Digital battery

The potential contamination of used batteries has aroused widespread concern in the community. China is the world’s number one dry Laptop battery producing and consuming countries, our data show that China currently has more than 1,400 battery manufacturers in 1980, the volume of production of dry batteries surpassed the United States and the largest in the first world. In 1998, production of dry batteries in China amounted to 14 billion, while the same year the total world production of dry batteries is approximately 30 billion euros.

 

Such a large quantity of batteries, making it a big problem to light and that is how to make so many batteries does not affect the pollution of our environment. According to our survey, used batteries containing heavy metals and waste acid, waste alkali and electrolyte solution. If you arbitrarily discarded batteries will destroy the corruption of water, erosion of our cultural survival and the earth, our environment is facing a huge threat. If any of the cell 1 in the soil and rotting, it’s toxic form a square meter of land to lose value, throw a coin IBM ThinkPad R32 battery in water, which contains toxic substances that have killed more than 60 million liters of water pollution, equivalent to a person’s life, water, batteries containing heavy metals cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel, zinc, manganese, etc., in which cadmium, lead, mercury is a great mistake to substances in the body. Nickel, zinc and other metals, although to a certain range of concentration is a useful material, but in the environment over the limit, but also harm the human body. Waste batteries leaking heavy metals can cause rivers, lakes, sea and other bodies of water pollution, endangering the survival of aquatic and water consumption, an indirect threat to health human. Waste acid, waste alkali and so on could contaminate the electrolyte solution so that soil acidification and salinization, which Decker around us like a bomb. Therefore, collection and disposal of batteries is very important, if disposed of improperly, may be placed on the ecological environment and human health, cause serious injury. Randomly throw used batteries are not only pollute the environment, is also a waste of resources. Some people forget one account to the country’s annual production of 10 billion batteries, the annual consumption by 156,000 tonnes of zinc, 226.000 tonnes of manganese dioxide, 2080 tons of copper, 27,000 tonnes of zinc chloride, 79,000 tons of chloride ammonium, 4.3 million tons of carbon rod. Despite the advanced technology has given us the right direction, but the phenomenon of pollution in China’s Dell FK890 battery is still not optimistic. Most waste in courtyards of China has been mixed with used batteries together in the soil over time, after the battery into decay, leaching of heavy metals, the two agencies could contaminate groundwater, they can contaminate soil and finally through a variety of ways to enter the human food chain. Biological uptake of heavy metals from the environment by biomagnification in the food chain, class by class in higher organisms tens of thousands of times richer, and then enter the body through the food chain, and economies Organ cause chronic poisoning, Japan Minamata disease is a typical case of mercury poisoning.

 

The batteries are generally divided into disposable batteries and rechargeable batteries. Disposable primary batteries, including zinc-manganese batteries (zinc and manganese dioxide) batteries containing mercury zinc (zinc oxide and mercury) and lithium batteries and several other categories. Rechargeable VGP-BPS2C batteries are the main cadmium - nickel, iron - nickel, zinc - silver, zinc - air and lithium - iron sulfide and lead acid batteries and so on. Our daily life is the most frequently used zinc-manganese batteries and zinc-mercury batteries, leaving the farm pollution is mainly caused by mercury (Hg) and cadmium (Cd).

 

The toxicity of mercury

 

Mercury, which are commonly called “Mercury is liquid at room temperature, the material, can keep the battery in zinc oxide cathode, this approach to improve the shelf life of the hp Pavilion dv4000 battery. Thus, when the zinc previously used in batteries to be very cloudy almost all do a certain amount of mercury preservative. However, the chemical combination of mercury and mercury neurotoxicity of endocrine, immune system, also have a negative effect, it will trigger problems for people with speech, unsteady gait, limb paralysis, leading to generalized convulsions , mental disorders and died.

 

For years, China’s production of dry batteries, it is necessary to attach a toxic substance - mercury or mercury compounds. China mercury in alkaline batteries up to 1% ~ 5%, 0.025% neutral dry-cell batteries, dry batteries annually for the production of tens of tons of mercury amounted to much. With advances in technology, the toshiba PA3591U-1BRS battery began to implement a low-mercury and mercury-free alternatives to the mercury surface of fluoropolymers FORAFAC to prevent corrosion of zinc has achieved good results.

 

The mercury batteries disposed of untreated overflow from the battery slowly in soil or water, then under the action of microorganisms, inorganic mercury can be transformed into methylmercury, meeting in the body of fish, human consumption of fish such as methylmercury, enters the cells of the human brain, the nervous systems of people have been seriously damaged in severe cases would be crazy to death. Well known Minamata disease in Japan is caused by methylmercury.

