Digital battery

Since 1992, benefits of Sony lithium-ion batteries to achieve industrialization since, under its high specific energy, long life, no memory effect, safe, reliable and can quickly load and unload, lithium-ion batteries are become the new power technology recent years, development of hot spots. Lithium-ion Dell Latitude D810 battery is the green environment-friendly pollution free rechargeable batteries meet environmental needs of national energy today in all areas of use of life is increasing rapidly. Currently, lithium-ion has been widely used in mobile phones, laptops, digital cameras, MP3 and other electronic products, many of replacing nickel-cadmium batteries and nickel-hydride batteries, metal, in applications such as most as an exclusive Jiucheng. In addition, lithium-ion battery electric vehicles in recent years, and some other high power batteries have started to come into practical use.

 

Before 2000, the Japanese lithium-ion batteries dominate the world, and production accounting for about 95%. In recent years, with China (including Taiwan) and the rapid rise of South Korea, the Japanese show a single model has been gradually broken. Market Share of Japanese lithium-ion batteries has fallen below 60%, about one third of the world to form a pattern. Although in 2008 the global financial crisis hit, but rechargeable batteries, regardless of volume, sales were both up there on the rise, but this year will continue to be a difficult year. The future, the rapid development of a variety of electric vehicles, lithium-ion batteries will become a major driving force for progress.

 

The status of lithium-ion batteries can not be shaken

 

In 1989, the small size of the room-type lithium batteries to achieve a practical use. However, in the summer over a series of batteries for cell phones use lithium overheating in 1989 and caught fire due to an accident in early 1990, the industry uses a cylindrical, hp F2024B battery Rechargeable lithium had a negative attitude towards the prospects for practical application. However, Sony has specialized in the manufacturing technology of energy batteries Sony (Sony Energy Tech) ’s courage to break the deadlock, the same year in February announced the lithium-ion rechargeable battery reached a practical level.

 

Cause of the accident caused by lithium batteries that will be used as anode material for lithium in the charge and repeated discharge, the cathode is the formation of dendritic crystals, so a short - circuit between the positive and negative electrodes, emitting smoke and fire. The lithium-ion rechargeable battery in the positive and negative do not use lithium metal and its positive use of LiCoO2 (lithium cobalt) alloy material, the negative electrode material using carbon type of coke. This ensures the safety of the Dell KD476 battery to reach the cylinders of lithium type.

 

However, the practice at the beginning of the performance of lithium-ion battery was not significantly better than the main competing products - Ni-MH rechargeable batteries. For example, in early 1993 lithium-ion rechargeable battery unit volume density of energy 220Wh / L (This is a diameter of 65mm and 18mm × length value of the cylinder type battery, the same below ), just over nickel-metal hydride batteries 180Wh / height of approximately 20 L%. In addition, lithium-ion rechargeable batteries, there are many shortcomings, such as “there is no tension between compatibility and dry,” the difficulties of load control “,” high resistance, current high charging and discharging can be, “difficult to parallel, it is difficult to realize large capacity battery” and so on.

 

However, mobile phones and video cameras and other manufacturers of lithium-ion rechargeable VGP-BPS9A/B battery features lights a little low. Energy density per unit weight of these terms, lithium-ion battery than nickel-metal hydride rechargeable batteries is about twice as high as up 115Wh/kg. In other words, the same energy capacity, lithium-ion battery reduces the weight by about half. Thus, manufacturers of portable equipment, under a special favor in 1991 after the adoption of lithium-ion rechargeable batteries have the product market, and very popular. Since then, Matsushita Battery Industrial Company in 1992, Japan’s Battery in 1993, Sanyo Electric, Hitachi and Canada Moli Energy (1990) were commissioned in 1994, established the lithium-ion rechargeable batteries in portable electronics on the market can not shake the position.

 

Since 1990, lithium-ion rechargeable batteries have been largely along the high density and secure the development of these two main lines. To promote the products of small and light, manufacturers of portable electronic equipment urged to improve the energy density of batteries. However, the denser the smoke of the fire, the greater the risk. Incident does not happen again! The summer of 1989 fire incidents in the apple A1060 batteryof technical persistent spirit: If an accident, the use of materials of lithium battery will be the future is doomed.

