 10 million cell phone batteries and other uses of the battery must be recovered and foreigners have been mostly recycling.

 

But we also know that our materials Ni-MH rich in resources, as early as 863 plans have Ni-MH battery included in development projects, 863 high-tech achievements exhibition was successfully presented the results of Ni-MH Rechargeable. As we all know, the China Central Television broadcast EV trial operation. These facts show that electric vehicles will be new applications Ni MH, potential for considerable development.

 

3.2 Visiting Ni-MH battery research

 

Since the early nineties of the last century have developed rapidly since the advent of NiMH batteries. Japan Nomura Research Institute, according to statistical analysis, since 1997 the global market size of a small battery has exceeded 500 billion yen in lithium-ion battery LIB 2,000 million yen market (ranked 1), the The old Ni-Cd batteries account for about ¥ 180000000000 (has a dominant position dropped to No. 2), Ni-MH VGP-BPS13A/B battery of about the maintenance of ¥ 120,000,000,000 (ranked 3).

 

As mobile communications, computing and portable consumer products has gradually begun to integrate the urgent needs of small batteries, light and efficient. Consequently, high energy density (Wh / kg), small and slim lithium-ion batteries LIB and Lithium Polymer (Lithium Polymer) batteries in recent years to obtain long-term development. In this case, one wonders, while pollution of the environment without Ni-MH battery will be developed? Ni-MH is technological innovation to develop new markets, new technologies and new products continue to emerge indicates that he has a beautiful view.

 

Ni-MH battery has been placed since the advent of mobile communications and the market for mobile computing with the lithium-ion batteries and lithium-polymer batteries a lot on the market, the increasingly competitive market. Many Japanese manufacturers produce lithium-ion batteries and Ni-MH and the output is high, they began to be produced manufactures lithium-ion batteries and Ni-MH products on the market for the sale of conflict has been a sense that it is open to Ni-MH new markets necessary. For example, the annual world production of 1997 lithium-ion batteries, Ni-MH and Ni-Cd value of hp Pavilion dv4000 battery power more than 500 billion yen, of which only the output value produced by Japanese manufacturers were more 400 billion yen (80% above), Japan 5 The major manufacturers (Panasonic batteries, Sanyo Electric, Toshiba, Hitachi Maxell, and Furukawa Battery Co., Ltd.) in 1997, production of Ni-MH value of cell production of 106.8 billion yen, which represents the value of total world production of Ni-MH (1200 billion yen) to 89%. Industry Analysis Japan and predict the time pointed out that in mobile communications and mobile computing applications, the lithium-ion batteries and lithium-polymer battery will become a mainstream product, Ni-MH battery in the 21st century in the first 10 years of back-up energy of the electric machine direction, it will drive electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles produced areas of current application.

 

Technology of the United States Molyech Power System allows the use of sintered electrodes for Ni-MH battery high current charge and discharge, which opens up scope wider. In particular, require a wide range of temperatures, withstand high vibration and high drainage capacity from the scope of high power will be widely applied to new technologies, equipment, Ni-MH battery. The Ni-MH battery in future areas of application are far from limited to mobile communications and mobile computing applications, but also on light applications, such as professional equipment and power tools to the consumer video, wireless equipment technical vacuum, and portable equipment and so on. These applications cover a wide variety of specific applications, as large as communications equipment remotely, UPS systems and electric vehicles, power small electric bicycle, light, power and even beauty tools and so on .

 

According to Japanese industry, has recently published a statistical analysis of the data table on the turn of the century, Ni-MH analysis of the Dell HD438 battery market forecasts are correct. On the mobile communications market, sales of Ni-MH decrease from year to year, sales of batteries LIB gradually increased: in 1998, lithium-ion batteries and Ni-MH strong sales of flat and more 28% each, Ni-Cd battery, and other revenue accounting for 43.4% battery, in 1999, LIB accounted for 34.1%, Ni-MH fell to 25.5%, Ni-Cd decreased to 40.4% in 2000, LIB rose to 38.8%, Ni-MH decreased to 22.9%, Ni - Cd and so on up to 38.3%. Opening new markets for Ni-MH were imminent, the Japan-US Ni-MH are the manufacturers accelerate the development of Ni-MH technology.

 

4 AA Ni-MH future developments

 

Since the introduction of Ni-MH batteries, and high energy and power required majority of applications have largely replaced Ni-Cd batteries Expected over the next Ni-MH battery will be applied to a wider range of tools High-power power. The Ni-MH batteries are used in high temperature environments, and develop a smaller and more efficient 40Y6795 battery capacity for high temperature, high vibration, and high efficiency of energy products and equipment, as hybrid electric vehicles, electric bicycle visualization tools for vehicles, UPS, telecommunications equipment, computers and supplies, emergency power lighting. For example, MOLTECH being developed in the airbag the size of a sintered Ni-MH batteries for hybrid vehicles. Although Ni-MH batteries as power supply for portable electronics best use lithium batteries have been challenges, but recent technology of production of sintered Ni-MH batteries will become the future for sustainable, high power and harsh environments of the ideal food. 

