Digital battery

Rechargeable Ni-MH battery how long charge

 

Depends mainly charger charging current is really spacious. Take note of the charger output current above, for example, 500mAh, 2000mAh Laptop battery should charge for four hours, then add a drizzle of extra hours. This is usually rapid battery. There is also a slow 100-200 mAh rechargeable empathy with the size of the battery capacity divided by the output current can be drawn.

 

In addition, Ni-MH battery memory effect the battery is relatively low, but not the representatives are not, so the best time to recharge completely discharged, then charge. If it is in the use of the battery, then obviously do not use electricity, such as MP3, uses no power of nature will be arrested and charge re-born. This helps prolong life.

 

The use of lithium-ion battery

 

1, how to charge the battery in use for a new lithium battery should be noted that a period of time after the battery is placed into hibernation, lower than normal capacity at this time, the use of time has also come to shortening. However, lithium batteries can easily activated, as after 3-5 times the normal charge-discharge cycles the IBM ThinkPad R51 battery can be activated to restore normal capacity. As the characteristics of lithium, its decision is almost no memory effect. Mobile phones so that users of the new lithium battery in the activation process does not require methods and special equipment. Not only is the theory that, from my point of view practice from the start on using the standard method of charging that “activation” is the best approach. For the lithium battery “activate” problem, many say, is the cooldown should be longer than 12 hours, three times in order to activate the battery. This “The first three load over 12 hours to charge” was obviously the nickel battery (such as nickel-cadmium and nickel metal hydride) inherited from the argument. Therefore, this argument can be said that the beginning a miscommunication. Lithium batteries and charge the battery nickel and discharge characteristics are very different but also very clear to you that I have gone through all the serious official stressed that the technical information and charge-off will discharge lithium batteries, especially lithium liquid Ion causing major damage. According to the standard load and therefore the best time and the standard method of pricing, in particular, do not make more than 12 hours of ultra-long burden. Typically, the statement introduced mobile phone charging method is suitable for the mobile phone standard method of pricing. In addition, cell phone batteries or lithium charger stops automatically when the hp 361742-001 battery is full load, there is no electricity nickel charger for 10 hours the so-called “trickle” charge. In other words, if your lithium batteries in full, on the white horse is also sufficient. And we can not guarantee that no one battery charge and the circuit characteristics of discharge protection and will never change and the quality of the safety device so that your battery will be of long duration space flight hazard. It is also d ‘another charge against the main reason. In addition, in some mobile phones, charging more for some time, if they do not remove the charger, this time not only to stop charging system will start to discharge — charge cycle. Perhaps the makers of this approach has its own purpose, it is clear that the battery and cell phone / charger is detrimental in terms of life expectancy. Meanwhile, the charging time should be some time, often at night, but our situation to the electricity grid at night in many places, over voltage, but also volatile. As already said, the lithium batteries is very precious, and more that nickel in the electric charge and discharge aspects of fluctuations in the resistance is much less, if this brings additional risk. In addition, another aspect can not be overlooked is the lithium toshiba PA3285U-2BRS battery is not not appropriate for excessive discharge, excessive discharge of lithium batteries is also very unfavorable. This leads to the following questions.

 

