Digital battery

With technological progress and social development, such as mobile phones, laptops, MP3 players, PDAs, handheld game consoles, digital cameras and other portable devices has become increasingly popular, there are many of these products is used in lithium-ion battery-powered, while Because the characteristics of lithium-ion batteries and other rechargeable batteries may be different, usually with an internal circuit, many people do not understand the role of the circuit this article will be the characteristics of lithium-ion Laptop battery and its protection circuit works to develop.

 

Li-ion battery is divided into two types of primary batteries and secondary batteries in some of the lowest power consumption in portable electronic products used primarily in a non-rechargeable lithium batteries, while in laptops, phones phones, PDAs, digital cameras and so on greater energy consumption electronic products use rechargeable secondary batteries, ie lithium-ion battery.

 

And nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal hydride battery compared to lithium-ion batteries have the following advantages:

1, high voltage, single-cell lithium battery voltage to 3.6V Ion, far higher than the nickel-cadmium and nickel-hydride battery voltage of 1.2V metal.

2 volume density, the density of its capacity Ni-MH batteries or nickel-cadmium batteries 1.5-2.5 times.

3, retention of load (eg, a small self-discharge) in place well after the loss of his ability is low.

4, long life, use the normal cycle of life can reach more than 500 times.

5, no memory effect, charging the former did not short-circuiting the remaining capacity, easy to use.

As the chemical properties of lithium-ion IBM ThinkPad R52 battery, under normal use, its internal energy and chemical energy conversion between the positive reaction of chemicals, but in certain circumstances, such as its overload, over discharge and over-current lead to the battery Internal chemical side-reactions, side effects increase, it will seriously affect battery performance and life, and may generate a large number of gas, so that the pressure increases the internal battery soon after the explosion that led to security problems, then all lithium-ion batteries need a protection circuit, used for charging the battery and the condition of the discharge of effective control and under certain conditions, off-line loading and unloading to prevent damage to the battery.

 

The next picture shows a typical lithium-ion battery diagram circuit protection.

 

As indicated above, the road safety cage with two MOSFET (V1, V2) and a control IC (N1) and a number of RC element composition. Control IC is responsible for monitoring the Dell Latitude D830 battery voltage and current loop, and control two MOSFET’s Gate MOSFET switches in the circuit play a role in, respectively, to control the charging circuit and discharge circuit turn on and turn -off, the capacitor C3 for delay, the circuit on the load protection, over-discharge protection, over current protection and short circuit the function of protection, its work principle is as follows:

 

1, the normal state

In normal circuit N1 of the state “CO” and “no” feet high output voltage, two MOSFETs are in a state of conduction, the battery can be free to load and unload, because of MOSFET on - resistance is very low, generally smaller than 30 cents in Europe, so the resistance has little effect on circuit performance.

The protection circuit of the State microA level of current consumption, typically less than 7μA.

 

2, over-charging protection

Requirements of the lithium-ion battery charging method of the constant voltage constant current /, in the initial presentation, a constant current charging and the charging process, increase the voltage to 4.2 V (based on different cathode materials, and some batteries require constant voltage value of 4.1V) for a constant voltage until the current is smaller and smaller.

 

The battery is charging if the charger circuit out of control, will continue after the battery voltage exceeds 4.2 V constant charging current, the battery voltage will continue to increase at this time, when the battery voltage is charged more than 4.3V, the battery chemistry of the side effects will be aggravated and may lead to cell damage or safety problems.

 

In the battery with a protection circuit when the control IC to detect the battery voltage reaches 4.28V (This value for the control IC has decided that a different IC have different values), the “CO” PIN will high voltage variation is zero voltage V2 to the end of his tour on foot, thereby reducing off the charging circuit, so that the battery charger can not charge, played overload protection. V2 comes at a time due to the presence of the diode VD2 body, the hp F4812A battery can discharge the diode external loads.

In the control IC to detect the battery voltage exceeds 4.28V to return the signal between the V2, there is a time delay, the length of delay time is determined by C3, usually set at 1 second or two, to avoid interference caused by false judgments.

 

3, over-discharge protection

The process of discharging the battery on the external load, its voltage will be gradually reduced as the discharge process when the battery voltage to 2.5 V, its capacity has been completely shine, this time the load if the battery continues to discharge, the battery lead to permanent damage.

 

The process of discharging the battery when the control IC to detect the battery voltage drops below 2.3V (the value used by the control IC, IC have various different values), the “DO” PIN will be strong voltage variation is zero voltage, so that V1 amended by the turn-off, reducing outside the discharge circuit so that the battery can no longer discharged into the charges, has been over-discharge protection. V1 comes at a time due to the presence of the body diode VD1, charger through the diode can be charging the battery.

 

Due to over-discharge protection of a state of the sony VGP-BPS2 battery voltage can be reduced, which requires the consumption of the circuit current protection is very weak now control IC enters a low power state, all of the Consumer Protection power circuit is less than 0.1μA.

In the control IC to detect the battery voltage is below 2.3V to send off the signal between the V1, but there is also a time delay, the length of delay time is determined by C3, generally set at 100 milliseconds, to avoid interference from True or False.

 

4, over-current protection

As the chemical properties of lithium-ion battery, the battery manufacturer provides its maximum discharge current should not exceed 2C (C = Battery capacity / hour) when the battery discharge current of more than 2C would cause permanent damage to the battery or the safety problem.