 

Generally, Ni-MH of China battery technology to track more research, basic research is little originality is not enough, of intellectual property rights, patents not pay enough attention they must be improved. We must put the limited human, material resources and financial combine. Intensification of production, capacity to overcome difficulties, and providing technical integration, complementary advantages, and actively participate in international competition. Capacity Ni-MH batteries and related materials, standardization of development. According to the national conditions of China, the Ni-MH batteries in electric bicycles, electric tricycle, electric four-wheeled vehicles, and other electric bikes on the prospect of application is vast.

 

5 Conclusion

 

Can be used as a source of energy despite a variety of cells, but low energy density of lead acid batteries, Ni-Cd can not fundamentally solve the problems of pollution, safety of lithium batteries -ion batteries is not enough and the price is expensive, Na2S battery temperature is too high, the electric vehicle fuel cell may be the ultimate choice problems, there are still more expensive. Ni-MH battery is a green battery, no pollution, no maintenance, safe, high specific energy and specific power, life support high levels of performance and discharge, long cycle, so they can meet the performance requirements of the battery. Therefore, the Ni-MH battery has been recognized as the world of real-world applications in recent years, with the best engine of choice.

With the popularity of digital cameras, rechargeable batteries have been in the daily lives of citizens, can be seen everywhere as one of the essential daily needs. The new curriculum standards in high school physics elective module 2-1 explicitly require that students “know the power of the emf and internal resistance. But also “discuss the lithium Laptop battery, nickel-hydrogen batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries of the main characteristics and application of the respective occasion. In this paper, these three types of ordinary rechargeable batteries for a short introduction.

 

1, the main parameters of rechargeable batteries

The rechargeable battery of five main parameters: the battery capacity, rated voltage, internal resistance, the termination voltage and discharge voltage for charge termination. Battery inside the battery capacity of many decisions of active substances, usually milliamps (mAh) said, 1 000 mAh is capable of 1 A discharge current 1 h, converted to the charge contained in the amount of about 3 600 C. The battery positive and negative electrical potential difference between the nominal voltage of the battery. Rated voltage of electrode materials, electrode potential and electrolyte concentration of the internal decision. When the ambient temperature variation condition, a slight change in the output voltage of the battery; In addition, the battery voltage output and the battery charge remaining there some relationship between the amount of. Nickel Under normal circumstances, cell-cadmium batteries rated voltage of 1.3 V (usually seen around 1.25 V), cell Ni-MH IBM ThinkPad R32 battery 1.25 V, cell lithium-ion battery 3.6 V. The battery internal resistance of the resistance of the plate and the impedance of ion flow from the decision in the discharge process loads, the plate resistance is unchanged, but resistance to the flow of ions is responsible the concentration of electrolytes and changes in the ion change. In general, cell nickel cadmium battery internal resistance for the 7 ~ 19 mW, cell nickel-metal hydride battery internal resistance of 18 ~ 35 mW, lithium-ion battery cell internal resistance of 80 ~ 100 mW.

 

Rechargeable battery is fully charged, the most active substances board has reached the saturation point, then continue to charge the battery voltage does not increase the voltage currently known voltage charge termination. Cell-nickel-cadmium battery charge termination voltage of 1.75 ~ 1.8 V Ni-MH battery 1.5 V lithium-ion battery 4.2 V. Termination voltage discharge is the minimum allowable battery voltage discharge. If the voltage is below the battery voltage discharge termination of the discharge, the battery voltage decreased rapidly at both ends to form a depth of discharge, so that the resultant formation of a council where he is not easy in the resume normal load, thus affecting the battery life. Ceasing discharge voltage and flow, speaking generally, the cell nickel-cadmium battery discharge voltage termination of 1.1V, Ni-MH battery for 1 V, lithium-ion battery 2.7V

 

2, nickel-cadmium batteries (Ni-Cd)

Nickel material of the cathode cadmium Dell Inspiron B120 battery nickel hydroxide and the mixture of graphite powder, the negative electrode material for sponge powder and cadmium oxide powder of cadmium, the electrolyte is usually sodium hydroxide solution or potassium hydroxide. It should be noted that nickel-cadmium batteries before charging, the battery is composed of water, the reaction occurred in the positive and negative plate has a precipitation of oxygen and hydrogen. Bubbles gathered at the plate surface of the plate will reduce the surface involved in chemical reactions and increase the resistance of the internal battery. These gases, if not rapidly compounds in water, the pressure inside the battery would be increased considerably, which would damage the battery, the pressure is too large, sealed batteries will open porosity, so the oven electrolyte, but he repeated the release stomatal gas furnace, the viscous nature of the electrolyte increase the transmission of ions between the plates becomes difficult, the internal resistance of the battery will increase dramatically reduce battery capacity.