2, normal use should be time to start loading in our forums, often see this argument, because the number of charging and discharging is limited, so phone, the battery should be used as much as possible recharge. But I found one on the charge of lithium-ion battery and Table discharge cycle test, data life cycle is as follows: life cycle (10% DOD):> 1000 Once the life cycle (100% DOD):> 200 times DOD is the rejection of which depth abbreviation. Can be seen from the table in May of depth charge and discharge times, 10% DOD cycle life when the DOD of 100% for much longer. Of course, if the equivalent of actual costs to the total capacity on 10% * 1000 = 100100 * 200% = 200, one full charge and discharge, or better than some, but not before friends say some changes: Under the normal case, you should have a standby battery power is left in accordance with the principle of charging the short load again, but if your battery in your first two days can be expected to persist throughout the day, when they should start on time charge, of course, if you’re willing to back the charger to the office again a different issue. And you need to recharge in order to cope with the communication provided lead busy to come to an important event, even if a lot of apple A1022 battery power over time, then you just charge ahead, because you don ‘are not really lost, “as a” life cycle support is “0.x” times only, and that x is often very low. Short on battery and then filling the rest of this principle is that you want to go to the extreme. And long as charging a widespread view that “as far as possible the cell phone battery power runs out, it is preferable to use automatic shutdown.” It’s really just practice for nickel, the goal is avoid the memory effect occurs, unfortunately, it is also spread of lithium batteries on this. It was too low because the cell phone battery warning appears, still do not charge to continue using the example has been used in automatic shutdown. The results in this case, cell phone charging and starting later in the answer no, should provide review services to clients. In fact, it is because of the battery caused by excessive discharges of electricity at low voltage, so that was not the normal load and footwear and conditions.

 

3 phones for lithium batteries good way to sum up, I lithium batteries used in mobile loading and unloading, the most important recommendations are: (1) in accordance with standards and procedures, charging time, even the first three have to do, (2) when it is weak advice cell phone battery, you should try to start charging a timely manner, (3), lithium batteries do not need ‘ enable the special mode, a battery of standard cell phones use lithium is naturally activated. If you insist on spreading the use of “three previous 12-hour long activation charge” approach, in fact, there will be no effect. Therefore, the pursuit of all super-long 12-hours lithium rechargeable Aspire 3000 battery cell phone use and integration of the practice of automatic shutdown, are wrong. If you’ve already done under the argument wrong, please correct time, perhaps not too late. Of course, cell phones and chargers to protect themselves and the circuit control for good quality, protection of lithium batteries is still guaranteed. Therefore, the burden is central to understanding the rules and, in some cases also may make some concessions. For example, you find your cell phone the night before bed charge, you can also start charging before going to bed. knot of the problem, you need to know what good thing, and not deliberately wrong to do so in accordance with.

 

Battery Maintenance:

 

We know that the cell phone apple A1060 battery is a source of electrical energy, which is the driving force of mobile phone, there is no mobile phone battery is one piece, high capacity, high performance batteries, not only for cell phone long battery life, but also protect telephone circuits to devices that can operate effectively a long time, and vice versa, is likely to cause unexpected damage to mobile phones. For us players, the performance of the battery when the factory, it had already been determined, the size of its capacity, performance, good or bad, are determined by the cell itself and in this regard, we can not man-made changes, but this does not mean that we get the battery after it has produced it should not be done. The use of mobile phones are lithium-ion rechargeable batteries used to store electricity is consumed, need to be added once the feedstock. Do not look down on charge of this aspect of a good shipper and the correct method of load can keep the battery long wait time, but also extend battery life. No more, says mobile phones can also play a protective effect.

 

Methods on how to charge, often in the forum, players will be invited, after a period of actual use and reference, I have summarized the following points:

1. Lithium general factory, manufacturers enable the processing and pre-charge the batteries have more than electricity, you can buy a new cell phone battery is a lithium-ion toshiba PA3285U-3BRS battery, then the first 3 to 5 times charged as a period of adjustment, should be sufficient for more than 14 hours to ensure complete activation of the lithium-ion activity. Lithium-ion battery without memory effect, but a strong inert, should be given to fully activated to ensure that used to achieve best performance. The first charge on this issue, I also consulted the technical staff of Samsung gave me the answer is Samsung original battery, the factory has already been done before the full activation of the treatment, then it does not a long way to activate the charging lithium-ion activity, the first rechargeable battery inside as long as I can be filled after the consumption of electricity. I would like to Samsung’s technical staff should be able to claim convincingly.