 

Charge the toshiba PA3191U-3BRS battery in the normal discharge process, the discharge current after a series of two MOSFETs, due to MOSFET on resistance, will produce a voltage at its ends, the voltage U = I * 2 * RDS RDS for single MOSFET on resistance, the IC control over the “V” pin of the voltage value for testing, where the load causes an exception for some reason, so that increases in current loop when the loop current is so large that U> 0.1V (the value of the control IC has decided that a different IC have different values), the “DO” PIN will be significant variation in voltage is a zero voltage, so that V1 disabled by the turn-on, cutting off the discharge circuit so that the loop current to zero, to play on-current protection.

In the control IC to detect over-current shutdown has to make between the signals V1, but there is also a time delay, the length of delay time is determined by C3, typically 13 milliseconds to avoid interference caused by false judgments.

In the process of control over, we can see that the value of the size of its over-current detection depends not only on CI control control value, but also depends on the MOSFET on resistance when the MOSFET on resistance, where most of the same control IC, the over-protection during the most value.

 

5, short-circuit protection

The process of discharging the apple A1079 battery to the load, if the loop is so large that U> 0.9 V (the value is determined by the control IC, IC have various different values), the control IC is considered that the load short-circuit the “DO” feet are rapidly changing the high voltage to zero voltage, so that V1 disabled by the turn-on, cutting and discharge circuit, playing short circuit protection. Short-circuit protection, a very short time period, usually less than 7 microseconds. ’s how it works with the methods of over-current protection is similar, but different in determining the length of time protection is not the same.

 

More detailed single-cell lithium battery operates ion protection circuit, multiple-series Lithium-principle of ion battery protection Similarly, will not go above the control circuits used in integrated circuits Series Ricoh R5421 Japan, in the circuit the battery real protection, there are many other types of control IC, such as S-8241 Seiko Japan Series, Japan Series MM3061 MITSUMI, the Taiwan-rich and crystal FS312 series FS313, the Taiwan AAT8632 series of analog technology, and so on, his works very much the same, but some differences in specific settings, some IC controls to safeguard the external circuit, the capacitor filter and the delay of chip capacitors to achieve its peripheral circuits can be very small, like Japan Seiko S-8241 series.

 

In addition to controlling IC circuit there is an important component, is the MOSFET, it acts as a switch in the circuit, because cascade directly between the VGP-BPS9/B battery and the external load, so it’s on the strength of the performance of cells are the impact of MOSFET with a choice of better quality, on-resistance is low, the internal resistance of the battery is low, with a transport capacity is also strong in the exercise of their electricity consumption is also less.

 

With the development of technology, portable devices get smaller and smaller, and as this trend of lithium-ion battery needs protection circuit size are becoming smaller in the last two years have seen the day in the control IC and MOSFET integrated protection of integrated circuit products, such as the series DA7112 dialog, and some manufacturers even the whole package of circuit protection in a small size of the IC, such as product MITSUMI company.

In the 21st century, the world’s energy saving problem of reducing emissions is very important, while the height of the information age of high automotive, high technology, good conditions for the development of another, so that the global automotive industry, appeared in two types of innovative ways: First, attach importance to technology to traditional internal combustion engine vehicle a significant improvement, the second is actively engaged in developing new energy vehicles, particularly the development of electric car development and industrialization. Electric Vehicles and vehicle fuel cell in the global automotive industry, the future development of vehicles and the theme for the competition and electric vehicles as a key vehicle batteries to power new car, auto giants are and the reasons leading manufacturer of Laptop battery, but they have announced investment plans and production workload, triggering a boom car battery investment.

 

Electric vehicle batteries on board a new energy

 

The overall development of electric vehicle battery technology in two major aspects: first, the two existing time the battery should be improved; second is to develop new fuel cells. Currently the majority of electric vehicle battery is still at relatively cheap price of lead acid batteries and other traditional products, but with technological advances and cost effective control of production, batteries lithium and nickel-light metal hydride battery, mileage long life and high energy density and production benefits are gradually being power, which will become the heart of development. Experts predict that by 2015 the global market demand for batteries of hybrid cars will increase three times with a total value reached 23 billion U.S. dollars in 2009, first used in hybrid cars on lithium-ion batteries may occupy the entire half of the IBM ThinkPad X60 battery market. Japanese car giant is expected in the United States and Europe around the year 2010 will be officially in the lithium-ion batteries on passenger cars.

 

1) The vehicle fuel cell on demand. Fuel cells use a variety of fuels, which may be petroleum-based fuels, can also be an organic fuel, and can use, including renewable fuels, including virtually all elements of hydrogen fuel. Been transformed into hydrogen fuel, with its hydrogen fuel cell fuel cell conversion of fuel energy law Carnot cycle limit, thermal efficiency can reach 34% ~ 40%.

 

Different types of fuel cells use different electrolytes are acidic, alkaline, molten salts or solid electrolytes. In the fuel cell fuel and oxidizer through the catalyst in the process of energy conversion, production of electricity through the electrochemical reaction and water (H2O), therefore, does not produce ‘oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and hydrocarbons (HC) and so on air pollution emissions from the environment.