 

To this end, in lithium-ion rechargeable batteries, the beginning of practical use, the battery manufacturer for its implementation will be known as the “most protective” of strict security measures. In order to fall in poor operation of the battery due to excessive discharge / over charge of the state can ensure security, the manufacturer of the battery configuration of the three types of security architecture: PTC (positive temperature coefficient) thermistor valve Security diaphragm. When mounted detected an abnormal temperature, the possibility of cutting off the electric mode of the load cell to avoid the danger.

 

In addition, development of mobile phones, cameras, computer hardware manufacturers have to ensure mobile security battery has played an important role. At that time, all the hardware manufacturers have established programs for acceptance testing, such as nail prick test, high temperature / low temperature test, as well as heating pan tests. Equipment manufacturers will be a series of tests based on the results raise the existing problems in the toshiba PA3591U-1BRS battery manufacturer, on how to improve the cell structure and design of safety circuits, and so many points of view. In the hard work in close cooperation with the early 20th century during the period, lithium-ion rechargeable batteries are no longer a major accident, the market is developing very well.

 

Improved security, the lithium-ion battery energy density of the battery continues to increase. The beginning of practical use in 1990, lithium-ion battery density of energy per unit volume, but 190Wh / L to 19 years later, in 2009, this value increased about 4 times, reaching 740Wh / L. But the same period, the microprocessor clock frequency up to 100 times the capacity of the DRAM is increased 250 times. Therefore, the rechargeable battery is also frequently called progress is too slow.

 

Increased energy density is mainly based on positive and negative materials to improve hp Pavilion dv4 battery of structural adjustment and improvement of manufacturing processes such as leather and complete been piecemeal. 19 years, there have been three times the material of great change, many, many times the energy density of high speed. The first took place in 1994 and 1995, the anode material of coke in a class of carbon materials, carbon, graphite type materials, this change so that the energy density has increased by about 20%. In the following 8 ~ 9 years, has maintained a positive use of LiCoO2, cathode graphite using a combination of such carbon material. The Change 2nd occurred in 2002 and 2003, the LiCoO2 cathode material in the LiCoO2 and Li (Ni-Co-Mn) O2 mixture of materials, the energy density of about 10%.

 

Is currently in 3rd period of change. The anode material is the reform candidate materials, including the type of silicon alloy, tin alloy and lithium three categories. An alloy of tin came in practical use. Sony introduced after the spring of 2005, the group of device battery has started to use this material. 14mm (diameter) x 43mm (length) of the unit cell volume of the energy density can reach 478Wh / L, compared to traditional materials, an increase of approximately 20% of the Dell Latitude D410 battery.

 

In January 2007, Matsushita Electric Industrial and Matsushita Battery Industrial through the use of certain types of materials such as alloy anode material, with successes to 740Wh / L energy density per unit volume. The company did not disclose the specific circumstances of this alloy material, until March this year, not mass production, it is expected that the near future or will be put to practice. In addition, the type of alloy of silicon and metal lithium as a cathode can significantly increase the energy density of batteries are also on trial.

 

After 2006, laptops and mobile phones and other products used in lithium-ion rechargeable batteries, the recurrence of an abnormal occurrence of heat, the potential fire hazard. Sony, Matsushita Battery Industrial, Sanyo Electric and other battery manufacturers have a large number of recycling batteries. The reasons are said to be mixed in the process of manufacturing powder metal, it is said to be load and unload equipment manufacturers in the management of misconduct. And equipment manufacturers face the cons, up another case of malfeasance.

 

In fact, the real reason not yet been identified. To this extent, must be carefully verified reason, understand that the resurgence ‘accident, the future is doomed, “the gravity of technical staff to learn both sides to ensure safety at all costs try to develop the spirit of time, work together to move forward together.

