Digital battery

Come on, the first single-crystal silicon solar batteries. Silicon is very abundant on earth, an element almost everywhere, the presence of silicon can be said to be inexhaustible, make using silicon solar batteries, in fact, no shortage of raw materials. However, refining, it is not easy, so people in the production of monocrystalline silicon solar batteries at the same time she studied the polycrystalline silicon solar batteries and solar batteries made from amorphous silicon, has commercial-scale production of solar batteries, not directly from a series of silicon . In fact, semiconductor materials for the production of solar batteries, a site with the materials, industrial development, solar batteries are more varieties. Has the research and development of solar batteries, in addition to the silicon series, there is cadmium sulfide, gallium arsenide, copper indium selenium, and performed many other types of solar batteries is endless, the following describes some of the most common solar Laptop battery .

 

Monocrystalline silicon solar batteries

 

Monocrystalline silicon solar batteries is currently the fastest developing a solar battery, has completed its process of composition and production, the product was to be widely used in space and ground facilities. These high purity single-crystal silicon solar batteries with rod as raw materials, 99.999% purity requirements. To reduce production costs, and now solar-terrestrial applications such as solar-grade silicon rods, material increases performance index. Some semiconductor devices can also be used to end the processing of waste materials and sub-end silicon materials, through re-pull rods of single crystal silicon solar VGP-BPS2C batteries made battery-specific. Slice the silicon rods, typically 0.3 mm thick films. Wafer after forming, polishing, cleaning and other processes that are processed from silicon raw material. The processing of solar film, we must first-doped silicon and the distribution, generally as a small amount of dopant boron, phosphorus, antimony and others. Distribution in the quartz in the high-temperature diffusion furnace checked. This has formed on the silicon P / FONT> N-junction. And then, with screen-printed, will be printed with a good paste of silicon gate line out, made after sintering at the same time back electrode and the gate lines in an area source of anti-reflective coating on a large number of photons prevent smooth silicon surface reflection path, now, single-chip silicon solar batteries are produced. Single-Chip through the random testing in accordance with the prescribed specifications) in a solar components (solar batteries, with serial and parallel processes are linked together to form a certain degree of output voltage and current, the final framework for packaging and packaging materials. Users on system design, can have a variety of solar components in various sizes of solar phalanx, also known as solar arrays. Monocrystalline silicon solar VGP-BPS9/B batteries currently photoelectric efficiency of around 15%, laboratory results were more than 20%. For the space station by up to 50% of the solar batteries.

 

Polycrystalline silicon solar batteries

 

Monocrystalline silicon solar battery production requires enormous amounts of high-purity silicon material, while the production of these materials, complex process, energy consumption and large, is the total production of solar batteries super-half, with a combined single-crystal silicon rod was drawn cylindrical, cut wafer-production of solar batteries is to form a flat-utilization of solar energy components. Therefore, the 80 years since the state has put in some European and American development of polycrystalline silicon solar batteries. Currently, the use of polysilicon solar hp PB991A battery materials depends, above all, a collection of a large number of single-crystal particles in it, or melt from wastes time monocrystalline silicon materials and metallurgical grade silicon material made votes. The process is to select resistance of 100 ~ 300 ohm-cm block of material or polycrystalline silicon material by squeezing the end with a 1:5 mixture of hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid corrosion, and then spent the end of the appropriate neutral-ionized water rinse and dry. Quartz crucible loaded with a good polysilicon materials, which can be the addition of boron-silicon amount, the casting furnace, the heating and melting in a vacuum. After melting insulation around 20 minutes, and then injected into the graphite form, which is solidified during slow cooling, the polysilicon can ingots. This cube can be made of silicon ingots to be processed into square slices solar film, can improve recycling and to facilitate the installation. Polycrystalline silicon solar batteries with single-crystal silicon solar Dell Latitude D510 battery manufacturing process is similar to the photoelectric efficiency of about 12%, somewhat lower than single-crystal silicon solar batteries, but the material is simple, the power consumption of the total production costs are low, save as to obtain a significant development . As the technology has improved, the current efficiency of polycrystalline silicon to reach around 14%.