 

Currently, for the combustion engine powered vehicles has become one of the harmful gas emissions, the main source of emissions. Experimental Evidence: When the new vehicle to use natural gas, hydrogen fuel cells as fuel VGP-BPS9 rather than gasoline engines, internal combustion, CO2 emissions can be reduced up to 72%. However, if fuel cells replace the internal combustion engine, the technology of fuel cells, not only to comply with strict legislation on emissions vehicle requirements, but also provide the same convenient and flexible for users end transportation solutions. Drive vehicles, fuel cells must be able to quickly reach operating temperature, with economic benefits and can provide stable performance. It must be said cell proton exchange membrane fuel is best placed to meet these requirements, lower operating temperature can quickly reach the required temperature. As can quickly adapt to a variety of different needs, and about 25% of the efficiency of internal combustion engine, compared to their effectiveness can be as high as 60%. Studies have shown that cells with methanol fuel, fuel consumption is to use gasoline for internal combustion engines of vehicles to 1.76 times. In the existing fuel cells, fuel proton exchange membrane cell power density of the most important. When people in the vehicle for special attention to the design of space is maximized, this factor is essential. In addition, the solid polymer electrolyte may help reduce potential corrosion and safety management. The only potential problem is the fuel quality to avoid contamination of the catalyst at low temperature, fuel cell proton exchange membrane must be used without polluting hydrogen fuel.

 

2) Lithium-ion batteries and lithium-polymer and objects (LIP) battery. Lithium-ion battery (Li-ion) batteries developed from a lithium Dell Inspiron B130 battery. Material Lithium MnO2 cathode or thionyl chloride, lithium anode. After completing assembly of the battery is the battery voltage at no charge. This battery can be charged, but the cycle performance is not good in the charge-discharge cycle over the formation of lithium dendrites, causing internal short-circuit the battery, under normal circumstances the battery Management is prohibited. Later, the Japanese Sony invented the carbon anode materials, lithium-containing compounds to make positive, the charge-discharge process, there is no lithium metal and lithium-ion does, which is Lithium-ion battery. When the battery is charging, the lithium positive ion generation, resulting in movement of lithium ions through the electrolyte to the cathode. As the anode carbon multilayer structure, it has a lot of micro, lithium-ion anode embedded in the porous carbon layer, the integrated lithium-ion plus more carrying capacity. Similarly, when the discharge of the battery (ie, the process of using the battery), which is incorporated in the layer of carbon cathode of lithium-ion extrusion, but also the movement back to positive. Back to the cathode of lithium-ion battery plus the largest discharge capacity. Commonly called “battery capacity refers to the discharge capacity. LII and LiP battery is the newest technology batteries, lithium chemical processes involved in organic electrolyte ions Li in the carbon anode in lithium metal and lithium compounds, running between the cathode. Developed by LiI batteries using cathode lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO), the negative is very high capacity hard carbon online carbon material to form a single cylindrical cell (diameter 67 mm, length 410 mm) by set of eight composition of a standard component. Weight 29 kg Voltage 28.8 V, capacity of 100 Ah, the specific energy of 100 W? H / kg. Only charging voltage of 4.2 V hp Pavilion dv4000 battery, full-time load is 2.5 h, the power density of up to 300 W / kg, to about Ni-H 2 times. LIP is a state of “solid” battery, which uses a lithium metal or pure lithium in the carbon anode, the use of high conductivity of the solid polymer electrolyte. The unique nature of the electrodes for lips and polymer is very thin, the thickness of a unit is only 0.01 cm, the equivalent of a “transparent tape” thick. May be packaged in any form, can drive and installed in the cylinder, may also piled up a block of apartments. LiP unit battery voltage 3 V (NiMH battery 1.2 V) so that 12 V batteries lip may be composed of four single-cell battery 14 V Lip.

 

Canada Hydroquébec Electric Company and 3M, the joint development of the lips for the batteries of electric cars to work at 60 ℃ to obtain high conductivity in solid polymer electrolyte, so that better performance of the battery, its energy density 120 W? H / kg. Nissan Hyper Mini electric vehicle using high density and light quality lithium-ion batteries, their energy density batteries, lead acid 3 times, 1.5 times the nickel-metal hydride sony VGP-BPS5 battery can load and unload 1 200 times. Load simple, non-contact charging method, you can simply roll the plastic into a high output power of ordinary frequency, you can connect. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have developed a new type of cathode materials for lithium battery, lithium batteries can produce lighter and prices lower, while the energy conversion more efficient. Using a replacement aluminum parts are usually made of cobalt cathode, the lithium produces a higher voltage than normal. As the density of aluminum small and inexpensive, thereby reducing the quality and cost of the entire battery.

 

3) Ni - MH battery. It is also a type of alkaline batteries, the nominal voltage of 1.2 V, the specific energy can reach 70 ~ 80 W? H / kg, will extend the mileage of electric cars. That the power of 200 W / kg, is the lead acid batteries twice may improve the performance of starting the vehicle, and acceleration. Features a high discharge rate, a short period of time can be 3 C discharge, the instantaneous rate of discharge pulses much. Ni - MH over-charging and over-discharge performance is good, may be responsible charge and can fast charge, within 15 minutes in up to 60% charge, 1 h may be completely filled in the additional period of Emergency care is short. In 80% depth of discharge, cycle life can reach 1 000 times more than lead acid batteries 3 times. All closed-shell, you can work in a vacuum environment. Better performance at low temperature can be stored longer. Ni - MH are not heavy metals like lead and cadmium do not pollute the environment, Ni - MH toshiba PA3191U-3BRS battery can be charged with leaving it with no nickel - cadmium in the absence of discharge after finished charging electricity to the “memory effect”.