With the popularity of digital cameras, rechargeable batteries have been in the daily lives of citizens, can be seen everywhere as one of the essential daily needs. The new curriculum standards in high school physics elective module 2-1 explicitly require that students “know the power of the emf and internal resistance. But also “discuss the lithium Laptop battery, nickel-hydrogen batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries of the main characteristics and application of the respective occasion. In this paper, these three types of ordinary rechargeable batteries for a short introduction.

 

1, the main parameters of rechargeable batteries

The rechargeable battery of five main parameters: the battery capacity, rated voltage, internal resistance, the termination voltage and discharge voltage for charge termination. Battery inside the battery capacity of many decisions of active substances, usually milliamps (mAh) said, 1 000 mAh is capable of 1 A discharge current 1 h, converted to the charge contained in the amount of about 3 600 C. The battery positive and negative electrical potential difference between the nominal voltage of the battery. Rated voltage of electrode materials, electrode potential and electrolyte concentration of the internal decision. When the ambient temperature variation condition, a slight change in the output voltage of the battery; In addition, the battery voltage output and the battery charge remaining there some relationship between the amount of. Nickel Under normal circumstances, cell-cadmium batteries rated voltage of 1.3 V (usually seen around 1.25 V), cell Ni-MH battery 1.25 V, cell lithium-ion battery 3.6 V. The IBM FRU 92P1141 battery internal resistance of the resistance of the plate and the impedance of ion flow from the decision in the discharge process loads, the plate resistance is unchanged, but resistance to the flow of ions is responsible the concentration of electrolytes and changes in the ion change. In general, cell nickel cadmium battery internal resistance for the 7 ~ 19 mW, cell nickel-metal hydride battery internal resistance of 18 ~ 35 mW, lithium-ion battery cell internal resistance of 80 ~ 100 mW.

 

Rechargeable battery is fully charged, the most active substances board has reached the saturation point, then continue to charge the battery voltage does not increase the voltage currently known voltage charge termination. Cell-nickel-cadmium battery charge termination voltage of 1.75 ~ 1.8 V Ni-MH battery 1.5 V lithium-ion battery 4.2 V. Termination voltage discharge is the minimum allowable battery voltage discharge. If the voltage is below the battery voltage discharge termination of the discharge, the battery voltage decreased rapidly at both ends to form a depth of discharge, so that the resultant formation of a council where he is not easy in the resume normal load, thus affecting the battery life. Ceasing discharge voltage and flow, speaking generally, the cell nickel-cadmium battery discharge voltage termination of 1.1V, Ni-MH battery for 1 V, lithium-ion battery 2.7V

 

2, nickel-cadmium batteries (Ni-Cd)

Nickel material of the cathode cadmium Dell Latitude D410 battery nickel hydroxide and the mixture of graphite powder, the negative electrode material for sponge powder and cadmium oxide powder of cadmium, the electrolyte is usually sodium hydroxide solution or potassium hydroxide. It should be noted that nickel-cadmium batteries before charging, the battery is composed of water, the reaction occurred in the positive and negative plate has a precipitation of oxygen and hydrogen. Bubbles gathered at the plate surface of the plate will reduce the surface involved in chemical reactions and increase the resistance of the internal battery. These gases, if not rapidly compounds in water, the pressure inside the battery would be increased considerably, which would damage the battery, the pressure is too large, sealed batteries will open porosity, so the oven electrolyte, but he repeated the release stomatal gas furnace, the viscous nature of the electrolyte increase the transmission of ions between the plates becomes difficult, the internal resistance of the battery will increase dramatically reduce battery capacity.

 

Nickel-cadmium hp PP2182D battery process, if not all power has begun to charge over, the next, and then discharge, you can not release the total amount of money. For example, battery-nickel-cadmium is only 80% of the fee paid after after the start of the load is fully charged, the battery can only release 80% of home electricity, a phenomenon called “memory effect”. The main discharge appeared in some off camera is set too high, the battery is completely discharged each time the equipment is automatically closed, and if the battery will be serious long term “memory effect” may be more more capacity for less electricity. “Memory effect” is mainly due to the drum part of the discharge, the nickel hydroxide is not completely in the nickel hydroxide and nickel hydroxide remaining will be combined to form larger crystals, larger crystals generally difficult to restore, which causes the reduction of active substances inside the battery.

