Digital battery

Toshiba has been engaged in developing portable fuel batteries, although in a few months before the products of trial exposure open, but they have still not been put into production. Not long ago, Toshiba has finally made the decision to the fuel PA3383U-1BRS battery market. Stacks of security as the most important uses a large quantity of stainless steel and aluminum and other metal parts. This document will include fuel batteries and development of portable products, technical advice, analysis of new products.

 

“People see a single list itself” (portable personal technology products). Toshiba by the end of October 2009 announcement of the 3000 limited edition battery phones fuel “Dynario. Crisis on the market for fuel battery, phones and staff the fuel battery technology are issued with wonder and gratitude for the vote.

 

After the introduction of the battery, a number of developers of fuel batteries immediately resumed multi-block and carry out audit work. Words such as “From the entrance of moisture is constant and smell the methanol fuel and so on, can feel a high degree of completion of the battery,” “Even if only the measuring the temperature of bath water, but heat is still a cause for concern, “and so on, all kinds of reactions are very rapid after another. We also bought a PA3395U-1BRS battery newly listed fuel and to analyze characteristic. And Toshiba, with help from the public an internal component.

 

In fact, more than 30,000 yen?

 

Dynario is a fuel battery direct methanol (DMFC). Able to use the terminal as a portable USB charger. With the built-in lithium-ion rechargeable battery set, the maximum power of 2W (5V, 400mA). The batteries can be injected in 14ml of methanol. Use of fuel “may be portable so full of 2″ (Toshiba). We use 1W power consumption of LED lights to confirm the results show that sustainable power generation to 11 hours or so, one in the new generation can be estimated at about 11Wh.

 

Fuel battery from Toshiba can be recharged via USB for portable products. The fuel use of 50 mL bottle filled with fuel. Dynario sells ¥ 29,800 including tax. As a battery charger external point of view, the price dearly. Toshiba said that “the price is higher because the specialized multi-component system leads to the high costs, while the actual removal process, it is surprising to many parts was beyond the imagination (Figure 2). This is due to the PA3399U-1BAS battery by adding a large number of ultra-small pumps and valves, MCU (microcontroller) and IC control, control of speech and if the circuit Outside the components of fuel batteries. In addition, starting on the outside metal and reinforcement of the shell composition is also too high. Most Portable and industrial fuel batteries, the developer, said: “Given the account component and manufacturing costs, ¥ 30,000 is really not enough.” There are two units of energy, fit two sides. In addition to generating part of the NMR systems, generation of control components and parts used to ensure robustness as much attention.

 

Fuel cock laboriously

 

Dynario the basic elements - both inside and outside the central part of the shell to configure a unit of electricity. In addition, the center speaker is also equipped with Sanyo Electric produces cylinder-type lithium ion rechargeable batteries and two to install the power switch and input terminals and output to control floor. The fuel tanks are deployed in the central reservoir side of the surface of the battery and back with aluminum (Al) alloy casing, the upper and lower exterior of the resin. “As one of the first volume of products, they attach great importance to the longevity and strength, a large number of metal parts used (PA3399U-1BRS battery industry Fuel). Power production unit is placed in the grid electricity type plate and stainless steel plate as a fuel tank between the resin. Stainless steel plate with the fuel is the result of rivets fixed so I can break no, you can not remove the plant. Lattice-shaped stainless steel plate next to an entry device for generating electricity, fuel supply side of the board set up power generation and supply Fuel control the fuel pump ground fuel valve. Control floor installed on the fuel pump and fuel control valves, and 8bit MCU and other IC.

 

Generating unit installed on pumps and fuel valves and other components with the corresponding control IC. Most IC is designed for the development of fuel batteries.

 

Generation unit is equipped with eye-catching is that the fuel valve and fuel pump (Figure 4). Since both mechanical drive, making it more energy efficient, ensuring sustainability issues. In addition, the portable fuel PA3399U-2BAS battery requirements for the smallest and thinnest high, so according to conventional wisdom, this part is the penalty “(personal fuel battery technology). Methanol from the fuel tank in plate fuel, the use of pumps to supply the entire MEA (a). The amount of methanol injection tank of fuel can be used to adjust the fuel valve (b). Vibrating piezoelectric element can change the pump pressure, injection / discharge of fuel (c).