 

Amorphous silicon solar batteries

 

Amorphous silicon solar batteries in 1976 appeared a new thin-film solar batteries, monocrystalline and multicrystalline silicon-silicon solar batteries with the production of an entirely different way silicon low material consumption, low power consumption, very attractive. Production of amorphous silicon solar batteries There are several possibilities, the most common is the glow discharge method and reactive sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, electron beam evaporation method and thermal decomposition of silane-law. Glow discharge method is a quartz container in the vacuum pump, filled into the hydrogen or argon diluted silane, with the RF power supply heat, so that silane ionization, the formation of plasma. Amorphous silicon films deposited on the heated substrate. If the silane in the right amount of hydrogenated phosphorus or boron hydride were mixed, can be obtained from N, or P-type amorphous silicon layer. Substrate general use glass or stainless steel. Production of amorphous silicon thin-film process, which mainly depends on the strict control of pressure, flow rate and RF power on the substrate temperature is also important. Amorphous silicon solar batteries have altered structures, which is a better structure called PiN IBM ThinkPad R52 battery, the substrate of the earliest sedimentary layer of the N-type phosphorus-doped amorphous silicon is deposited, and then a layer of undoped i-layer is deposited and then A layer of boron-doped p-type amorphous silicon, and finally a layer of electron beam evaporation of anti-reflective coating, and evaporation of silver electrode. This production, a series of deposition chamber can be used in production to provide a continuous process to achieve mass production. At the same time, a very thin amorphous silicon solar batteries of the composite type can, or use in the manufacture of integrated circuits, obtained in a plane with the corresponding mask process, a number of the serial production of battery to a higher voltage to be . For the general single-crystal silicon solar battery voltage of 0.5 volts or so, and now the Japanese production of amorphous silicon solar batteries in series of up to 2.4 volts. The current problem is that amorphous silicon solar battery efficiency is low, the international advanced level of about 10%, and is not stable enough, and often fall down conversion efficiency of the phenomenon that we are not yet widely used in the manufacture of large solar installations, and get into the low-light power supply, bag, such as electronic calculators, electronic watches and clocks, and copier and so on. Estimation of the efficiency decrease to overcome the problem, the amorphous silicon solar BATBL50L6 batteries will promote the great development of solar energy, because it is inexpensive, light weight, the application is convenient, it can be combined with the housing of the roof of an independent power households.

 

 

Multi-compound solar batteries

 

Multi-compound solar batteries that not a single item from semiconductor materials, solar batteries. Today, there are a variety of research, although most industrial production have not yet, but indicates that photoelectric conversion of the beauties of spring. Now a few brief introduction:

 

(1) CdS solar batteries - as early as 1954, Reynolds has discovered CdS photovoltaic effect. In the year 1960 was the rule of law vacuum evaporation of CdS solar batteries, photoelectric efficiency of 3.5%. By 1964, the United States of cadmium sulfide solar batteries, photoelectric efficiency increased to 4% ~ 6%. Later, lays down in Europe from a flood of CdS solar battery development, the photoelectric efficiency of up to 9%, but still can not compete with the polycrystalline silicon solar batteries. But people never give up, in addition to the massive study of sintered CdS solar apple A1175 battery, but more emphasis on research-type CdS thin-film solar batteries. It is as a barrier layer of cuprous oxide to hydrogen sulfide heterojunction CdS materials used form, according to theoretical calculations, the photoelectric efficiency of up to 16.4%. Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry in the early 80s once made to achieve CdS thin-film photoelectric efficiency of solar batteries to 7.6% respectively. Previously, some countries have continued to look at the development of cadmium sulfide solar batteries, to solve, because it is simply a relatively simple fabrication, equipment problems.

 

(2), gallium arsenide solar batteries - gallium arsenide solar batteries, a very good material, it is better suited to approximate the solar spectrum and can produce high temperatures at 250 ℃ under the terms of the photoelectric conversion resist performance is still good, sensors offer the highest efficiency of about 30%, particularly suitable for high temperature solar concentrators. Series of solar batteries has been studied with single-crystal gallium arsenide GaAs, based polycrystalline gallium arsenide, aluminum gallium arsenide - gallium arsenide heterostructures, metal - gallium arsenide semiconductor, metal - insulator - semiconductor gallium-arsenic solar VGP-BPS13 batteries and so on. GaAs material preparation of semiconductor materials like silicon, there is crystal growth method, the direct method generated, vapor growth method, liquid phase epitaxy method. For more scarce because of gallium, arsenic, toxic, manufacturing costs are high, affecting the development of such solar batteries.

 

(3), copper-indium-selenium solar batteries - copper, indium, selenium, and ternary compound semiconductors as a starting material of the solar battery. It is a polycrystalline thin film structure to use, and typically vacuum coating, electrically, electrophoresis, etc. or chemical vapor deposition process for the preparation, less material consumption, low cost, stable performance, photoelectric efficiency of over 10%. Therefore, an amorphous silicon thin film solar batteries can compete with the new type of solar batteries. Added Recently developed thin-film copper-indium-selenium, to the amorphous silicon thin film laminated on a solar battery can improve the efficiency of solar batteries and the efficiency of amorphous silicon photovoltaic overcome decline below.