 

2-car electric vehicle battery is the bottleneck technique

 

The ultimate development of the new direction of energy vehicles purely electric vehicles and electric vehicles to fuel cell, while the current market outlook is the most hybrid electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) especially the broad perspective PHEV, its maximum technical difficulty is precisely the vehicle battery. Pure Car battery is running in bus lanes, and some carmakers are beyond the pure cell prototype car, but because the level of battery power and price reasons, not in the car on a wide range of applications . Vehicle fuel cell are currently part of a basic theory and practical skills while promoting high-tech products, while the global automotive industry, a more coherent vision, from a historical trend and realistic to consider the scientific development, it will be the future of the electric car industry is also the best final product. Currently, a fuel cell powered electric + electric hybrid car has more to occur. This will temporarily reduce its technology to fuel cell requirements of lithium-compensated ion apple A1079 battery, it can be said that hybrid vehicles in the longer term transition, leading to a real cell vehicle fuel is an issue course. Hybrid technology is an important part of the strategy for energy research and development of automotive batteries, countries are wrestling competition to advance a breakthrough. In 1991, the U. S. General Motors, Ford and Chrysler have created an electric car “Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC), co-developed needs a new generation of high-energy batteries and heavily subsidized by the U.S. Department of Energy. In recent years the government U.S. has also provided 3 100 dollars to accelerate research into this technology. The foreseeable future, new energy vehicles PHEV is an important development direction.

 

3 warlords market investment vehicle battery becomes mainstream lithium batteries

 

In the field of lithium batteries is the global market share of first place in Sanyo Electric of Japan to start mass production in 2009. From the beginning of 2006, Sanyo to join the Volkswagen Group in Germany, a new generation of nickel - systems hydride batteries. Volkswagen is currently jointly developed specifically for hybrid vehicle battery high capacity Lithium, and is ready to be in 2012, the use of vehicles environmentally friendly. Toyota Motor Corporation jointly Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., a substantial increase in the Aspire 3000 battery environment friendly hybrid car. Toyota and Matsushita Battery co-funded manufacturing enterprises “PanasonicEV energy (hereinafter PEVE) will build a mainstream production of nickel - plant hydride batteries, the large investment of about 300 billion yen is expected to put into service in 2011, an annual production capacity of around 300,000 car batteries. This series of initiatives to increase the total investment of about 700 billion yen. At the same time, Toyota also accelerate research and development at a lower cost mass production of next generation lithium-ion battery technology. PEVE will invest in new production of next generation lithium-ion battery plant, and strengthen the existing installation Ni - MH battery capacity. These measures will accelerate the environmental strategy and achieve Toyota hybrid production to reach its global vehicle output 1 / 10 targets.

 

To catch up to Toyota, Nissan and NEC have started joint production of car batteries. Nissan and NEC will jointly cost 20000000000 yen (about $ 194 million) in the mass production of the first world of hybrid cars and electric vehicles and other environmentally dedicated lithium-ion batteries. The new joint venture plant in early 2009 formally put into operation, the initial production of lithium batteries will be able to provide 1 million hybrid electric vehicles use, future production will increase by five times. Nissan began in 1992 on board lithium-ion VGP-BPS9A/B battery research and development. 2000, the company co-operation with NEC to jointly develop lithium thin-ion battery technology. In May 2008, Nissan Motor and NEC and its subsidiaries NECTokin joint venture company - Automotive Energy Supply Corporation (AESC) began operations around the same time, Nissan and its French partner Renault to provide the lithium battery. 2 shots from 2010 in Japan and the U.S. market for electric cars.

Development of electric cars and hybrid vehicles in the automotive industry in energy shortages in the world and its changing lifestyle need to find a way out of your move. Europe and the United States on alternative fuel vehicles in the current development of new energy is different. Characteristics of the island of Japan geographical influence their consumption habits, has developed a new bus station and convenient charging for development for the city driving a small electric car for the entire national acceptance.

 

4 Conclusions

 

Currently includes the Toyota Prius hybrid cars, including the use of Ni - MH VGP-BPS13 battery, but the efficiency of the battery technology is regarded as having reached the limit, while the lithium-ion batteries due to have a low light weight, high capacity and high power and other advantages of being in North America, Europe and Asia, auto makers favor, is expected to field lithium-ion batteries will also gradually replace nickel - hydride batteries. Currently, the leading countries have a deposit of more than 20 lithium-ion battery research and development, while Toyota and Ford and other carmakers are clear that the future of its hybrid car will use lithium-ion rechargeable battery.

 

The future increase in demand for portable devices, and can be multi-processing task in recent years, the average consumer to use “small parts” of the market expansion will promote the growth of lithium batteries ion battery market, light electric vehicles and electric vehicles and other new applications are for the lithium-ion battery in the dynamic high growth industry and the car lithium-ion battery market next 5 to 7 years continue to grow. 2016 value of total production of lithium-ion battery market is expected to challenge 10 billion U.S. dollars, the lithium-ion batteries are also broad prospects for developing lithium-ion battery room huge industry electrolyte imagination.