 

Nickel-cadmium hp F4809A battery process, if not all power has begun to charge over, the next, and then discharge, you can not release the total amount of money. For example, battery-nickel-cadmium is only 80% of the fee paid after after the start of the load is fully charged, the battery can only release 80% of home electricity, a phenomenon called “memory effect”. The main discharge appeared in some off camera is set too high, the battery is completely discharged each time the equipment is automatically closed, and if the battery will be serious long term “memory effect” may be more more capacity for less electricity. “Memory effect” is mainly due to the drum part of the discharge, the nickel hydroxide is not completely in the nickel hydroxide and nickel hydroxide remaining will be combined to form larger crystals, larger crystals generally difficult to restore, which causes the reduction of active substances inside the battery.

 

Nickel-cadmium batteries were first used in mobile phones, laptops, and other types of batteries, it is resistant to more load capacity and discharge, maintenance is simple, parallel bars, electric oven deep fried . But compared to nickel-hydride batteries, metal and lithium-ion batteries in terms of there are many disadvantages, such as loading and unloading process if not handled properly, there will be serious “memory effect”, greatly reducing the lifespan; Cadmium is toxic, and therefore nickel-cadmium VGP-BPS10 battery is not conducive to eco-environmental protection. Many gaps, nickel-cadmium batteries are now largely been eliminated from the scope of digital cameras.

 

3 nickel-hydride batteries, metal (Ni-H)

Ni-MH battery capacity nickel-cadmium batteries large, usually about twice as its main component of the nickel hydroxide positive electrode material negative alloy mainly pollution, dust free, the electrolyte is 30% potassium hydroxide aqueous solution. Reaction of nickel-hydride batteries, metal and nickel-cadmium batteries is similar to overcharging, the precipitation plate positive oxygen precipitation plate negative hydrogen. However, due to large surface of the catalyst of the hydrogen electrode, hydrogen can easily be extended to the hydrogen electrode surface, hydrogen and oxygen may be relatively easy to fit into the battery and combine to form water, so that the gas pressure inside the container essentially unchanged. Even so, long after the overcharge, the battery inside the pressure is too high, it may explode.

 

Ni-MH battery also has the effect of memory, but relatively low in nickel-cadmium batteries. Ni-MH batteries or nickel-cadmium toshiba PA3191U-4BRS battery memory effect can generally be put through several depth charges for the relief depth. Deep-discharge battery is usually necessary to put in the termination voltage is down to a single cell is usually below 1 V, but not too low, otherwise permanent damage will result in greater. Better not use the equipment for in-depth self-discharge, in particular, is a wire and a small bulb connected to the battery positive and negative measures of repression are more desirable because it can not control blood discharge, the voltage is too low will seriously damage the battery. Recommended with a function of discharge and protective equipment against overload charge to make deep and deep discharge.

 

Ni-MH battery internal resistance is low, high discharge current, discharge voltage changed very little, and easy to recycle batteries, damage to the environment are minimal, its costs and low prices, as the ‘DC power supply is a battery of very high quality. Ni-MH batteries can be used to create the column of rechargeable batteries, clocks, electronic games, digital cameras, video cameras, and some laptops have applied.

 

4 Li-ion battery (Li)

Li-ion apple M8403 battery is divided into two broad categories: non-rechargeable and rechargeable. Non-rechargeable batteries called disposable, it can be only one time chemical energy into electrical energy, electrical energy can be restored to chemical energy such as lithium-manganese dioxide. Known as the secondary rechargeable batteries, which is commonly known as lithium-ion battery (Li-Ion). The cathode is a lithium-ion batteries containing lithium transition cathode metal oxide is a carbon material such as graphite, the electrolyte is a lithium salt-containing organic solution. Cells both positive and negative or in the battery separator, the lithium-ion form are based there. The battery work, the lithium ions in the positive and negative electrodes and an electrolyte membrane in directional movement. When the battery is charging, the cathode to the electrolyte release Lithium-ion, this process is de-embedded; anode electrolyte in lithium-ion inhalation, this process is integrated. The process of discharging the battery and the situation at hand, such a charge and discharge when the lithium-ion intercalation and de-embedded process, as if the same rocking chair rocking, it was said that the image of lithium-ion batteries for “rocking chair batteries.