 

Currently we are using are basically on polysilicon and monocrystalline solar batteries concentrate.

Waste batteries may be small, but have major damage. However, due to pollution, waste batteries as waste, air and water pollution, as would any sensory think she has a great hidden, so they do not received due attention. At present, China has become the production and consumption of Laptop battery power, pollution of batteries is an urgent need to solve a major environmental problem. Today we are releasing three consecutive editions of relevant reports and the relevant government departments want people to attach importance to environmental pollution caused by batteries, the joint action for the recycling of waste batteries to face advice and suggestions to encourage the production and consumption, “Green Battery” to develop relevant policies.

 

Batteries are our daily lives, using one of the most commonly used, from cameras, tape recorders, calculators, clocks and electronic pagers, electronic dictionaries and handheld computers, are inseparable from the battery. China is a production of dry batteries and consumer country, year, production reached 15 billion of first place in the world, consumption of 70 million, an average of all Chinese people eat five batteries per year.

 

For years, China’s production of dry batteries, it is necessary to reach a toxic — mercury or mercury compounds. Alkaline batteries from China in the mercury content of 1 to 5%, 0.025% neutral dry-cell batteries, dry 40Y6797 batteries annually for the production of tens of tons of mercury amounted to much.

 

Mercury is our so-called “Mercury”. Mercury and its compounds are toxic, the scientists found that mercury neurotoxicity was evident in most of the endocrine system, immune system, also have side effects. The 20th century took place 50 years in Japan shocked the world of public nuisance disease — Minamata disease is caused by mercury pollution.

 

Over 40 years in Japan, a coastal city in southern Kyushu — city of Minamata, the local population, it is a strange disease. Patients began to slurred speech, unsteady gait, limb paralysis, cramping body of last resort, mental disorders, died of torture in pain. Later, with people infected with diseases more and more, even the cats and birds have experienced the same symptoms. Later, medical workers and marine fish of the deceased in the body of toxic methylmercury have shown that people who consume contaminated fish poisoning. After investigation, the local industries in Japan original nitrogenous fertilizer to perennial mercury from Minamata bay containing wastewater discharged into sea by mercury pollution, seafood from local fishing contain high levels of methyl mercury.

 

Minamata Bay in order to restore the ecological environment, the Japanese government has spent 14 years invested 485 billion yen, the Minamata Bay mercury sediment dig deep 4 m, all clear. Meanwhile, in Minamata Bay, the entrance to the VGP-BPS2B establishment of a quarantine network will be contaminated in the bay of deep-sea fish were all caught up in landfills. Who attended the outbreak of Minamata disease Minamata, Japan, Mayor Masazumi Yoshii said with emotion: “After almost half a century of unceasing effort, we finally from the shadow of Minamata disease in out, and she built a new city of Minamata. I hope that the world has learned the lessons of Minamata disease in Japan, ignorance of the mode of production, the implementation of the civilized mode of production. ”

 

It is understood that in developed countries, have been eliminated mercury batteries, mercury batteries free at or low in mercury. In Sino-Japan Friendship Center for Environmental Protection of Japan as consultant experts Liu Xiu-Ming, the current generation of Japan and the use of mercury batteries are not due to mercury-free, the waste batteries to significantly reduce damage to the environment, and the costs of landfilling are also smaller s.

 

China from January 1, starting this year, has also introduced low-mercury batteries and mercury-free, in the new century, when the Dell Latitude D505 battery finally went into the lives of Chinese people green. However, the reporter learned that the majority of our consumers better understand the pollution of waste batteries are not too many people buy batteries often arbitrary and do not give priority to environmental compliance. As the manufacturer of the battery, battery production environment, need to improve the process equipment and raw materials, formulations, presumably to increase capital investment and production costs, companies are not very willing. At present, some business-to-cell “Restricted Mercury suggests that indifference, do not touch anything.

 

How to advocate for the protection of the environment, the concept of green consumption? How to promote greener production of green products? An interview with the Center for Environmental Science, Peking University Professor Ye Wenhu. He said the decision to choose what type of consumer goods, consumption patterns of people, while the consumption patterns of the public are an indication of the degree of social civilization. Must be directed by the publicity and education, to defend the people to choose a new concept of sustainable development, consumption patterns, buying green products in favor of environmental protection, consumer choice will push producers to improve the product. In addition, manufacturers should actively promote green products. What type of company products to stimulate consumption, which means the quality of entrepreneurs and corporate image? However, there are these two points is not enough, because the psychology of the consumer public, the general pursuit of a cheap BATBL50L6, green is not very important activity of the company, the Money is the first 1, the green is not the primary consideration. Therefore, we must submit to the Government, using economic means, legal and administrative steps to facilitate firms’ production and consumption patterns in public compliance with environmental requirements. The government’s behavior, market behavior (or behavior of enterprises) and public behavior of these three types of social behavior of man, the government acts in a dominant position.