 

Nickel-cadmium batteries were first used in mobile phones, laptops, and other types of batteries, it is resistant to over capacity and discharge, and easy maintenance. But compared to nickel-hydride batteries, metal and lithium-ion batteries in terms of there are many disadvantages, such as loading and unloading process if not handled properly, there will be serious “memory effect”, greatly reducing the lifespan; Cadmium is toxic, and therefore nickel-cadmium VGP-BPS9A/B battery is not conducive to eco-environmental protection. Many gaps, nickel-cadmium batteries are now largely been eliminated from the scope of digital cameras.

 

3 nickel-hydride batteries, metal (Ni-H)

Ni-MH battery capacity nickel-cadmium batteries large, usually about twice as its main component of the nickel hydroxide positive electrode material negative alloy mainly pollution, dust free, the electrolyte is 30% potassium hydroxide aqueous solution. Reaction of nickel-hydride batteries, metal and nickel-cadmium batteries is similar to overcharging, the precipitation plate positive oxygen precipitation plate negative hydrogen. However, due to large surface of the catalyst of the hydrogen electrode, hydrogen can easily be extended to the hydrogen electrode surface, hydrogen and oxygen may be relatively easy to fit into the battery and combine to form water, so that the gas pressure inside the container essentially unchanged. Even so, long after the overcharge, the battery inside the pressure is too high, it may explode.

 

Ni-MH battery also has the effect of memory, but relatively low in nickel-cadmium batteries. Ni-MH batteries or nickel-cadmium battery memory effect can generally be put through several depth charges for the relief depth. Deep-discharge toshiba PA3191U-4BRS battery is usually necessary to put in the termination voltage is down to a single cell is usually below 1 V, but not too low, otherwise permanent damage will result in greater. Better not use the equipment for in-depth self-discharge, in particular, is a wire and a small bulb connected to the battery positive and negative measures of repression are more desirable because it can not control blood discharge, the voltage is too low will seriously damage the battery. Recommended with a function of discharge and protective equipment against overload charge to make deep and deep discharge.

 

Ni-MH battery internal resistance is low, high discharge current, discharge voltage changed very little, and easy to recycle batteries, damage to the environment are minimal, its costs and low prices, as the ‘DC power supply is a battery of very high quality. Ni-MH batteries can be used to create the column of rechargeable batteries, clocks, electronic games, digital cameras, video cameras, and some laptops have applied.

 

4 Li-ion battery (Li)

Li-ion battery is divided into two broad categories: non-rechargeable and rechargeable. Non-rechargeable batteries called disposable, it can be only one time chemical energy into electrical energy, electrical energy can be restored to chemical energy such as lithium-manganese dioxide. Known as the secondary rechargeable batteries, which is commonly known as lithium-ion apple A1061 battery (Li-Ion). The cathode is a lithium-ion batteries containing lithium transition cathode metal oxide is a carbon material such as graphite, the electrolyte is a lithium salt-containing organic solution. Cells both positive and negative or in the battery separator, the lithium-ion form are based there. The battery work, the lithium ions in the positive and negative electrodes and an electrolyte membrane in directional movement. When the battery is charging, the cathode to the electrolyte release Lithium-ion, this process is de-embedded; anode electrolyte in lithium-ion inhalation, this process is integrated. The process of discharging the battery and the situation at hand, such a charge and discharge when the lithium-ion intercalation and de-embedded process, as if the same rocking chair rocking, it was said that the image of lithium-ion batteries for “rocking chair batteries.