1. Battery invention inspired by frog legs

 

“Green” has become the most popular vocabulary. Environmental protection is at the heart of “new energy”, while the core of the new energy is the battery. Recently, the “2009 Electric Vehicle Industry Development Forum held in Beijing, the technology of pure electric vehicle Laptop battery that the meeting focused. In fact, pure electric vehicles used in battery, all power battery capacity of the largest categories, but also the highest technical difficulty of a battery. His ancestors there are over 200 years, has already emerged. Over 200 years of development history, they were in the work “hard”.

 

The birth of the battery based on people’s access to stable and sustained for present needs. However, the invention of the stack is derived from the anatomy of a frog’s experience generated by inspiration, a bit accidental.

 

Portrait of the Italian anatomist Luigi Galvani, because the anatomy of the frog, when he discovered the “bio-power” and famous, please note that the lower part of this portrait of a half-frog

 

One day in 1780, the Italian anatomist Luigi Galvani (Luigi Galvani) do dissections of frogs, hands held VGP-BPS10A/B all kinds of metallic equipment, inadvertently touched the thigh of the frog at the same time, the contraction muscles of frog legs at once a moment, as the stimulatory effect, and if only a metal instrument to touch the frogs, the absence of such a reaction. Galvani believed that this phenomenon occurs because the body of the animal a sort of internal generation of electricity, which he called “biopower”.

 

Galvani’s discovery aroused great interest to physicists who contributed to repeat the experiment of Galvani, an attempt to find a way to generate electricity. The volt Italian physicist (Alessandro Volta) several times after the experiment are: Galvani “biological electricity” is not correct, the frog muscle was able to produce current, probably a kind of fluid in the muscle car effect.

 

To demonstrate their point of view, the voltage at two different types of metal immersed in a variety of test solution. The results showed that the film of two metals, as there is a place with the solution of the chemical reaction between the metal can generate electricity.

 

1799 volts in a zinc plate and silver plate immersed in salt water was found to connect two metal son have accounts through. He therefore asked a number of zinc and silver film between the pads of cloth or paper soaked in salt water dishes stacked together, hand-to-end, he feels a strong current stimulus. Volts using this method successfully in the world’s first Dell Latitude D620 battery“heap of volts of electricity.” This “V Battery” is actually a series of batteries.

 

In fact, while there are two kinds of metals immersed in a solution, it may produce galvanic action. Had received surgery metal fragments found friends, with the tongue licking the metal fittings, you will feel “Ma Ma” feeling, because a variety of metals used in the lining had a battery.

 

1836-Brittany Daniel on the V stack “had improved, but better after another battery burner” and “Grove cell” and so escape. However, at the time, regardless of the type of batteries are needed to fill the liquid between two metal plates, handling is very convenient, especially the battery is used in liquid sulfuric acid, in time movement is very dangerous.

 

2 Evolution: From “portable” for reuse

 

The initiator of dry batteries in the age of mid-19th was born. In 1860, Leikelanshi France (Georges Leclanché) invented the carbon zinc batteries, which are easier to manufacture, and the initial wet water-based electrolytes progressive disorder with sticky dough type similarly to replace and, when they are packed in containers, “dry” sexual toshiba PA3191U-3BRS battery took place.

 

Invention Leikelanshi dryland

 

In 1887, the British Hellesen (Wilhelm Hellesen) invented the first dry. Compared to liquid batteries, the battery electrolyte is a paste, will not spill, easy to carry, so access to a wide range of applications.

 

Today, the dry cell has developed into a large family of over 100 different species. Common ordinary zinc - manganese dry batteries, alkaline zinc - manganese dry batteries, magnesium - manganese dry battery and so on, but the first invention, carbon zinc batteries is still the largest production of the modern dry cell. Battery technology continues to evolve in the process, new problems have emerged. It was found that despite the dry easy to use, inexpensive, disposable waste, but can not be reused. In addition, due to the metal as raw material easily lead to waste of raw materials, waste batteries can also cause environmental pollution. As a result, may be repeated charge discharge cycles, the repeated use of the hp Pavilion dv4 battery in a new direction.

 

In fact, the batteries can also be traced to the first invention of 1860. This year, the French plant (Gaston Plante) invented a battery electrode lead. This battery is unique in a period of time where the voltage drop of the battery, you can switch to reverse current, so that the battery voltage is picked up. Because the battery can be charged and can be used repeatedly, so called “battery.”

 

In 1890, Edison invented the iron-nickel rechargeable batteries, rechargeable 1910, commercial production of iron and nickel batteries. Today, more and more types of rechargeable batteries is rich in the form of increasingly diverse, the oldest of lead acid batteries, a battery of lead crystal, the iron-nickel batteries, and that silver zinc batteries, developed for lead-acid batteries, solar cells and lithium batteries, etc.. In the meantime, more and more areas of application of batteries, capacitors increases, the performance more stable pricing more practical.

 

3 Status: New power surge

 

The story can be seen from the foregoing, the entire history of the toshiba PA3284U-1BRS battery can also be considered a “try all kinds of metal can be made batteries” of history. Now the redder metal, industry cell is “Lithium.” Lithium is the lightest of all metals inside, is also lighter than water, especially moving, need to preserve the wax inside. In fact, the original inventor Thomas Edison once had lithium batteries, but due to the chemical properties of lithium metal is very strong, which makes the lithium metal processing, storage, use a very high requirement on the environment, such as along-term lithium batteries have not been implemented. Now people on the drums, “desperate for,” these questions is not a problem. Discharge exactly the weight of lithium batteries energy is high and tension is high, the self is small, can be stored long, so it is during the last 30 years has achieved great development. We use computers, calculators, cameras, watches, batteries are lithium batteries.