 

Lithium-ion batteries and nickel-cadmium batteries and nickel-metal hydride batteries in comparison, there are many advantages. Lithium-ion battery memory effect did not exist, the same capacity, the size is very small, using a voltage of 3.6 V, is a nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-hydride batteries in three metal time and can be used in a wide range of temperatures (-20 ℃ ~ 60 ℃), while nickel-metal hydride TravelMate 290 battery (0 ℃ ~ 50 ℃). At the same time lithium-ion battery self-discharge rate is relatively low. Self-discharge rate is defined as a period of time, the battery is not used in the circumstances, an automatic loss of electricity for the percentage of total capacity. Generally, at room temperature, nickel-cadmium batteries self-discharge rate of 13% per month, 15%, Ni-MH battery for a month 25% ~ 35%, while the lithium-ion battery is only 5 % ~ 8% per month.

 

But lithium-ion batteries are also some areas unsatisfactory. Such as: lithium-ion batteries have life, usually for two years and do not use the state is stored for some time, some of its capacity would be permanently lost. Lithium-ion battery anode and cathode material from a plant has already begun its failure in history, different temperatures and state of battery charge saturation, the impact is different from data in Table 1 ( capacity accounts for the remaining percentage of the initial capacity) of the column.

 

Thus, the higher the storage temperature and charge the battery more saturated, more severe loss of capacity. So I do not recommend long-term preservation Lithium Ion battery, if there are idle hands of the VGP-BPS10B battery and the storage time should not exceed 40% charge level, temperature, preferably less than 15 ℃ or less. The nickel-hydride batteries, metal and nickel-cadmium batteries are almost not subject to aging effects of long-term storage of nickel-based charge batteries for deep discharge after a few deep can be restored to its capacity of origin. But the charge deep deep discharge can not be restored the ability of lithium-ion batteries and cause permanent damage to the positive and negative electrodes. Since the molecular level, the excessive discharge of carbon anode will lead to excessive release of lithium-ion batteries, while showing the lamellar structure collapsed, an overload of the lithium-ion battery will go too hard in the structure carbon negative, while making some of the lithium-ion batteries can not be released.

Lithium at the same time, battery charge and ion time of discharge only 400 to 600 times, specially modified products, but many times 800. The number of nickel-metal hydride rechargeable batteries generally able to reach more than 700 times, some good quality office products and output up to 1 200 times.

 

Because of the many advantages of lithium-ion battery is still optimistic about its potential applications, mainly in digital cameras, camcorders, mobile phones, PDAs, laptops that use power. Lithium-ion batteries currently in the hot area of research should be used in vehicles, electricity and gasoline and used motor vehicles or hybrid electric vehicles. Same time, people also develop a real sense of the solid state lithium batteries, lithium-ion battery completely eliminate the organic liquid, as well as safe and reliable lithium battery

With the popularity of digital cameras, rechargeable batteries have been in the daily lives of citizens, can be seen everywhere as one of the essential daily needs. The new curriculum standards in high school physics elective module 2-1 explicitly require that students “know the power of the emf and internal resistance. But also “discuss the lithium Laptop battery, nickel-hydrogen batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries of the main characteristics and application of the respective occasion. In this paper, these three types of ordinary rechargeable batteries for a short introduction.

 

1, the main parameters of rechargeable batteries

The rechargeable battery of five main parameters: the battery capacity, rated voltage, internal resistance, the termination voltage and discharge voltage for charge termination. Battery inside the battery capacity of many decisions of active substances, usually milliamps (mAh) said, 1 000 mAh is capable of 1 A discharge current 1 h, converted to the charge contained in the amount of about 3 600 C. The battery positive and negative electrical potential difference between the nominal voltage of the battery. Rated voltage of electrode materials, electrode potential and electrolyte concentration of the internal decision. When the ambient temperature variation condition, a slight change in the output voltage of the battery; In addition, the battery voltage output and the battery charge remaining there some relationship between the amount of. Nickel Under normal circumstances, cell-cadmium batteries rated voltage of 1.3 V (usually seen around 1.25 V), cell Ni-MH battery 1.25 V, cell lithium-ion battery 3.6 V. The IBM FRU 92P1141 battery internal resistance of the resistance of the plate and the impedance of ion flow from the decision in the discharge process loads, the plate resistance is unchanged, but resistance to the flow of ions is responsible the concentration of electrolytes and changes in the ion change. In general, cell nickel cadmium battery internal resistance for the 7 ~ 19 mW, cell nickel-metal hydride battery internal resistance of 18 ~ 35 mW, lithium-ion battery cell internal resistance of 80 ~ 100 mW.