 

The toxicity of cadmium

 

Cadmium is a trace element necessary for the human body, the body of newborn babies, and there is no cadmium, but increased with age, and gradually accumulated. Cadmium with renal toxicity, which caused kidney damage is irreversible. At the same time, after a kidney damage may also be secondary osteoporosis, osteomalacia and fractures. In 1993, the International Union Against Cancer will be set at IA carcinogen cadmium level. For these reasons, many developed countries have recommended a ban on the use of nickel-cadmium batteries and nickel-metal hydride apple A1079 battery has been replaced by nickel-cadmium batteries, avoiding the use of cadmium. In China, the vast majority of battery manufacturers still use cadmium as raw materials for manufacturing the battery, the battery being further increase the dangers. Affected by the long-term consumption of cadmium from water and contaminated food can lead to bone pain and disease, cadmium in the body, causing skeletal deformities, osteomalacia, and in the severe form of natural fractures, and even death.

 

The toxicity of manganese

 

Excessive levels of manganese accumulation in the body can cause neurological dysfunction, an early manifestation of an integrated sexual dysfunction, the emergence of more heavy monotonous speech, sad expression, emotional indifference, accompanied by psychological symptoms .

 

Lead toxicity

 

Driving a major role in the nervous system, hematopoietic system, digestive system and liver, kidneys and other organs, can inhibit the synthesis of hemoglobin metabolism, but also directly on the mature red blood cells, for infants, children much younger, it will lead to Dell Latitude D830 battery physical development of children, a chronic lead late in the mental retardation of children first.

 

The toxicity of nickel

 

Nickel powder dissolved in the blood, to participate in the movement of the body, with a high toxicity, may damage the central nervous system, causing abnormal blood vessels, severe cases, cause cancer.

 

The toxicity of zinc

 

Zinc is an essential element of the human body, less toxic, 1000 mg of zinc sulfate orally only to those with acute intoxication, but inhalation of dust zinc oxide may cause poisoning. The symptoms include generalized fatigue, muscle pain, difficulty breathing, vomiting, diarrhea, severe heart weakness, prostration, convulsions, death. Zinc sulphate, zinc chloride penetrated the mucous membrane of the skin may produce dermatitis and ulcers. Zinc to fish and aquatic toxicity of the toxic people, if the requirements of water quality for fish in the water content of zinc per liter should not exceed 0.1 mg.

 

Recycling of waste batteries

 

Waste batteries may be small, large Queshen cons. However, due to pollution, waste piles are not as waste, air and water pollution, as would any sensory think she has a big secret, so do not receive the attention. At present, TravelMate 290 battery production and consumption of China to become a great country, and the batteries of pollution is an urgent need to address a major environmental problem.

 

According to environmental experts, recovery of waste batteries per 1000 grams of metal, which are 82 grams of mercury, 88 grams of cadmium, we can say that eliminating the recycling of waste batteries s The address not only the sources of pollution, but also to achieve the recycling of resources. In developed countries the recycling of batteries and use very seriously. Many countries in Western Europe, not only in stores, but also directly on the sony VGP-BPS2A battery street are equipped with a special box for recycling batteries and accumulators are 95% of the material can be recycled, especially in high recovery of valuable metals. Such as foreign secondary lead industry developed rapidly, lead to short-term 55% of production comes from reclaimed lead. The secondary lead industry in the treatment of the regeneration of waste lead-acid batteries account for a substantial portion. 100 kg of waste lead-acid batteries can be recycled 50 to 60 kilograms of lead. Cadmium batteries for the regeneration of technology waste treatment abroad, have been more mature to deal with 100 kilograms of waste recycling cadmium batteries of about 20 kg of metal cadmium, mercury batteries are mainly used to treat environmentally sound ways to prevent environmental pollution. However, there is in this area of management rather low.

Laptops are becoming more frequent, then it is probably the most finicky of the battery, so as to provide some knowledge basis for your machine you: 1. Single lithium-ion batteries are usually rated voltage of 3.7 V 【some manufacturers nominal 3.6 V, is the same. Voltage lithium-ion operating range: 2.75 ~ 4.2V】 …

  

Notebooks are now more common, although it is probably the most finicky of the battery, so as to provide some basic knowledge to you the machine you:

 

1. Single lithium-ion batteries are usually rated voltage of 3.7 V 【some manufacturers nominal 3.6 V, is the same. Voltage lithium-ion operating range: 2.75 ~ 4.2V】, Laptop battery for several general series and parallel structures.

 

2. Currently used in models of laptops batteries: 18650 【diameter 18mm, height 65mm】 cylindrical batteries, generally rated 2000mAh. Some rated 2200mAh, this nominal level and battery manufacturers have produced a beautiful relationship.