 

Lithium-ion batteries and nickel-cadmium batteries and nickel-metal hydride batteries in comparison, there are many advantages. Lithium-ion battery memory effect did not exist, the same capacity, the size is very small, using a voltage of 3.6 V, is a nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-hydride batteries in three metal time and can be used in a wide range of temperatures (-20 ℃ ~ 60 ℃), cupcake machine, while nickel-metal hydride battery (0 ℃ ~ 50 ℃). At the same time lithium-ion TravelMate 290 battery self-discharge rate is relatively low. Self-discharge rate is defined as a period of time, the battery is not used in the circumstances, an automatic loss of electricity for the percentage of total capacity. Generally, at room temperature, nickel-cadmium batteries self-discharge rate of 13% per month, 15%, Ni-MH battery for a month 25% ~ 35%, while the lithium-ion battery is only 5 % ~ 8% per month.

 

But lithium-ion batteries are also some areas unsatisfactory. Such as: lithium-ion batteries have life, usually for two years and do not use the state is stored for some time, some of its capacity would be permanently lost. Lithium-ion battery anode and cathode material from a plant has already begun its failure in history, different temperatures and state of battery charge saturation, the impact is different from data in Table 1 (capacity accounts for the remaining percentage of the initial capacity) of the column.

 

Thus, the higher the storage temperature and charge the battery more saturated more severe loss of capacity. So I do not recommend long-term preservation Lithium Ion battery, if there are idle hands of the battery and the storage time should not exceed 40% charge level, temperature, preferably less than 15 ℃ or less. The nickel-hydride VGP-BPS10 batteries, metal and nickel-cadmium batteries are almost not subject to aging effects of long-term storage of nickel-based charge batteries for deep discharge after a few deep can be restored to its capacity of origin. But the charge deep deep discharge can not be restored the ability of lithium-ion batteries and cause permanent damage to the positive and negative electrodes. Since the molecular level, the excessive discharge of carbon anode will lead to excessive release of lithium-ion batteries, while showing the lamellar structure collapsed, an overload of the lithium-ion battery will go too hard in the structure carbon negative, while making some of the lithium-ion batteries can not be released.

 

Lithium at the same time, battery charge and ion time of discharge only 400 to 600 times, specially modified products, but many times 800. The number of nickel-metal hydride rechargeable batteries generally able to reach more than 700 times, some good quality office products and output up to 1 200 times.

 

Because of the many advantages of lithium-ion battery is still optimistic about its potential applications, mainly in digital cameras, camcorders, mobile phones, PDAs, laptops that use power. Lithium-ion batteries currently in the hot area of research should be used in vehicles, electricity and gasoline and used motor vehicles or hybrid electric vehicles. Same time, people also develop a real sense of the solid state lithium batteries, lithium-ion battery completely eliminate the organic liquid, as well as safe and reliable lithium batteries.

In response to the most powerful features of the 3C products, battery technology must also constantly develop initiatives to provide this generation of power more hungry, more eager for 3C products. The four most common types of rechargeable batteries - nickel-cadmium, nickel hydrogen, lithium ion and lithium-polymer at the end what is the difference? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? Xiao Jiang in this year trying to find on the network to analyze the data you send.

 

Nickel-cadmium batteries (NiCd)

 

Is the oldest of a rechargeable Laptop battery technology, earlier in 1899, was invented out. Nickel-cadmium batteries can withstand a short-term benefit is that many releases, and the process of charging the reaction is endothermic - the latter feature can be quickly charged or not cause too much damage to the battery. Nickel battery voltage is 1.2V cadmium, than ordinary alkaline batteries 1.5V slightly less marked, but because the process of voltage alkaline battery discharge will continue to fall at a time when no power n ‘ is typically only 1V, but the nickel-cadmium batteries will have been to provide a stable 1.2V voltage without electricity until the date, so the majority of electronic products using alkaline batteries can be used in nickel cadmium batteries, no problem.

 

Better known shortcomings of nickel-cadmium batteries is the so-called “memory effect”, ie when the battery is discharged there is still no electricity, no longer charge the battery “remember” this position after the electricity used in such a long time left, the battery occur, and do not like the answer to electricity (transient voltage drop). Therefore, nickel-cadmium rechargeable batteries need to go through a period of pre-discharge process will be private only after charging power. Most nickel-cadmium IBM ThinkPad X60 battery charger will discharge the function automatically.