 

Li-ion battery that is after the battery voltage at no charge. This battery can be charged, but the cycle performance is not good in the charge-discharge cycle over the formation of lithium dendrites, causing internal short-circuit the BATCL50L battery, under normal circumstances the battery Management is prohibited. Later, Sony invented materials such as carbon anode, lithium-containing compounds to make positive, the charge-discharge process, there is no lithium metal and lithium-ion does, which is lithium-ion battery.

 

The advantages of lithium-ion batteries is very clear: a high voltage, small size, light weight, high energy, no memory effect, no pollution, low self-discharge, the long life cycle, as the most suitable for battery electric vehicles as one. Lithium-ion batteries, lithium-ion electrodes ran between positive and negative charge and discharge. Most cattle in this area of technology is “the structure of cell layers, that is, for many of assault layers very thin and then stacked together, so can be a very small volume of ‘a very high efficiency.

 

To improve ease of use, but the current number of electric cars, lithium can be used ordinary family of voltage-dependent, but the loading time up to several hours. To promote cars lithium battery large scale, the creation of the corresponding fully loaded station is essential. However, in March this year, Japanese researchers have developed a new type of “Lithium - air” batteries free of charge, just replace the water in the cathode-electrolyte function through the area of the map etc. to replace the lithium metal anode can be used continuously. In other words, charging facilities, adding things like a “filling station” rather than a big lock “battery charging station.”

 

In addition to the battery, people now want out of a variety of ways for storing electrical energy of the vehicle, for example, some have thought that with the speed flywheel for energy storage Qikuai. But the flywheel, once broken, it becomes a bomb, I did not Kaopu. Now the main research is to use the battery. In addition to lithium-ion batteries, there is a battery cell is promising “fuel”, which is a way to exist in the fuel and oxidant chemical energy directly into electricity plant. Fuel and air were sent to the fuel cell, electricity was produced well. One of the most convenient is to use hydrogen or hydrogen rich fuel gas containing the fuel cell.

 

The battery was born 200 years and they continue to move forward. Past and present the objectives of the battery has not changed: people everywhere to enjoy the electricity of a big favor.

Planning the development of new energy vehicles

 

According to media development and reform of the Commission motor team leader Wang Shulin, has revealed “new energy program for vehicle development was presented to the Council of State should officially promulgated in March 2010. In addition, State agencies will also be launched next year, development of new energy vehicles for the five accompanying measures. Analysts estimate that the new energy industry of the Laptop battery will most benefit from the concept of new energy vehicles.

 

The new energy vehicles in March next year, introduced the planning or

 

If the concept of energy market news, sauteed, in policy came good constantly. Held recently in Nanchang, the new energy vehicles and lithium-ion batteries feature forums, the National Development and Reform Commission automobile team leader Wang Shu-lin said that China will soon release of new energy vehicles, specifications techniques, and new energy vehicle development presented by Development and Reform Commission of the State Council, was officially promulgated in March next year.

 

CITIC Securities (600.03 miles, Bar Stock) Auto Industry Analyst Cheng believes that this concept of some new businesses IBM ThinkPad X60 battery power, as Shanshangufen (600884, bar stock), Jiangsu Guotai (002091, bar stock), companies production of batteries, etc. to receive more, but for the entire automotive sector in particular, SAIC, FAW and other major car companies have little effect. Energy vehicles would be the automotive industry and its upstream segment of the cell concept of society have an impact. March release, “the restructuring of the auto industry and the revitalization plan” submitted in 2011 to form a production capacity of 500,000 short-term goal, which is currently more than 1300 million units for the production of the automotive industry is concerned, a very small proportion of new energy vehicles. For their own societies smallest battery to the past, mainly the provision of mobile phones, computers and other battery-quarter production traction batteries, 500,000 will be a huge volume of activity, hence the emergence of new energy concepts will greatly enhance the performance of these companies.

 

From March 2009 “published by the restructuring of the automotive industry and the revitalization of planning” in response to vehicles with new energy into the electric car, Development and Reform Commission has been clearly put forward in 2011 to form a production capacity of 500,000 short-term goal. It is understood that electric vehicles, power VGP-BPS10A batteries, electric motors, power electronics, the cost of key components, which represents the cost of electric vehicles by 30% -50%. Based on the calculation of 500,000 electric vehicles with a value of annual production expected to reach 1,000 billion yuan.

 

Previously, the two countries issued a joint statement in Beijing, the two sides agreed during the next five years, Sino-US Joint Research Center of the investment for clean energy at least 150 million U.S. dollars the priority research topics will own cars. The market believes that Sino-US Joint Declaration on cooperation in energy sources such as news, digital, relatively rare in history, new energy vehicles are expected to form a positive plate material.

 

The State Council Development Research Center of Industrial Economics Research Department, Feng Fei energy experts believe that both parties should take the initiative in the field of electric vehicles for cooperation, Xinhua China (600,795, bar stock) in a car walk has a large market and low manufacturing benefit costs, however, the overall level of automotive, industrial technology, the infrastructure was not enough, the United States, it is precisely in this area has a great advantage if both parties take the initiative in the field of electric vehicles to launch a new type of automotive products, will become a reality.