 

Rechargeable battery is fully charged, the most active substances board has reached the saturation point, then continue to charge the battery voltage does not increase the voltage currently known voltage charge termination. Cell-nickel-cadmium battery charge termination voltage of 1.75 ~ 1.8 V Ni-MH battery 1.5 V lithium-ion battery 4.2 V. Termination voltage discharge is the minimum allowable battery voltage discharge. If the voltage is below the battery voltage discharge termination of the discharge, the battery voltage decreased rapidly at both ends to form a depth of discharge, so that the resultant formation of a council where he is not easy in the resume normal load, thus affecting the battery life. Ceasing discharge voltage and flow, speaking generally, the cell nickel-cadmium battery discharge voltage termination of 1.1V, Ni-MH battery for 1 V, lithium-ion battery 2.7V

 

2, nickel-cadmium batteries (Ni-Cd)

Nickel material of the cathode cadmium Dell Latitude D410 battery nickel hydroxide and the mixture of graphite powder, the negative electrode material for sponge powder and cadmium oxide powder of cadmium, the electrolyte is usually sodium hydroxide solution or potassium hydroxide. It should be noted that nickel-cadmium batteries before charging, the battery is composed of water, the reaction occurred in the positive and negative plate has a precipitation of oxygen and hydrogen. Bubbles gathered at the plate surface of the plate will reduce the surface involved in chemical reactions and increase the resistance of the internal battery. These gases, if not rapidly compounds in water, the pressure inside the battery would be increased considerably, which would damage the battery, the pressure is too large, sealed batteries will open porosity, so the oven electrolyte, but he repeated the release stomatal gas furnace, the viscous nature of the electrolyte increase the transmission of ions between the plates becomes difficult, the internal resistance of the battery will increase dramatically reduce battery capacity.

 

Nickel-cadmium hp PP2182D battery process, if not all power has begun to charge over, the next, and then discharge, you can not release the total amount of money. For example, battery-nickel-cadmium is only 80% of the fee paid after after the start of the load is fully charged, the battery can only release 80% of home electricity, a phenomenon called “memory effect”. The main discharge appeared in some off camera is set too high, the battery is completely discharged each time the equipment is automatically closed, and if the battery will be serious long term “memory effect” may be more more capacity for less electricity. “Memory effect” is mainly due to the drum part of the discharge, the nickel hydroxide is not completely in the nickel hydroxide and nickel hydroxide remaining will be combined to form larger crystals, larger crystals generally difficult to restore, which causes the reduction of active substances inside the battery.

 

Nickel-cadmium batteries were first used in mobile phones, laptops, and other types of batteries, it is resistant to over capacity and discharge, and easy maintenance. But compared to nickel-hydride batteries, metal and lithium-ion batteries in terms of there are many disadvantages, such as loading and unloading process if not handled properly, there will be serious “memory effect”, greatly reducing the lifespan; Cadmium is toxic, and therefore nickel-cadmium VGP-BPS9A/B battery is not conducive to eco-environmental protection. Many gaps, nickel-cadmium batteries are now largely been eliminated from the scope of digital cameras.

 

3 nickel-hydride batteries, metal (Ni-H)

Ni-MH battery capacity nickel-cadmium batteries large, usually about twice as its main component of the nickel hydroxide positive electrode material negative alloy mainly pollution, dust free, the electrolyte is 30% potassium hydroxide aqueous solution. Reaction of nickel-hydride batteries, metal and nickel-cadmium batteries is similar to overcharging, the precipitation plate positive oxygen precipitation plate negative hydrogen. However, due to large surface of the catalyst of the hydrogen electrode, hydrogen can easily be extended to the hydrogen electrode surface, hydrogen and oxygen may be relatively easy to fit into the battery and combine to form water, so that the gas pressure inside the container essentially unchanged. Even so, long after the overcharge, the battery inside the pressure is too high, it may explode.

 

Ni-MH battery also has the effect of memory, but relatively low in nickel-cadmium batteries. Ni-MH batteries or nickel-cadmium battery memory effect can generally be put through several depth charges for the relief depth. Deep-discharge toshiba PA3191U-4BRS battery is usually necessary to put in the termination voltage is down to a single cell is usually below 1 V, but not too low, otherwise permanent damage will result in greater. Better not use the equipment for in-depth self-discharge, in particular, is a wire and a small bulb connected to the battery positive and negative measures of repression are more desirable because it can not control blood discharge, the voltage is too low will seriously damage the battery. Recommended with a function of discharge and protective equipment against overload charge to make deep and deep discharge.

 

Ni-MH battery internal resistance is low, high discharge current, discharge voltage changed very little, and easy to recycle batteries, damage to the environment are minimal, its costs and low prices, as the ‘DC power supply is a battery of very high quality. Ni-MH batteries can be used to create the column of rechargeable batteries, clocks, electronic games, digital cameras, video cameras, and some laptops have applied.