 

3. Usually called 6-cell battery, ie two or three structures channel (voltage series are added, the total capacity in parallel), the tension is to know 11.1V, Capacity 4000mAh (or 4AH) 9 battery cell as follows: 3 strings 3 and which is, 11.1V, 6000mAh, 4-cell battery as follows: four strings, which is 14.8V 2000mAh.

 

4. As lithium-ion battery recharges volatile situation, and use lithium-ion battery circuit protection must exist (to avoid the charge, over discharge). Protection circuit directly affects the quality of the safety performance of the IBM ThinkPad T42 battery and the battery life.

 

5. Lithium-ion batteries are not able, like nickel-metal hydride batteries, or dry, as a direct serial or parallel, must be adopted before the series, the ability to compare in parallel, voltage, resistance and other parameters of electrical performance, conducted with groups. This is a group of several performance parameters of single cell battery should be no difference. Consistency of performance parameters of most direct impact on battery life.

 

6. Protection circuit comprises: an overload on-chip discharge protection, and the balance of resistance and some electronic components. Protection circuit design and component quality is also very important. Circuit protection in case of problems, the Dell Inspiron 1526 battery does not work correctly. From the battery to the hospital (Maintenance Center), the emphasis has been scrapped.

 

7. We are very concerned about: the attention of the battery

 

A battery must be charged from 12 last three-hour claim is false. There is no need to explain. Error source: mobile phone batteries.

 

B using the AC adapter is best not to disconnect the battery. Reason: The battery is fully charged, the protective role of circuit protection, power adapter current is no longer a battery, the hp 367759-001 battery has no charge. Do not pull the battery can protect your computer (a sudden power failure situation).

 

C battery temperature must not exceed 55 degrees. Do not lower than -20 degrees temperature. This range of temperatures, the battery can function correctly.

 

D battery life factors have maximum impact on the battery with differences in group performance when the single battery to protect the quality of the circuit, the battery inside the anode and cathode materials and the electrolyte. The current technology of the sony VGP-BPS2A battery is relatively mature, the last principle can be ignored.

 

Such is the life of the battery when the factory decided. However, every book of the battery is not the same.

 

8. By the way: Now that some cells are not marked “rated capacity”, but what is the subject of Wh (watt hour)

 

This may be converted there. W = V × A, which is Wh = V * A * h, Wh divided by the nominal voltage is equivalent to the capacity (Ah).

9. And then he added: Lithium-Ion batteries self-discharge phenomenon is that you use or not, he will always have a capacity of an irreversible decline. The amount of attenuation, depending on the quality of various manufacturers, not the same attenuation.

 

10. Go on GB/T18287-2000 defined above, maintaining the toshiba PA3285U-2BRS battery: long-term do not use the battery when the battery should charge around 50% of electricity storage, and every 6 months during load and unload time, and costs 50% of electricity storage. This and GJB GJB4477-2002 is the same as above.

 

11. Estimated Market Price: 1 18650 batteries about 20 yuan, a protection circuit is about $ 80 (price differences broader general, prices of 80), injection molding shell cost of about 3 yuan. Therefore, the cost of the order of 6-cell battery: 20 × 6 80 3 = 123 yuan.

 

12. Some people say that since the battery is at the heart of 18650, so I went to the market to buy some of the 18,650 batteries, replace old batteries, the battery is new it?

 

This is false. I started to think, but chatted with an electronic engineer after understanding. The protection circuit of origin in the cell performance storage chip, which is, for each of the previous capacity of battery internal resistance and other information are stored in the chip. After changing the batteries have to brush the information from memory chips to a normal battery. Brush chips are aspects of the information, I do not know much. Initially, I intended to use the apple PowerBook G4 12 inch battery in my laptop a year later, a few self-produced batteries, and obviously we need to find someone else to chip brush and working properly .

 

13. According to the development of lithium-ion battery industry is currently the largest capacity of 18650 cylindrical battery is reached (2900mAh little devils Japanese society, I hated the Japanese, I will not write the name of the Company), a small Japanese devils most companies have been suffering for more than 2600mAh. 2200mAh domestic firms still soar. Therefore, the market there are lots of laptop BATCL50L battery nominal capacity of 5200mAh ~ 5600mAh is normal, the standard 5800mAh is more upscale.

 

Also: batteries for Apple laptops have all been the use of polymer batteries (eg, dimensions can be custom made). Therefore, we examine the capacity of batteries for Apple laptops can be made, and the other to compare.

 

Here will not help Apple’s advertising, and stop there.