 

Automotive Li-ion batteries to double next year transfers

 

As environment-friendly vehicles worldwide are sought, the hybrid electric cars and sells the coming years, the automotive market lithium will develop rapidly. Fuji Institute of Economic Research said that from the 2010 car market lithium batteries will quickly recover and continue to grow. The report predicts that by 2014, manufacturers of batteries that the overall amount of total shipments in 2008 increased by 45.2% to 6.2392 billion yen. Among them, rechargeable hp Pavilion dv4 battery market will be extended to 4.9983 billion yen, an increase of 66.8%. It should be noted that the needs of the automotive industry will become the main engine of expansion of the battery market is expected in 2009 shipments of lithium batteries automotive sector will amount to ¥ 10,400,000,000 in 2008, based on double ¥ 25000000000; In 2014, the market size will expand rapidly to 2.25 billion yen, or about 215 times in 2008.

 

Management Consulting International firm Roland Berger Strategy on the global outlook for new energy vehicles in the last research report predicts that by parts of the electric power in 2020, China is the drive assembly and components market worth 10 billion euros Chao, whose 2011, 2014 and 2017 the market value of 600 million euros, respectively, 2.4 billion and 56 billion euros, the estimated market value of the environment in 2020 will reach 6.5 billion euros, even a conservative estimate will reach 2.4 billion euros. According to forecasts the next 10 years, Chinese enterprises in the hybrid and electric vehicles future developments in the field have an advantage, in particular, the basic components, including developments in the field of toshiba PA3191U-3BRS battery has a great potential because Chinese companies have the advantage of cost of raw materials, manufacturing equipment and labor cost advantage.

 

According to Roland Berger predicts that 2020 will be the main markets in Western Europe, electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids will be more than 3 million in annual sales, China ranked second to reach 1.58 million of units.

 

With the plug-in hybrid electric vehicles of all relevant factors, the Roland Berger predicts that by 2020, elements of the battery of the global market share in the largest share of the market size of EUR 9,600,000,000 — 297 between. Now that the Chinese suppliers and Japan, South Korea, North America, Europe, the supplier has a significant cost advantage compared to, the future of the standard battery of quality, durability and differences prices will become increasingly small.

 

Roland Berger estimates that the demand for battery electric vehicles will be the future of lithium the main source of output growth is expected for 2020, there will be eye-catching 70% of average annual compound rate of growth. Despite the significant growth in demand, but because of higher reserves, experts do not believe that the production of lithium will be a shortage, but there may be a price increase in the risk of a temporary existence.

 

Promising varieties of independent innovation of automotive batteries

 

Shenyin analyst Wang said that under optimistic about new energy policies to promote investment opportunities in the automotive battery industry, promising varieties of independent innovation of automotive batteries. Shenyin the next 3-5 years, Ni-MH batteries, HEVs will remain the mainstream of new energy vehicles, HEVs will PH EV, EV co-existence about 10 years. In 3-5 years later, with iron to increase the performance of lithium phosphate to lower costs, and the national network of charging stations in place progressive lithium iron phosphate as the main engine PH of the EV, EV mark the beginning of a broad development prospects. Recommended Section Li Yuan (600,478, bar stock), Shanshangufen, Jiangsu Guotai, Tibet Mining (000762, shares bar).

 

Shenyin should grant political future, and the rate of localization is likely to hook. In the development strategy, pending the countries new energy vehicles as an opportunity to catch up from behind their own technology. I believe Sino-US cooperation, China will continue to insist on independent R & D path. Possible future introduction of new energy standards car allowance, spare parts and the main rate of localization will be linked to, and encourage the autonomy of key parts as soon as possible and depending on the location of raw materials. At the same time the state will improve the access threshold, and rigorous review system products.

 

Shenyin should follow the state ministries and commissions, will be introduced to encourage large-scale electrical vehicles and the development of specific incentive policies. The industrialization of new energy vehicles, including the most important policy for consumers to buy new energy vehicles are subsidized, and the development of new VGP-BPS10A/B energy vehicles and infrastructure planning. The introduction of these two policies that will address bottlenecks in the consumption and use of the bottleneck.

Introduction 1 battery is a UPS system is an important component of its direct impact on the bottom of the reliability of the whole UPS system. No matter how UPS designed for advanced features complete how, once the Laptop battery failure, even the best UPS is also unable to provide an uninterrupted power supply. Do not use inferior quality and cheap due to covet lead acid batteries, it will affect the reliability of the entire UPS system, and will therefore result in greater losses. Batteries entire UPS system mean time between failure (MTBF) over the game. If the use and proper maintenance, will be able to extend its life, instead of his life will be shortened. Therefore, we must understand the basic principles and considerations of the use of the battery.

   

Two general types of lead-acid batteries can be divided into lead acid batteries, maintenance free lead-acid batteries and nickel-cadmium batteries, taking into account the load conditions, the use of environment, life and cost and other factors, typically chosen UPS VRLA maintenance free batteries. Its main feature is the load generated when the cathode side oxygen by chemical reaction in the negative to reduce water use life float specified without adding water to maintain, so called maintenance free lead-acid batteries. Maintenance free battery is only when compared to the normal process eliminates the need to add water or distilled water, adjust the surface of the electrolyte of the work is not relieved all maintenance work. Instead, to achieve the UPS uninterruptible power supply, we must be more careful in safeguarding and maintaining good lead-acid maintenance-free batteries.