 

4 Li-ion battery (Li)

Li-ion battery is divided into two broad categories: non-rechargeable and rechargeable. Non-rechargeable batteries called disposable, it can be only one time chemical energy into electrical energy, electrical energy can be restored to chemical energy such as lithium-manganese dioxide. Known as the secondary rechargeable batteries, which is commonly known as lithium-ion apple A1061 battery (Li-Ion). The cathode is a lithium-ion batteries containing lithium transition cathode metal oxide is a carbon material such as graphite, the electrolyte is a lithium salt-containing organic solution. Cells both positive and negative or in the battery separator, the lithium-ion form are based there. The battery work, the lithium ions in the positive and negative electrodes and an electrolyte membrane in directional movement. When the battery is charging, the cathode to the electrolyte release Lithium-ion, this process is de-embedded; anode electrolyte in lithium-ion inhalation, this process is integrated. The process of discharging the battery and the situation at hand, such a charge and discharge when the lithium-ion intercalation and de-embedded process, as if the same rocking chair rocking, it was said that the image of lithium-ion batteries for “rocking chair batteries.

 

Lithium-ion batteries and nickel-cadmium batteries and nickel-metal hydride batteries in comparison, there are many advantages. Lithium-ion battery memory effect did not exist, the same capacity, the size is very small, using a voltage of 3.6 V, is a nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-hydride batteries in three metal time and can be used in a wide range of temperatures (-20 ℃ ~ 60 ℃), cupcake machine, while nickel-metal hydride battery (0 ℃ ~ 50 ℃). At the same time lithium-ion TravelMate 290 battery self-discharge rate is relatively low. Self-discharge rate is defined as a period of time, the battery is not used in the circumstances, an automatic loss of electricity for the percentage of total capacity. Generally, at room temperature, nickel-cadmium batteries self-discharge rate of 13% per month, 15%, Ni-MH battery for a month 25% ~ 35%, while the lithium-ion battery is only 5 % ~ 8% per month.

 

But lithium-ion batteries are also some areas unsatisfactory. Such as: lithium-ion batteries have life, usually for two years and do not use the state is stored for some time, some of its capacity would be permanently lost. Lithium-ion battery anode and cathode material from a plant has already begun its failure in history, different temperatures and state of battery charge saturation, the impact is different from data in Table 1 (capacity accounts for the remaining percentage of the initial capacity) of the column.

 

Thus, the higher the storage temperature and charge the battery more saturated more severe loss of capacity. So I do not recommend long-term preservation Lithium Ion battery, if there are idle hands of the battery and the storage time should not exceed 40% charge level, temperature, preferably less than 15 ℃ or less. The nickel-hydride VGP-BPS10 batteries, metal and nickel-cadmium batteries are almost not subject to aging effects of long-term storage of nickel-based charge batteries for deep discharge after a few deep can be restored to its capacity of origin. But the charge deep deep discharge can not be restored the ability of lithium-ion batteries and cause permanent damage to the positive and negative electrodes. Since the molecular level, the excessive discharge of carbon anode will lead to excessive release of lithium-ion batteries, while showing the lamellar structure collapsed, an overload of the lithium-ion battery will go too hard in the structure carbon negative, while making some of the lithium-ion batteries can not be released.

 

Lithium at the same time, battery charge and ion time of discharge only 400 to 600 times, specially modified products, but many times 800. The number of nickel-metal hydride rechargeable batteries generally able to reach more than 700 times, some good quality office products and output up to 1 200 times.

 

Because of the many advantages of lithium-ion battery is still optimistic about its potential applications, mainly in digital cameras, camcorders, mobile phones, PDAs, laptops that use power. Lithium-ion batteries currently in the hot area of research should be used in vehicles, electricity and gasoline and used motor vehicles or hybrid electric vehicles. Same time, people also develop a real sense of the solid state lithium batteries, lithium-ion battery completely eliminate the organic liquid, as well as safe and reliable lithium batteries.

Key features include a nominal capacity of the battery nominal voltage, load and speed, strength, longevity and self-discharge rate.

 

Rated capacity. In the design requirements of conditions (such as temperature, flow, voltage termination, etc.), the Laptop battery should be able to release the minimum capacity, in ampere-hours to sign C said. Capacity greatly influenced by the rate of rejection, so often in the lower right corner of the letter C, with Arabic numerals indicate the flow, such as C20 = 50, shows that the building under the ratio from 20:00 to 50-an-hour. The theoretical capacity of the reaction cell of the battery depending on the type of use of active electrode material and calculated according to Faraday’s law of electrochemical active substances derived equivalent accuracy. Since the battery in the side effects that occur in May and design needs of the real capacity of the battery is often lower than the theoretical capacity.