 

Hazards of waste batteries and our response

 

The production of more garbage is so overloaded with the planet we live on an endless stream of pollution incidents, “junk Besieged City” has long sounded the alarm for us. How harmless, the reduction in resources was a priority. “Develop resources wrong” re in recent years, understanding of the garbage people. The implementation of waste separation and recycling of waste will be able to achieve the best possible use of turning waste into treasures.

 

On the size and weight, the batteries used in household waste are negligible, but its harmful effects is very large, batteries containing mercury, cadmium, lead and heavy metals. Highly toxic mercury, lead can cause neurological disorders, nephritis, etc. cadmium major cause of kidney and bone diseases - osteoporosis, osteomalacia and fractures. If the batteries mixed with household waste in the landfill, over time, leaching of heavy metals can contaminate groundwater and soil.

 

Using a hp PB991A battery in our lives is increasing rapidly, has intruded into our lives and work in all corners. WALKMAN, BP machines, mobile phones, cameras, calculators. Currently, the battery consumption of around 7 billion euros. It is predicted that the battery consumption in 2000 only BP machine reaches 1.55 billion. If you do not receive adequate treatment for these batteries will be directly or indirectly endanger the health of people. Implement and promote the activities of the separate collection of batteries used by people becoming more recognized and get more attention and more support and participation of dates with dispersed pollution, less centralized management.

 

Treatment and recycling of waste batteries

 

Many countries in Western Europe, not only in stores, but also directly on the street are equipped with a battery of special recycling boxes will be collected until the toshiba PA3285U-1BRS battery is charging up to screen out persons with specialized terminology watches, calculators and other small electronic devices of button cells, they generally do not contain mercury, mercury can be extracted to be used, then manually sort the cell nickel-cadmium batteries in France, a sample plant and nickel cadmium, nickel, and then used in the steel is reused in the manufacture of cadmium batteries.

 

Other types of batteries are generally transported to a particular toxic landfill of hazardous waste, this approach not only costs too (eg in Germany the cost of burying a ton of batteries up to 1700 points), but also wasteful because it is a lot of useful documents can be used for raw materials.

 

Switzerland has two specialized treatment and the use of companies of the former battery factory Batelieke adopt the method involves grinding the old battery, then sent to heat the oven, then we can extract mercury unstable zinc, when the evaporation temperature is higher, it is also precious metals. After the merger of iron and manganese in steel alloyed with manganese required. The plant can process 2,000 tons per year of waste batteries, 780 tons of ferro-manganese alloys available, 400 tons of zinc alloy and 3 tons of mercury. The other plant is extracted directly from the apple A1008 battery of iron and manganese oxide, zinc oxide, copper oxide and mixed oxide of nickel and other metals to sell as scrap metal directly.

 

However, the most expensive heat treatment, Switzerland also provides buyers with each of the battery charge a little bit of battery charges specific treatment, Magdeburg peri-urban areas of the country is building a processing “wet “devices, where the addition of lead acid batteries, the different types of cells were dissolved in sulfuric acid, then using the ion resin extracted from the solution of various metal objects, using materials obtained in this way pure as the method of heat treatment, thus a higher price on the market, but also a variety of substances contained in batteries 95% can be extracted. Wet processing is possible to avoid areas of sorting (because the sorting is a manual operation, will increase the cost). Magdeburg annual processing capacity of this device up to 7500 tonnes, which means that if the cost is slightly higher than the landfill, but valuable raw materials are not scrapped, it will not pollute the environment.

 

German Duarte vacuum heat treatment developed in France but also less expensive, but it must first sort the waste batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, used batteries by heating in vacuum, where rapid evaporation Mercury can be recovered, then the rest of the ingredients field, using magnets to extract the metal iron powder and then extract the nickel and manganese remaining. This process of one tonne of waste batteries is less than 1,500 marks.

 

From what I have from a small start of each side is our motto. Care of the environment around them to participate in the classification of waste battery recycling is everyone’s responsibility and obligation. The behavior of individuals may be insignificant, but the strength of each of us raise enough to keep a civilization, a civilization with nature, sustainable development of civilization.