   

Three main factors affect the life and warn us about the following important factors affecting the life of the hp Pavilion DV1000 battery and use the process should pay attention to the questions:

   

⑴ temperature greater impact on the battery. The ambient temperature is too high, the battery will overload produces gas, the temperature is too low, the battery will be pretty cool, it will affect battery life. Therefore, the general provisions of the ambient temperature around 25 ℃, UPS is also float temperature setting voltage. Practical applications, the battery is generally 5 ℃ ~ 35 ℃ in the office, below or above 5 ℃ to 35 ℃ will greatly reduce battery capacity and shorten battery life.

   

⑵ deep discharge of battery life also has a great influence. More depth of battery discharge, less the number of recycling activities, and should therefore avoid the use of depth of discharge. Although the UPS has a battery low protection potential, the general single-cell, when discharged to 10.5 V or more, UPS will automatically be closed. However, if the UPS is lightly loaded or discharge any discharge load may cause the depth of battery discharge.

   

⑶ batteries in the storage, transportation, installation, following the loss of part of the self-discharge capacity. Therefore, after installation before commissioning should be based on the open circuit voltage of the toshiba PA3191U-3BRS battery to determine the remaining capacity of the battery, then a different approach to supplement charging batteries. Set aside extra batteries every 3 months should be an additional charge. Perhaps by measuring the voltage of the battery open circuit to determine if the battery is good or bad. For 12 V batteries, for example, if the open circuit voltage is above 12.5 V, the energy storage battery, said there are more than 80%, if the open circuit voltage less than 12.5 V You should immediately supplement charge. If the open circuit voltage less than 12V, the battery stores electrical energy, said less than 20%, the battery useless.

   

⑷ battery charge and discharge generally expressed C, C is the actual value associated with the battery capacity. For example, batteries 100AH, C = 100A. Matsushita Lead-acid maintenance-free battery charging current is 0.1C best on the market, the charging current can not exceed 0.3c. Charging current is too large or too small will affect apple M8403 battery life. The current requirements for general discharge of 0.05C between ~ 3C, UPS, normal use can satisfy this requirement, but must also prevent the occurrence of unexpected situations, such as the battery short-circuit and so on.

   

⑸ Load Voltage in the work of backup UPS battery, electricity is in the state of charge under normal circumstances, only the power outage is discharged. To extend the battery, UPS shippers typically use constant pressure to limit the control over the way, the battery is fully charged state to float after each section on the current float is set at 13.6 . If the charging voltage is too high causes the battery before charging, the battery is charging less than the contrary. The charging voltage abnormality may be caused by configuration errors caused by the battery or charger malfunction due. Therefore, when installing the battery, the battery must pay attention to the accuracy of the specifications and quantities of different specifications, different batches of cells do not mix. Do not use inferior charger, plus a charger, but also to consider when installing problem of heat dissipation. Currently, to further improve the life of the battery, UPS has developed and adopted a kind of ABM (Advanced Battery Management) three-stage program of intelligent BATCL50L battery management, ie load is divided over initialization, floating charge and rest three stages: the first step is constant load balance flows, recharge the battery capacity to 90%; second stage is floating Chong Chongdian load capacity battery at 100% and then stops charging, third step is a natural discharge at this stage, the battery using its own leakage current discharge, as the minimum voltage required, and then repeat these three steps. In this way, the nature of changes that were previously fully charged, even after the battery during the day to 24 hours of floating state, thereby extending battery life.

   

⑹ Following the interview without system battery electrolyte absorption in normal use will not produce any gas, but if the user is misused, causing the battery before recharging it will produce a gas, this time pressure increases the battery, battery pressure valve on top of open, burst out a serious cause of the battery.

   

⑺ UPS running the process, be careful to control the terminal value of battery voltage, current float value, each battery voltage, battery and the DC bus to ground resistance and the insulating state.

   

⑻ not individually increase or decrease the number of single charge of battery cells, resulting in the ability of imbalance single sony VGP-BPS2A battery charge and an uneven, reducing battery life.

   

⑼ the battery must be installed as far as possible in a clean, fresh, airy, dry, and avoid sunlight, radiators or other heat sources of radiation effects. Batteries should be placed on positive legislation, non-tilt. Each battery must be securely connected between the terminals.

 

⑽ regularly maintained. The battery in use after a certain time should be inspected regularly, as well as observations of their appearance is abnormal, measurement of the battery voltage is average and so on. If you are not a long term power outage, the battery is always in a state of charge, this would allow the activity of the deterioration of the battery. Thus, although power outages, UPS is also needed on a regular basis to test the discharge of the battery to make it active. Discharge test can usually be done in three months, the practice is UPS with a package - preferably 50% or more, then turn off the electricity, so that UPS is able to discharge the battery, the duration discharge by the battery capacity is usually in terms of a few milliseconds to tens of ms, the discharge to resume electricity supply, continue to charge the battery.

 

4 Conclusion and clearly understand the impact of lead-life battery acid, the main factors and the use of the procedure should pay attention to issues of our UPS system, use and maintenance of appropriate lead acid batteries are a great help. Hopefully, in their daily work, the proper use and maintenance of a good lead-acid batteries so as to obtain a more rational use.