 

The nominal voltage. The battery temperature under typical operating voltage, also known as the nominal voltage. It is the choice of different types of batteries for reference. The battery voltage with the different conditions of use varies. The battery open circuit voltage is equal to the positive and negative electrodes to balance the difference between the potential of the electrode. Only with the type of electrode active material, but not with the number of active substances has nothing to do. The battery voltage is essentially constant pressure, but under certain conditions, the electrode reaction caused by the metal crystals, or some of the phase transition in a membrane phase causes a slight voltage variation, a phenomenon known as noise. Small but very wide range of volatility, the frequency so that the circuit can be distinguished from self-excited noise.

 

Global and discharge rate. Sometimes magnification ratio and the two types of representation. Charge and discharge time when the rate is expressed by the charge and discharge rate, numerically equal to the rated capacity of the battery (amp hours), divided by the provisions of the charge and discharge current (An) obtained the number of hours. Magnification is the charge and discharge of another representation, the reciprocal of the rate of its value too. The rate of discharge of the battery is based on the original by a determined resistance to both termination voltage discharge that. Discharge greater impact rate on Dell Latitude D820 battery performance.

 

Battery Impedance. Lakes have electrode - electrolyte interface area, it could be the battery is equivalent to a large capacity and low resistance, inductance in series circuit. However, the reality is much more complex, in particular, the impedance of the battery and the voltage level continues in time of change, the measured impedance is only valid for the specific measure of the state.

 

Life. Shelf life for the battery that is made to allow the store to start using the maximum time between Single years. Including the period of storage and use of a total duration of this period, including the validity of the battery. Save the battery life there is dry storage and shelf life of wet points. Is the life cycle of the battery under the conditions specified are met can reach the maximum charge and discharge cycles. The life cycle specified must also offers load testing systems discharge cycle, including load and speed, depth of discharge, and the range of temperature.

 

Self-discharge rate. TravelMate 290 battery in the storage process of self-rate capacity loss. Save time with the unit self-discharge accounts for the loss of storage capacity before the capacity expressed in percentage.

Vanadium redox batteries (VRB, VanadiumRedoxFlowBattery) is the largest and most technologically advanced, closer to the industrialization of high fuel cell performance reversible, with a great power, high capacity, high efficiency, low cost, a long life and a series of unique green benefits of wind energy, photovoltaic energy, energy peaks, distributed power generation, electrical storage military vehicles of municipal services, base station communication , power supplies UPS has a very wide field of good prospects in Japan, Canada, the United States, Australia, Western Europe and other countries and regions have begun to replace the capacity of small, short life, pollution a large lead-acid batteries.

 

With the rapid development of the vanadium Laptop battery technology, the vanadium battery is required to make a human being without precedent is of great importance and large industrial energy revolution!

 

Advantages of the vanadium battery

 

Compared to other food chemicals, vanadium battery has obvious advantages, the main advantages are:

 

1. Big Power: increasing the number of single cells and the area of the electrode, you can increase the power of the vanadium battery, the commercial demonstration of American power in the vanadium IBM ThinkPad R40 battery is running has reached six megawatts.

 

2. High capacity: an increase in the volume of electrolyte, you can arbitrarily increase the power of the vanadium battery until gigawatt hours or more, increasing the concentration of electrolyte, you can multiply the power of vanadium batteries.

 

3. The efficiency is high: When the vanadium battery electrode high catalytic activity, and positive and negative electrode active material were stored in the storage tank positive and negative electrolyte, preventing the material of positive electrode and negative active self-consumption of a discharge, charge the Dell XPS M140 battery of vanadium and discharge energy conversion efficiency up to 75% or more, much more that 45% of lead acid batteries.

 

4. Long life: When the vanadium battery positive and negative active material to exist only in the positive and negative electrolyte, charge and discharge the battery when no other phase-change policy, can not damage the battery deep discharge, long battery life. Canada Now VRBPowerSystems longest commercial demonstration module vanadium battery has worked more than 9 years, the burdens of life-cycle pulse of more than 18,000 times higher than the fixed type lead-acid battery 1000 times.

 

5. Speed of response: the heap is full of electrolyte hp 346970-001 battery of vanadium could be launched at a moment in the process of filling and operation requires the execution of only 0.02 seconds to turn the state, response time 1 ms.

 

Expenses 6. Perhaps snapshot: the electrolyte can be achieved by replacing the battery Vanadium instantaneous load.

 

7. High security: vanadium battery, without the potential risk of explosion or fire, although the mixture of positive and negative electrolytes is also non-hazardous, but the temperature of the electrolyte was slightly increased.

 

8. The cost is low: In addition to the ion exchange membrane, components of the vanadium battery, the cost for most low-cost carbon materials, engineering plastics, materials, sources of wealth, easy recovery, not of metal valuable as electrode catalysts, and low.