 

2. Some automated intelligent rapid charger when the lights change direction, but only said he was full of 90%. Charger will automatically change with the slow loading of the battery is full. Do not immediately cut off the charger, the best should be given to supplement the battery for a while, the battery is fully charged before use, otherwise it will shorten the duration of use. 3. Before charging, lithium batteries do not need to assume, can not fulfill the current production of hp F2024B battery charger lithium is impossible to perform functions, so you can adjust the speed of loading, then suggest that you try to slow Chong Chongdian pricing to reduce the fast charge mode: either slow or fast charge fee of more than 24 hours. Otherwise, the battery is likely to spend long hours of power have an enormous flow of electrons and burning batteries.

 

4. There are many users in charge when the phone open, in the process of charging, the battery side because of the use of mobile phones in landfills, and also because the battery while the assets of Supply disruption of power supply is likely to result in the councils of cell phone circuit will be fever, if an incoming call will result in an instant return current to damage the internal parts of the phone.

 

5. Battery determined by the number of repeated charge-discharge, lithium batteries can continuously charge and discharge of about 500 or so after the battery performance will be significantly weakened, and must try to avoid all batteries I put an end to the rechargeable power, or with the load increase in the battery performance will gradually weaken, the battery reserve time it would be difficult not decreased.

 

6. Do not expose the battery to heat or cold, as a day dog should not be placed on a mobile phone under the sun, and withstood exposure to hot sun, or get air-conditioned room, the air conditioning blowing right places. Loading, the current return, the battery a little fever is normal.

 

7. If the mobile phone battery to attach too long without employment, it is best to call the maintenance department to apply on the drums for an activation treatment, you can own devices with a constant voltage direct current, by adjusting the voltage of 5 ~ 6V, current 500 ~ 600mA reverse battery connector. Note that the liberalization of touch, most can be repeated three times, after such treatment, re-use original charger “adjustment” charge.

 

8. The higher the load is not good, not protecting the circuit fully charged battery must be stopped immediately, otherwise they will have an impact on performance due to fever or overheating. Theoretical calculation of IBM ThinkPad R52 battery charging time is as follows: power battery charger, divided by the output current can be, for example a 800mAh battery, for example, the charger output current 500MA, then the time load is equivalent to 800MAH/500MA = 1.6 hours, of course, this is a theoretical calculation of time is full of power, while the charger shows charging is completed, preferably about half an hour or and should be given to the size of the battery power-up time. Dedicated lithium-ion battery charger must be selected, or they may not reach saturation, the impact on its performance.

With technological progress and social development, such as mobile phones, laptops, MP3 players, PDAs, handheld game consoles, digital cameras and other portable devices has become increasingly popular, there are many of these products is used in lithium-ion battery-powered, while Because the characteristics of lithium-ion batteries and other rechargeable batteries may be different, usually with an internal circuit, many people do not understand the role of the circuit this article will be the characteristics of lithium-ion Laptop battery and its protection circuit works to develop.

 

Li-ion battery is divided into two types of primary batteries and secondary batteries in some of the lowest power consumption in portable electronic products used primarily in a non-rechargeable lithium batteries, while in laptops, phones phones, PDAs, digital cameras and so on greater energy consumption electronic products use rechargeable secondary batteries, ie lithium-ion battery.

 

And nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal hydride battery compared to lithium-ion batteries have the following advantages:

1, high voltage, single-cell lithium battery voltage to 3.6V Ion, far higher than the nickel-cadmium and nickel-hydride battery voltage of 1.2V metal.

2 volume density, the density of its capacity Ni-MH batteries or nickel-cadmium batteries 1.5-2.5 times.

3, retention of load (eg, a small self-discharge) in place well after the loss of his ability is low.

4, long life, use the normal cycle of life can reach more than 500 times.

5, no memory effect, charging the former did not short-circuiting the remaining capacity, easy to use.

As the chemical properties of lithium-ion IBM ThinkPad R52 battery, under normal use, its internal energy and chemical energy conversion between the positive reaction of chemicals, but in certain circumstances, such as its overload, over discharge and over-current lead to the battery Internal chemical side-reactions, side effects increase, it will seriously affect battery performance and life, and may generate a large number of gas, so that the pressure increases the internal battery soon after the explosion that led to security problems, then all lithium-ion batteries need a protection circuit, used for charging the battery and the condition of the discharge of effective control and under certain conditions, off-line loading and unloading to prevent damage to the battery.