  

Toshiba, the design of the fuel valve also takes great care. In comparison with other components, valve projecting fuel approximately 6mm. Compared to the fuel pump and control the installation of floor and other parts of the whole thin, it seems that only the fuel valve may not have time to develop products with low profile. Therefore, the position of the fuel distributor installation with the Center are also shifted by two power units contrast adjustment, while the reduced thickness of the battery. Power production unit consists of four devices into a single chip set consisting of the MEA. MEA area of approximately 40cm2. As there are two units of energy, so the output density is estimated at around 25mW/cm2.

 

In addition, the fuel pump using the PA3399U-2BRS products Murata Manufacturing. His use of a piezoelectric element, thin size to 24mm × 33mm × 1.325mm. Output rate 0.001mL / s, discharge pressure of 35kPa. To supply fuel for power generation and methanol through the fuel valve and the first supply of fuel entering the injection plate. Then, with the fuel pump to make two small holes in the center plate diffuses across the device.

 

The density of production of about 25mW/cm2

 

Power production unit from the outer dimension of 81mm × 52mm MEA (membrane electrode composite body) and body composition collector. MEA unit using four 81mm x 9mm. Think that the unity of the electromotive force of each piece is approximately 0.3 V, 1 Ge voltage generated by the power units to just over 1V. After generating unit control with step-up circuit on the raised floor to 5V or so. Pro forma density unit of output, only about 25mW/cm2. It was also suggested that “the problem may be heat-density limit output to such a degree “(a personal fuel battery technology). Regarding the solid polymer membrane, called” now under development are two types of fluorinated hydrocarbons and (Toshiba), this product is used which is unclear. But the majority opinion that “the possibility of greater use of fluoride” (a number of staff to fuel battery technology).

 

The direct use of experimental floor

 

Is located in the lower part of the power switch the PA3421U-1BRS battery terminals and input and output have been installed in the control on the floor. Dynario equipped with lithium-ion rechargeable battery. Its role is to control circuits for the units of electricity to power and the unit production of electricity from the start-up power smoothly before the burden of supplying electricity. Power switch part and the part of the control input and output separate floor. Backplane with two connectors connected. Power switch on the bottom to receive electric power generation interface unit (a). Backplane on the input terminals and output are connected lithium-ion rechargeable battery interface (b). Control of Lithium-ion rechargeable batteries and units of electricity seems to be controlling the power switch integrated flash on the floor 8bit MCU. The MCU can be rewritten, a large number of test pads on the chassis of speculation, including the control unit of power, including low, the product may be directly followed the experimental floor (fuel Staff batteryular technology).

 

In addition, the power switch on the bottom also installed 2 Mbit / s flash memory is considered to be used to save time loading and temperature changes. Lithium-ion rechargeable battery and control input connections and output terminals of motherboards for the bottom to provide a driver circuit units of electricity. As Dynario is the first volume of portable fuel batteries, Toshiba strongly under the law to ensure safety. As he had when the battery stop working automatically when the temperature rise function. For this purpose in entering the power generation unit is equipped with a temperature sensor to monitor the surface temperature, so it does not exceed a certain interval. Our tests confirm that when the surface temperature reaches about 45 ℃, the battery will automatically stop working.

 

In addition, the company said in response to temperatures above 100 ℃, the battery is also equipped with temperature starting capabilities and cons screen input terminals and output in the high current function.

 

Fuel Bottle also pays attention to safety

 

Dynario now need to use 50 ml vial filled with fuel for fuel. Fuel bottle with Toyo Seikan, develop, and the PA3534U-1BRS battery, as security have not been lax. Bottle with a double structure, in line with the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) safety standard (interim standard). “Even with 100 kg of withstanding the impact will not be damaged” (Toshiba). In addition, the company said, in exceptional form Pingzui and the role of internal agency, as long as the stack of fuel injection in the entrance channel which is not correct, the fuel does s’ sells it.

Lithium-ion battery circuit protection includes over-load protection, more protection against overcurrent / short circuit and over-discharge protection, and requires great precision charging protection, protection IC with low power consumption electric volt high-voltage and zero batteries and other features. This paper describes the principle of the three protection circuits, new functions and features required.