 

Nickel-cadmium batteries, for storing loads of smaller (probably only alkaline batteries 1 / 4), and cadmium are toxic heavy metals, making it less visible. Most applications have been near its nickel-metal hydride battery (NiMH) battery replaced.

 

Nickel-metal hydride batteries (NiMH)

 

Nickel-metal hydride batteries and nickel-cadmium batteries are nearly the same technology, but will be replaced by the hydride anode cadmium only. This is the most features and the same nickel-cadmium batteries, but electricity build higher memory effect is somewhat less obvious (but actually still exists). Ni-MH battery biggest problem is that it has a high self-discharge rate, which is obviously saturated electric charge of the battery, do not book a month, the power to be out May 30 percent less spectrum.

 

The use of 5 (AA) and 7 (AAA) applications-size Dell Latitude D410 battery, nickel-metal hydride rechargeable batteries are currently the mainstream, but has a greater capacity to feed demand, or need to make hours of volume, it is required by lithium-ion batteries by …

 

Li-ion battery (Li-ion)

 

Lithium-ion batteries battery is almost fantastic, has a large capacity, small size, light weight, no memory effect, the tension is high, and self-discharge is small, therefore not surprising that the majority see the modern 3C products were obtained using lithium-ion (or lithium polymer) battery has.

 

But the seemingly perfect lithium-ion battery is always a risk - the most obvious point that it has quite a strong tendency to self-explosion, but so much energy packed into a small space, and exploded is very dramatic to wait a. To avoid a dangerous place, lithium batteries should be many safeguards in the hp 417066-001 battery charging and overshoot or overheating, and automatic shutdown. These additional circuits and institutions, so there is no III / IV-size lithium-ion batteries, and why such a high price due laptop battery.

 

Lithium-ion batteries have a characteristic relatively little known interesting is that you have not used it will be the largest building materials capacity of the battery with an oxidation decreased gradually. In general, at room temperature, the lithium-ion batteries to increase the power will decrease by about 20% per year, and over temperature, load survived eating, falling rapidly, has survived. So if you have a notebook cooling relatively poor, so much time at full power at 60 ° C environment lithium battery can lose 40% within three months from the accumulation of power.

 

Here are suggestions for the lithium-to-date:

 

1. Do not use only the electric light rechargeable - lithium do not like being discharged into the finish, so if you often find themselves using the power of the laptop dry, then he changed the helm of the largest battery stars!

2. Do not load to full power over - as I said before, battery chargers and more saturated, the power has fallen even faster, so keep saturation 60 to 80% is the best state. In addition to Panasonic’s pen seems a pity that foreign power, to achieve this is not easy.

3. For each batch of 30 regular and landfill, we have come to use “dry” discharge - Lithium-ion battery itself is not afraid of a short period of time, a small quantity of charge and discharge, but the protection circuit above may be denial of justice at the end now, how much sony VGP-BPS5A battery power there. A major electrical discharge to dry, then charged at full saturation should be able to protect the loop “correction” to return. Many laptops have a software or even when in the BIOS to provide such functionality.

4. Notebook using AC power source, remove the battery down - because the previous building, said the decline in power. Remove the battery down, at least he did not have access to the computer itself, the heat. If the battery has subsequently launched a refrigerator better.

5. The battery when it is closed, leaving about 40% of electricity inside - leaving too many questions will strengthen the capacity reduced, leaving too little may damage the battery. Nansi Hu really ah!

6. To buy the batteries must buy a new - a new battery has full power Oh!

 

Lithium-polymer battery (Li-Pol)

 

Lithium polymer and lithium-ion batteries, as a rule, only part of the polymer electrolyte instead. This makes lithium-polymer batteries can be molded into a variety of forms (for consumers is not a good thing), in line with the demand to be different. Lithium-polymer batteries are also safer than lithium-ion batteries at high temperature, impact, but there is always an overload when the risk of explosion. Other maintenance principles are the same, and lithium-ion battery (therefore prefer to use the mobile phone battery lithium load each day, do not use photo-electric and have dependents).