 

The next picture shows a typical lithium-ion battery diagram circuit protection.

 

As indicated above, the road safety cage with two MOSFET (V1, V2) and a control IC (N1) and a number of RC element composition. Control IC is responsible for monitoring the Dell Latitude D830 battery voltage and current loop, and control two MOSFET’s Gate MOSFET switches in the circuit play a role in, respectively, to control the charging circuit and discharge circuit turn on and turn -off, the capacitor C3 for delay, the circuit on the load protection, over-discharge protection, over current protection and short circuit the function of protection, its work principle is as follows:

 

1, the normal state

In normal circuit N1 of the state “CO” and “no” feet high output voltage, two MOSFETs are in a state of conduction, the battery can be free to load and unload, because of MOSFET on - resistance is very low, generally smaller than 30 cents in Europe, so the resistance has little effect on circuit performance.

The protection circuit of the State microA level of current consumption, typically less than 7μA.

 

2, over-charging protection

Requirements of the lithium-ion battery charging method of the constant voltage constant current /, in the initial presentation, a constant current charging and the charging process, increase the voltage to 4.2 V (based on different cathode materials, and some batteries require constant voltage value of 4.1V) for a constant voltage until the current is smaller and smaller.

 

The battery is charging if the charger circuit out of control, will continue after the battery voltage exceeds 4.2 V constant charging current, the battery voltage will continue to increase at this time, when the battery voltage is charged more than 4.3V, the battery chemistry of the side effects will be aggravated and may lead to cell damage or safety problems.

 

In the battery with a protection circuit when the control IC to detect the battery voltage reaches 4.28V (This value for the control IC has decided that a different IC have different values), the “CO” PIN will high voltage variation is zero voltage V2 to the end of his tour on foot, thereby reducing off the charging circuit, so that the battery charger can not charge, played overload protection. V2 comes at a time due to the presence of the diode VD2 body, the hp F4812A battery can discharge the diode external loads.

In the control IC to detect the battery voltage exceeds 4.28V to return the signal between the V2, there is a time delay, the length of delay time is determined by C3, usually set at 1 second or two, to avoid interference caused by false judgments.

 

3, over-discharge protection

The process of discharging the battery on the external load, its voltage will be gradually reduced as the discharge process when the battery voltage to 2.5 V, its capacity has been completely shine, this time the load if the battery continues to discharge, the battery lead to permanent damage.

 

The process of discharging the battery when the control IC to detect the battery voltage drops below 2.3V (the value used by the control IC, IC have various different values), the “DO” PIN will be strong voltage variation is zero voltage, so that V1 amended by the turn-off, reducing outside the discharge circuit so that the battery can no longer discharged into the charges, has been over-discharge protection. V1 comes at a time due to the presence of the body diode VD1, charger through the diode can be charging the battery.

 

Due to over-discharge protection of a state of the sony VGP-BPS2 battery voltage can be reduced, which requires the consumption of the circuit current protection is very weak now control IC enters a low power state, all of the Consumer Protection power circuit is less than 0.1μA.

In the control IC to detect the battery voltage is below 2.3V to send off the signal between the V1, but there is also a time delay, the length of delay time is determined by C3, generally set at 100 milliseconds, to avoid interference from True or False.

 

4, over-current protection

As the chemical properties of lithium-ion battery, the battery manufacturer provides its maximum discharge current should not exceed 2C (C = Battery capacity / hour) when the battery discharge current of more than 2C would cause permanent damage to the battery or the safety problem.

 

Charge the toshiba PA3191U-3BRS battery in the normal discharge process, the discharge current after a series of two MOSFETs, due to MOSFET on resistance, will produce a voltage at its ends, the voltage U = I * 2 * RDS RDS for single MOSFET on resistance, the IC control over the “V” pin of the voltage value for testing, where the load causes an exception for some reason, so that increases in current loop when the loop current is so large that U> 0.1V (the value of the control IC has decided that a different IC have different values), the “DO” PIN will be significant variation in voltage is a zero voltage, so that V1 disabled by the turn-on, cutting off the discharge circuit so that the loop current to zero, to play on-current protection.