 

In recent years, PDAs, digital cameras, cell phones, portable audio devices and Bluetooth products get more and more use of lithium batteries as main power. Li-ion Laptop battery has a small size, high energy density, no memory effect, the high cycle life, high-voltage batteries and the advantages of low self-discharge rate, and nickel-cadmium batteries in nickel metal hydride are not the same lithium batteries must consider the charge and discharge of security so as to prevent deterioration characteristic. To overload the lithium battery, over discharge, over current protection and short-circuit is very important is usually the design of the battery circuit protection to protect Li-ion battery.

 

Because lithium high energy density-ion battery, it is difficult to ensure the safety of the battery. In the most charged, the battery temperature increases after the excess energy, so the decomposition of the electrolyte produced gas because of the internal pressure of the danger arising from the spontaneous combustion or broken on the contrary, over-discharge state, due to the decomposition of the electrolyte causing the Dell Inspiron 5150 battery characteristics and the degradation of sustainability, thus reducing the number of charge cycles.

 

Lithium-ion battery circuit protection is to ensure that this excess charge and discharge state of security and to prevent deterioration characteristic. Lithium-ion battery circuit protection is protected by the CI and structure of two power MOSFETs, including the protection IC for monitoring the battery voltage when there is excessive charges and the discharge state to pass the order to fill the power MOSFET to protect the battery, protect the functions of the IC during the load protection, over-discharge protection and protection against overcurrent / short circuit.

 

1, an overload protection

 

The principle of over-charge protection IC as follows: When an external charger for lithium battery, when, to avoid a temperature rise caused by increased internal pressure must end the state of load. At this stage, the need to test the hp 417066-001 battery voltage to protect IC when the time comes to 4.25V (assuming that the point of overcharging 4.25V) which activate the over-load protection, the MOSFET power to cut through the opening and closing the load.

 

In addition, attention must also be the result of excessive noise generated by the perception of dysfunction detected if determined to be overload protection. Therefore, the need to adjust the delay and time delay can be shorter than the noise.

 

2, over-discharge protection

 

In the case of excessive discharge, the decomposition of the electrolyte in case of damage caused by the characteristics of the battery and cause a reduction in the number of charge cycles. Protection of lithium-IC with on-rejection phenomenon can be avoided to protect the battery.

 

Over-the principle of discharge protection IC: To avoid excessive sony VGP-BPS2A battery status at discharge, assuming that the lithium battery connected to the load when the voltage of the lithium battery is less than the highest - point of discharge voltage detection (assumed to be 2.3V) will activate the over-discharge protection, so that the power MOSFET transition from open-cut and the threshold of discharge, to avoid battery-phenomenon discharge, and keep the battery low quiescent current in standby mode, yet current 0.1μA.

 

When the lithium battery is connected to the charger and the battery voltage lithium is greater than this period of excessive discharge voltage, over-discharge protection is lifted. In addition, taking into account the conditions of discharge pulse, excessive discharge detection circuit with time delay to prevent malfunction.

 

3, the current and short-circuit current

 

For unknown reasons (discharge or negative by metallic objects inadvertently) caused by over-current circuit or short to ensure security, you should immediately cease its discharge.

 

Terms runway Principles of protection against overcurrent IC, when the discharge toshiba PA3399U-1BAS battery current is too large or too short occurs, the protection IC is turned off (short circuit) current protection, over current detection at the moment is to power MOSFET’s Rds (on) as a sensor monitoring the impedance voltage drop in the case, if the ratio set by the voltage-current detection is higher when the discharge stopped, the formula is:

V = I × Rds (on) × 2 (V-for over-current detection voltage, I is discharge current)

Suppose V = 0.2V, Rds () = 25mΩ, and protect the current size of I = 4A on

Similarly, too much time current detection delay should also be provided to prevent current flow generated when there are unexpected failures.

Usually, after the election of overheating if they can remove the excess current factors (such as the charge immediately and out) will resume its normal state, may proceed with the normal load, the discharge action.

 

4 new protection features of the lithium-IC’s

 

In addition to the protection feature of the lithium IC attention the following new battery features is also interesting:

a. Charging over-current protection

When connecting the charger suddenly aware (as the charger is damaged), on-circuit current detection immediately, this time from top to bottom Court, the MOSFET power to cut the open position for protection.