 

9. Vanadium VGP-BPS2C battery location large degree of freedom can be fully automated transaction closed, no pollution, easy maintenance, operating costs low.

 

Vanadium battery market outlook

 

Wind

 

Wind generators should be equipped at present is roughly equivalent to 1% of its power lead-acid batteries are used in emergencies to protect the revenues of the fan with a fan, another machine is also required Typhoon for each power is roughly equivalent to 4% of its power back-up battery. As the grid has become a bottleneck in the development of wind power with the explosive growth of wind energy, wind energy and power struggles will become stronger over the network to reduce the impact of the substantial increase in the use of wind energy at the same time win a huge difference peak and valley power systems, wind farm will be required with a power equal to its power 10 ~ 50% of toshiba PA3399U-1BAS battery storage dynamics. For fans outside the electricity grid, you need a greater proportion of flow storage batteries.

 

As the fan there is lead-acid batteries currently used in small capacity, short life, poor stability, maintenance time and effort, causing pollution and other serious defects, manufacturers fan has been looking for a better alternative to lead product battery acid, I believe, has many outstanding advantages of the vanadium battery can replace the existing lead-acid batteries, thereby building a wind farm dynamic system of energy storage, has greatly improved the efficiency and effectiveness of wind farms to promote the industry of wind energy to develop better and faster.

 

PV

 

According to official statistics, in recent years, the growth rate of average annual global PV modules up to 30%, the photovoltaic industry has become the world’s fastest growing emerging industries. In particular, in 2008, the world’s total installed PV capacity of 3 GW.

 

As its name suggests, the photovoltaic power generation needs sunlight, once in the evening and on rainy days is not like electricity, and thus the need for apple A1012 battery energy storage electricity because of power lead-acid battery, capacity, life expectancy is very limited, I think a number of advantages of an outstanding series of Vanadium Batteries will serve as first choice for battery storage of photovoltaic energy.

 

A peak power

 

Grid shaving up was the primary means of pumped storage power plant. Nearly three decades, the developed world in the development of power plants pumped storage power faster and faster. Pumped-storage power plant in the world’s fastest growing installed capacity of the largest in Japan, followed by the United States, Italy, Germany, France, Spain, Japan and the United States were station pump-turbine installed capacity of over 20 million kilowatts.

 

Pumped Storage Power Station due to the need to build upper and lower reservoirs, subject to conditions more limited geographically, in lowland areas is not easy to build, and covers a large area, the high maintenance costs . Vanadium station storage TravelMate 290 battery, without geographical restrictions, location of free, compact, low maintenance cost. We can expect, with the battery technology develops vanadium, vanadium station battery energy storage will gradually replace the pumping station-turbine in the network plays an important role in peak shaving.

 

Transportation Services

 

As the world continues to accelerate the process of urbanization and the continuing growth of motorization, pollution, car exhaust, urban air pollution has become the primary source of pollution. Vigorously develop energy-saving, environmentally friendly alternative to traditional fuel cars electric car, has become the consensus of the people. With the rapid development of Dell RN873 battery technology of vanadium can be seen, has many outstanding advantages of vanadium in batteries for electric vehicles (especially buses), electric motorcycles, electric bicycles, electric boats, traffic lights, streetlights and other major areas of scenery to play an important complementary role.

 

Communication Base Station

 

Base stations of communication and communication needs of the battery as a back-up supply chamber, and usually not less than 10 hours. Operators in terms of communications, security, stability and reliability and longevity are most important in this area, the vanadium hp PB991A battery is a lead-acid batteries can not match the rewards.

 

UPS Power Supply

 

CCID Consulting research shows that in 2007, UPS market has continued growth trend, primarily because of rapid and sustained development of China’s economy caused by the decentralization of UPS needs of users, making the industry more more business-to-UPS produces a sustained needs. The next few years, the UPS product development towards greater availability, security and features integrated, intelligent, and humane.

 

Currently, China’s UPS market, strong demand for large power, batteries are safe, stable and reliable batteries of vanadium in this area, as opposed to lead-acid batteries in terms of power, safety and stability, or both have an absolute advantage in life.

 

Power Distribution

 

In today’s society of energy and electricity supply, quality, efficiency, environmental protection and the growing requirement for high security and reliability, large-scale power was due to their own failures can not meet this requirement. With the rise of the distribution of the central, large central power stations will gradually decrease. I think the vanadium battery is the first in a hospital, command centers and control, data processing and communications centers, commercial buildings, entertainment centers, vital government services, pharmaceutical and chemical industrial materials, Industries precision manufacturing play an important role in the distribution of power.

 

Military Reserve Power

 

Vanadium battery may also be military bases, command centers, military and other military departments play an important role in charge storage.