In the control IC to detect over-current shutdown has to make between the signals V1, but there is also a time delay, the length of delay time is determined by C3, typically 13 milliseconds to avoid interference caused by false judgments.

In the process of control over, we can see that the value of the size of its over-current detection depends not only on CI control control value, but also depends on the MOSFET on resistance when the MOSFET on resistance, where most of the same control IC, the over-protection during the most value.

 

5, short-circuit protection

The process of discharging the apple A1079 battery to the load, if the loop is so large that U> 0.9 V (the value is determined by the control IC, IC have various different values), the control IC is considered that the load short-circuit the “DO” feet are rapidly changing the high voltage to zero voltage, so that V1 disabled by the turn-on, cutting and discharge circuit, playing short circuit protection. Short-circuit protection, a very short time period, usually less than 7 microseconds. ’s how it works with the methods of over-current protection is similar, but different in determining the length of time protection is not the same.

 

More detailed single-cell lithium battery operates ion protection circuit, multiple-series Lithium-principle of ion battery protection Similarly, will not go above the control circuits used in integrated circuits Series Ricoh R5421 Japan, in the circuit the battery real protection, there are many other types of control IC, such as S-8241 Seiko Japan Series, Japan Series MM3061 MITSUMI, the Taiwan-rich and crystal FS312 series FS313, the Taiwan AAT8632 series of analog technology, and so on, his works very much the same, but some differences in specific settings, some IC controls to safeguard the external circuit, the capacitor filter and the delay of chip capacitors to achieve its peripheral circuits can be very small, like Japan Seiko S-8241 series.

 

In addition to controlling IC circuit there is an important component, is the MOSFET, it acts as a switch in the circuit, because cascade directly between the VGP-BPS9/B battery and the external load, so it’s on the strength of the performance of cells are the impact of MOSFET with a choice of better quality, on-resistance is low, the internal resistance of the battery is low, with a transport capacity is also strong in the exercise of their electricity consumption is also less.

 

With the development of technology, portable devices get smaller and smaller, and as this trend of lithium-ion battery needs protection circuit size are becoming smaller in the last two years have seen the day in the control IC and MOSFET integrated protection of integrated circuit products, such as the series DA7112 dialog, and some manufacturers even the whole package of circuit protection in a small size of the IC, such as product MITSUMI company.

Come on, the first single-crystal silicon solar batteries. Silicon is very abundant on earth, an element almost everywhere, the presence of silicon can be said to be inexhaustible, make using silicon solar batteries, in fact, no shortage of raw materials. However, refining, it is not easy, so people in the production of monocrystalline silicon solar batteries at the same time she studied the polycrystalline silicon solar batteries and solar batteries made from amorphous silicon, has commercial-scale production of solar batteries, not directly from a series of silicon . In fact, semiconductor materials for the production of solar batteries, a site with the materials, industrial development, solar batteries are more varieties. Has the research and development of solar batteries, in addition to the silicon series, there is cadmium sulfide, gallium arsenide, copper indium selenium, and performed many other types of solar batteries is endless, the following describes some of the most common solar Laptop battery .

 

Monocrystalline silicon solar batteries

 