V = I × Rds () × 2

(I is the load current; Vdet4 on voltage-current detection, Vdet4 to-0.1V)

 

b. Overcharge when the lock mode

Usually protect the IC in the over-charging protection will be after a period of delay time, and then it will cut the power MOSFETs to achieve the goal of protection when the battery voltage lithium dropped in points Lifting (hysteresis voltage overload), when it will resume once again continue to impose protection →Discharge charge discharge. Security issues in this state will not be able to get an effective solution, lithium batteries will always repeat the charge discharge →Action load discharge gate MOSFET power will be repeated alternately at high and low voltage state, which could make the MOSFET heater but it also reduces the battery life, if the lock mode is very important. If the circuit of the lithium battery protection detects over-protection mode load locked, IC will not get hot, and the relative security has improved considerably.

In the over-load protection, simply plug the battery charger, the charging time will be entered into lock mode. At this stage, even if the voltage drops of the lithium battery can not produce the recharge of the situation, remove and connect to load and unload the load can be restored condition.

 

c. Reduce the size of the circuit protection component

Will overload and short circuit protection with an integrated capacitor delay for the protection of the IC inside to reduce the size of circuit protection components?

 

5, the protection requirements of IC performance

 

a. Overload protection, high accuracy

When the lithium-ion battery charging excessive state to avoid a temperature rise caused by increased internal pressure required for the threshold state of charge. Protection IC detects the cbattery voltage, when the overcharge is detected, then detection of over-charging power MOSFETs in order to cut the load threshold. At this point should be noted that over-voltage detection burden of high precision, battery charging, battery to a state is a danger of the user, taking into account security issues and should enable the voltage when the threshold state of charge. To simultaneously satisfy these two conditions, there must be a detector of high precision, accuracy of 25mV current detector, the accuracy will be improved.

 

b. In order to reduce IC power consumption to protect

With the increasing use of time was enough lithium power-voltage ion battery will gradually diminish the value of the last low specifications below, this time need to recharge. If you do not charge for continued use, may lead to excessive battery discharge Ershi is not used. To avoid too much discharge protection IC to detect the battery voltage, over-voltage detection of the landfill once they reach the following, you must cut the discharge of MOSFET power and the threshold discharge. But this time, the BATCL50L battery itself, there are still protecting the natural discharge and IC current consumption exist, therefore the need to protect the IC power consumption to a minimum.

 

c. Protection against overcurrent / short-circuit the need for low-voltage detection and precision requirements

Short circuits due to unknown causes must immediately stop selling them. Over-current detection is based on power MOSFET RDS (on) for the impedance of induction to follow the voltage drop of blood at the time when compared with a voltage-current detection is also high at namely, to stop selling them. To MOSFET’s Rds (on) in the current charge and discharge current is the effective use of time is needed for the impedance as low as possible, at present the impedance is approximately 20mΩ ~ 30mΩ, if the voltage-current detection may be lower.

 

d. Resistant to high voltage

Battery and charger to connect the instant the pressure will be generated if the protection must meet the requirements of high voltage IC.

 

e. Low VGP-BPS2B battery consumption

In the protection of the state, its current consumption of 0.1μA rest must be small.

 

f. Zero-Volt Rechargeable

Some batteries may be stored in the process because it takes too long or unusual causes of tension as low as 0V, and therefore need to protect the IC can be achieved when 0V load.

 

6, the protection IC Prospect

 

As mentioned previously, the future protection of integrated circuits should further enhance the detection voltage accuracy and reduce current consumption to protect and improve the CI function to prevent malfunctions and so on, and the charger to connect the terminal High voltage is also the focus of research and development. In the package, at present has been a gradual shift SOT23-6 package SON6 the future, there are CSP package, even COB products to meet the requirements highlighted in a word, light.

 

In functions, protect the IC does not require integration of all functions, according to different materials, to develop a single lithium Dell Latitude D830 battery protection IC, the coverage only if overloaded or over-discharge protection, which can significantly reduce the cost and size.

 

Of course, the functional components is a single crystal of the same goals, such as manufacturers of mobile phones today have been directed towards protecting the IC, charging circuit and power management IC, and other peripheral circuits and logic is a two chip chipset, but rather of power MOSFET’s open reduction of impedance of the circuit is difficult to integrate with other IC, even if it is made of a special single-chip technology, I fear the cost is too high. Therefore, protection of single crystal integrated circuits should take some time to resolve.