Monocrystalline silicon solar batteries is currently the fastest developing a solar battery, has completed its process of composition and production, the product was to be widely used in space and ground facilities. These high purity single-crystal silicon solar batteries with rod as raw materials, 99.999% purity requirements. To reduce production costs, and now solar-terrestrial applications such as solar-grade silicon rods, material increases performance index. Some semiconductor devices can also be used to end the processing of waste materials and sub-end silicon materials, through re-pull rods of single crystal silicon solar VGP-BPS2C batteries made battery-specific. Slice the silicon rods, typically 0.3 mm thick films. Wafer after forming, polishing, cleaning and other processes that are processed from silicon raw material. The processing of solar film, we must first-doped silicon and the distribution, generally as a small amount of dopant boron, phosphorus, antimony and others. Distribution in the quartz in the high-temperature diffusion furnace checked. This has formed on the silicon P / FONT> N-junction. And then, with screen-printed, will be printed with a good paste of silicon gate line out, made after sintering at the same time back electrode and the gate lines in an area source of anti-reflective coating on a large number of photons prevent smooth silicon surface reflection path, now, single-chip silicon solar batteries are produced. Single-Chip through the random testing in accordance with the prescribed specifications) in a solar components (solar batteries, with serial and parallel processes are linked together to form a certain degree of output voltage and current, the final framework for packaging and packaging materials. Users on system design, can have a variety of solar components in various sizes of solar phalanx, also known as solar arrays. Monocrystalline silicon solar VGP-BPS9/B batteries currently photoelectric efficiency of around 15%, laboratory results were more than 20%. For the space station by up to 50% of the solar batteries.

 

Polycrystalline silicon solar batteries

 

Monocrystalline silicon solar battery production requires enormous amounts of high-purity silicon material, while the production of these materials, complex process, energy consumption and large, is the total production of solar batteries super-half, with a combined single-crystal silicon rod was drawn cylindrical, cut wafer-production of solar batteries is to form a flat-utilization of solar energy components. Therefore, the 80 years since the state has put in some European and American development of polycrystalline silicon solar batteries. Currently, the use of polysilicon solar hp PB991A battery materials depends, above all, a collection of a large number of single-crystal particles in it, or melt from wastes time monocrystalline silicon materials and metallurgical grade silicon material made votes. The process is to select resistance of 100 ~ 300 ohm-cm block of material or polycrystalline silicon material by squeezing the end with a 1:5 mixture of hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid corrosion, and then spent the end of the appropriate neutral-ionized water rinse and dry. Quartz crucible loaded with a good polysilicon materials, which can be the addition of boron-silicon amount, the casting furnace, the heating and melting in a vacuum. After melting insulation around 20 minutes, and then injected into the graphite form, which is solidified during slow cooling, the polysilicon can ingots. This cube can be made of silicon ingots to be processed into square slices solar film, can improve recycling and to facilitate the installation. Polycrystalline silicon solar batteries with single-crystal silicon solar Dell Latitude D510 battery manufacturing process is similar to the photoelectric efficiency of about 12%, somewhat lower than single-crystal silicon solar batteries, but the material is simple, the power consumption of the total production costs are low, save as to obtain a significant development . As the technology has improved, the current efficiency of polycrystalline silicon to reach around 14%.

 

Amorphous silicon solar batteries

 

Amorphous silicon solar batteries in 1976 appeared a new thin-film solar batteries, monocrystalline and multicrystalline silicon-silicon solar batteries with the production of an entirely different way silicon low material consumption, low power consumption, very attractive. Production of amorphous silicon solar batteries There are several possibilities, the most common is the glow discharge method and reactive sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, electron beam evaporation method and thermal decomposition of silane-law. Glow discharge method is a quartz container in the vacuum pump, filled into the hydrogen or argon diluted silane, with the RF power supply heat, so that silane ionization, the formation of plasma. Amorphous silicon films deposited on the heated substrate. If the silane in the right amount of hydrogenated phosphorus or boron hydride were mixed, can be obtained from N, or P-type amorphous silicon layer. Substrate general use glass or stainless steel. Production of amorphous silicon thin-film process, which mainly depends on the strict control of pressure, flow rate and RF power on the substrate temperature is also important. Amorphous silicon solar batteries have altered structures, which is a better structure called PiN IBM ThinkPad R52 battery, the substrate of the earliest sedimentary layer of the N-type phosphorus-doped amorphous silicon is deposited, and then a layer of undoped i-layer is deposited and then A layer of boron-doped p-type amorphous silicon, and finally a layer of electron beam evaporation of anti-reflective coating, and evaporation of silver electrode. This production, a series of deposition chamber can be used in production to provide a continuous process to achieve mass production. At the same time, a very thin amorphous silicon solar batteries of the composite type can, or use in the manufacture of integrated circuits, obtained in a plane with the corresponding mask process, a number of the serial production of battery to a higher voltage to be . For the general single-crystal silicon solar battery voltage of 0.5 volts or so, and now the Japanese production of amorphous silicon solar batteries in series of up to 2.4 volts. The current problem is that amorphous silicon solar battery efficiency is low, the international advanced level of about 10%, and is not stable enough, and often fall down conversion efficiency of the phenomenon that we are not yet widely used in the manufacture of large solar installations, and get into the low-light power supply, bag, such as electronic calculators, electronic watches and clocks, and copier and so on. Estimation of the efficiency decrease to overcome the problem, the amorphous silicon solar BATBL50L6 batteries will promote the great development of solar energy, because it is inexpensive, light weight, the application is convenient, it can be combined with the housing of the roof of an independent power households.

 

 

Multi-compound solar batteries

 

Multi-compound solar batteries that not a single item from semiconductor materials, solar batteries. Today, there are a variety of research, although most industrial production have not yet, but indicates that photoelectric conversion of the beauties of spring. Now a few brief introduction:

 

(1) CdS solar batteries - as early as 1954, Reynolds has discovered CdS photovoltaic effect. In the year 1960 was the rule of law vacuum evaporation of CdS solar batteries, photoelectric efficiency of 3.5%. By 1964, the United States of cadmium sulfide solar batteries, photoelectric efficiency increased to 4% ~ 6%. Later, lays down in Europe from a flood of CdS solar battery development, the photoelectric efficiency of up to 9%, but still can not compete with the polycrystalline silicon solar batteries. But people never give up, in addition to the massive study of sintered CdS solar apple A1175 battery, but more emphasis on research-type CdS thin-film solar batteries. It is as a barrier layer of cuprous oxide to hydrogen sulfide heterojunction CdS materials used form, according to theoretical calculations, the photoelectric efficiency of up to 16.4%. Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry in the early 80s once made to achieve CdS thin-film photoelectric efficiency of solar batteries to 7.6% respectively. Previously, some countries have continued to look at the development of cadmium sulfide solar batteries, to solve, because it is simply a relatively simple fabrication, equipment problems.

 

(2), gallium arsenide solar batteries - gallium arsenide solar batteries, a very good material, it is better suited to approximate the solar spectrum and can produce high temperatures at 250 ℃ under the terms of the photoelectric conversion resist performance is still good, sensors offer the highest efficiency of about 30%, particularly suitable for high temperature solar concentrators. Series of solar batteries has been studied with single-crystal gallium arsenide GaAs, based polycrystalline gallium arsenide, aluminum gallium arsenide - gallium arsenide heterostructures, metal - gallium arsenide semiconductor, metal - insulator - semiconductor gallium-arsenic solar VGP-BPS13 batteries and so on. GaAs material preparation of semiconductor materials like silicon, there is crystal growth method, the direct method generated, vapor growth method, liquid phase epitaxy method. For more scarce because of gallium, arsenic, toxic, manufacturing costs are high, affecting the development of such solar batteries.

 

(3), copper-indium-selenium solar batteries - copper, indium, selenium, and ternary compound semiconductors as a starting material of the solar battery. It is a polycrystalline thin film structure to use, and typically vacuum coating, electrically, electrophoresis, etc. or chemical vapor deposition process for the preparation, less material consumption, low cost, stable performance, photoelectric efficiency of over 10%. Therefore, an amorphous silicon thin film solar batteries can compete with the new type of solar batteries. Added Recently developed thin-film copper-indium-selenium, to the amorphous silicon thin film laminated on a solar battery can improve the efficiency of solar batteries and the efficiency of amorphous silicon photovoltaic overcome decline below.

 

Currently we are using are basically on polysilicon and monocrystalline solar batteries concentrate.