Introduced the use of nickel-metal hydride battery of new products also accelerated the acquisition of all the heat, of course, it is unique “temperament” as the energy density, the number of charge cycles and more details ‘memory effect is small, non-toxic metals such as cadmium, mercury are also a number of advantages achievement of nickel-metal hydride Laptop battery position in the bull market.

 

With all the hands in nickel-metal hydride batteries steadily increasing number of scientific leap in the use and maintenance has gradually at the sight of attention. As we all know, the brand Ni-MH IBM ThinkPad R51 battery life can be charged according to the official request that 500-1000 times, but this is actually a good value, and often do not respond to such a life. But as a sensible use of chargers, more in depth understanding of nickel-hydride batteries, metal, we have left to do, “longevity”.

 

1. Under normal circumstances, the new nickel-metal hydride batteries contain a small amount of electricity we buy on driving charge and then reuse. However, if time battery plant is quite short, electricity is sufficient to recommend use first and then reload.

 

2. The new nickel-metal hydride batteries to buy a general charge to go through 3-4 times and use of, performance can play in the best condition, many of my friends for the first time, the prosecution encountered a small problem, for example, the first charge did not imagine the number of PP film so many? In the 3-4 times after charging and the use of all be resolved.

 

3. Although nickel-metal hydride Dell Latitude D820 battery memory effect is small, as much as possible is recommended after each use finished loading and is full of time, do not charge you would use for one count and then. Only longevity, “Oh, the important point.

 

4. The battery charging, the charger should pay attention to the heat surrounding the deliberate use of what wind there too is no need for fans, but noted that the shipper should not put too much debris around. Ordinary users the process of using the battery, the battery is often not a dedicated storage bag; users to replace the battery, will acquire the habit of easy storage battery, regardless of where the place is clean and moist . The consequence is that the battery they get dirty easily, easy-to-metal contact, such as keys, etc. contact, easy to moisture, and it is the enemy of batteries. Recommendation: Users should set up a special cell to place points and keep the battery clean. To avoid problems such as loss of electricity to keep the Dell KD186 battery and contact points of the battery to both ends of the inner lid clean, if necessary, use a soft, clean and dry pasture.

 

5. A long time did not have time, remember to remove the battery from the storage battery, placed under dry conditions recommended brand of battery in the box to prevent short-circuit the battery.

 

6. A long time without nickel-hydride batteries in the metal shop a few months later, the battery naturally in hibernation “state”, the battery life considerably reduced. If Ni-MH battery has been placed for a very long time, I suggest you begin with the slow charge is appropriate to impose. For another important issue at stake here: for Ni-MH HSTNN-LB31 battery, the battery must be completely discharged, then save, store, or online? Both points of view very different from what it should be used? Many people think that we should adopt the first, but I thought that to save the battery charge is reasonable. Because: According to tests, Ni-MH battery to save the best conditions to save about 80% charged. Because the nickel-metal hydride batteries self-discharge rate is high (10% -15% per month or almost), if the battery is completely discharged, then save it for a long time not to use the ‘battery-discharge phenomenon will discharge excessive battery, may damage the battery. Do not believe? So you think to buy a new nickel-metal hydride rechargeable battery is not all there is electricity, which is the reason. Recommendation: Apart from correcting the wrong point of view, maintenance of the battery to start in the right direction, otherwise it will backfire.

 

7. There are many messages from friends post questioned how to meet Ni-MH? After investigation, after many specialists battery reach a unanimous conclusion to remind friends. Do not nickel hydride metal discharge the sony VGP-BPS2 battery, excessive discharge may cause the failure of pricing to harm is much greater than Ni-MH battery memory effect of the battery itself!

 

8. Auto multimeter test battery is full or not. Ni-MH batteries in general charge before the voltage is below 1.2V, filled with normal voltage is 1.4 V or later. We as a judge, also very easy to judge the condition of the battery.

 

9. Chargers can be divided into fast charge and trickle charge. Low load current is small, typically around 200 mA, such as our common load current is about 160mA. His long-time charge, 1800mAh Ni-MH toshiba PA3399U-1BAS battery should be 16 hours or more. Even if I was a little slow, but the charge would be filled very full, and do not hurt the battery. Fast charge current is usually in the more than 400mA, charging time significantly reducing the number of .3 to 4 hours can manage that, but also won the affection of all. Several types of fast charge, prices vary. Therefore, we often have questions about the same load faster, why the price is a big gap in it? Good charger in particular is a good fast charge brought against over-charging protection function, for example, we have a common understanding Acura Panasonic BQ 390 charger has been particularly noteworthy in this regard, excellent software chip capacity charge the battery while it also brought evil upon the battery, quick charger minimized.

 

10. Conflict: trickle charge does not hurt the battery charging time is too long, however; fast charge can save time, but there is damage to the battery, even if the surface is the world need the best degree Panasonic BQ390 charger only very good harm reduction, but not totally avoided. Contradiction can be resolved is to buy a quick charge and a trickle charge. Quick charge with the load for some time, for example, 5.10 times after the transition to slow Chong Chongdian once or twice. This apple A1078 battery performance to return to a higher state.

 

11. The batteries are commonly used battery, four or six, and this time, to maintain the balance of each cell is very important, otherwise, due to a battery problem has affected the work of the entire battery. First, the battery capacity and ensure consistency, the best place to buy the same brand of the same type of battery time. Then the internal battery power to maintain consistency, simply, is that the electric battery is either full or empty. If there are more groups in the composition of the battery, you can try to “select” look. Means that the specific capacity, similar to the battery voltage and other parameters in one set of battery cells in series, due to poor conditions, under normal circumstances let endpoint measures after the tension and son of red blood on it.

 

12. Speaking on the last charge and discharge.

 

Top of the range of NI-MH Aspire 3000 battery charger with battery test delta-V to determine if the battery is full. When the curve of discharge voltage of the battery and is somewhat similar to the beginning of a more rapid rise, followed by rising slowly until the stuffing is good, the tension began to decline rapidly, but decrease in not very large. Before commonly used nickel, cadmium batteries are also similar, but drop the speed and the amplitude was higher than the NI-MH. Most chargers on the market type (less expensive) is often used is the value of the charge pressure, such as the elderly GP 1.4V Rechargeable value Po is the pressure that is precipitated at 1.4V when the battery voltage, because there is no difference, and charge on the end. Such a result is often that the battery can not be bridged, particularly in some older battery due to increased internal resistance, the real addition to the low voltage battery. And this charger currents tend to be smaller, often charging more than 10 hours. Using Delta-V cutoff automatic charger, since it can precisely control the load time, use may be more reliable high-current load. High charging current nickel-metal hydride battery for damage and do not want to imagine the contrary, the use of DC current, but also require high current load. The first is a matter of time, not talk. Then, Ni-MH battery has a characteristic, that is, the higher your current rate, it can release the most common, and now is tigre DC electric current is not small, so relatively speaking the use of relatively large load current is a choice, you can clean the toshiba PA3191U-4BRS battery is added. General 5 charge current should not exceed 1.5 C, C to the battery capacity is 1000MAH batteries, not more than 1.5A. I usually carried with the load 0.5C (my charger with adjustable current). Discharge zone, in normal circumstances, DC Black can be a burden on Na Qu, NI-MH little memory effect. However, in a period of time after use, and the balance of the cell to activate the battery when the battery discharge and control the termination voltage. NI-MH battery termination voltage of 0.9 V, the discharge time careful not to over-discharge, the 0.9V for each battery when it may stop the rejection file. NI-MH battery is not powerful nickel-cadmium batteries, the overcharge and over discharge and is more sensitive to high temperatures. Charge and discharge temperature. In general, do not let the hp F4809A battery temperature exceeds 45 degrees. When the battery is fully charged, the battery will be hot, filled with large current when the temperature is 42 degrees and not more than 45 degrees, otherwise life will soon be reduced, the battery internal resistance will increase. Also, the load of the battery temperature is higher, and so on until after the cooling of its rechargeable battery, charging money for having to wait for the freshness of the battery. After a long time is not re-using, it is preferable to activate the battery to discharge a few times. Usually used in time to pay attention to maintaining the integrity of the wrapping paper, can not be broken in order to prevent short circuits. Do not fight the impact of the battery, do not fire and so on.