Digital battery

The potential contamination of used batteries has aroused widespread concern in the community. China is the world’s number one dry Laptop battery producing and consuming countries, our data show that China currently has more than 1,400 battery manufacturers in 1980, the volume of production of dry batteries surpassed the United States and the largest in the first world. In 1998, production of dry batteries in China amounted to 14 billion, while the same year the total world production of dry batteries is approximately 30 billion euros.

 

Such a large quantity of batteries, making it a big problem to light and that is how to make so many batteries does not affect the pollution of our environment. According to our survey, used batteries containing heavy metals and waste acid, waste alkali and electrolyte solution. If you arbitrarily discarded batteries will destroy the corruption of water, erosion of our cultural survival and the earth, our environment is facing a huge threat. If any of the cell 1 in the soil and rotting, it’s toxic form a square meter of land to lose value, throw a coin IBM ThinkPad R32 battery in water, which contains toxic substances that have killed more than 60 million liters of water pollution, equivalent to a person’s life, water, batteries containing heavy metals cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel, zinc, manganese, etc., in which cadmium, lead, mercury is a great mistake to substances in the body. Nickel, zinc and other metals, although to a certain range of concentration is a useful material, but in the environment over the limit, but also harm the human body. Waste batteries leaking heavy metals can cause rivers, lakes, sea and other bodies of water pollution, endangering the survival of aquatic and water consumption, an indirect threat to health human. Waste acid, waste alkali and so on could contaminate the electrolyte solution so that soil acidification and salinization, which Decker around us like a bomb. Therefore, collection and disposal of batteries is very important, if disposed of improperly, may be placed on the ecological environment and human health, cause serious injury. Randomly throw used batteries are not only pollute the environment, is also a waste of resources. Some people forget one account to the country’s annual production of 10 billion batteries, the annual consumption by 156,000 tonnes of zinc, 226.000 tonnes of manganese dioxide, 2080 tons of copper, 27,000 tonnes of zinc chloride, 79,000 tons of chloride ammonium, 4.3 million tons of carbon rod. Despite the advanced technology has given us the right direction, but the phenomenon of pollution in China’s Dell FK890 battery is still not optimistic. Most waste in courtyards of China has been mixed with used batteries together in the soil over time, after the battery into decay, leaching of heavy metals, the two agencies could contaminate groundwater, they can contaminate soil and finally through a variety of ways to enter the human food chain. Biological uptake of heavy metals from the environment by biomagnification in the food chain, class by class in higher organisms tens of thousands of times richer, and then enter the body through the food chain, and economies Organ cause chronic poisoning, Japan Minamata disease is a typical case of mercury poisoning.

 

The batteries are generally divided into disposable batteries and rechargeable batteries. Disposable primary batteries, including zinc-manganese batteries (zinc and manganese dioxide) batteries containing mercury zinc (zinc oxide and mercury) and lithium batteries and several other categories. Rechargeable VGP-BPS2C batteries are the main cadmium - nickel, iron - nickel, zinc - silver, zinc - air and lithium - iron sulfide and lead acid batteries and so on. Our daily life is the most frequently used zinc-manganese batteries and zinc-mercury batteries, leaving the farm pollution is mainly caused by mercury (Hg) and cadmium (Cd).

 

The toxicity of mercury

 

Mercury, which are commonly called “Mercury is liquid at room temperature, the material, can keep the battery in zinc oxide cathode, this approach to improve the shelf life of the hp Pavilion dv4000 battery. Thus, when the zinc previously used in batteries to be very cloudy almost all do a certain amount of mercury preservative. However, the chemical combination of mercury and mercury neurotoxicity of endocrine, immune system, also have a negative effect, it will trigger problems for people with speech, unsteady gait, limb paralysis, leading to generalized convulsions , mental disorders and died.

 

For years, China’s production of dry batteries, it is necessary to attach a toxic substance - mercury or mercury compounds. China mercury in alkaline batteries up to 1% ~ 5%, 0.025% neutral dry-cell batteries, dry batteries annually for the production of tens of tons of mercury amounted to much. With advances in technology, the toshiba PA3591U-1BRS battery began to implement a low-mercury and mercury-free alternatives to the mercury surface of fluoropolymers FORAFAC to prevent corrosion of zinc has achieved good results.

 

The mercury batteries disposed of untreated overflow from the battery slowly in soil or water, then under the action of microorganisms, inorganic mercury can be transformed into methylmercury, meeting in the body of fish, human consumption of fish such as methylmercury, enters the cells of the human brain, the nervous systems of people have been seriously damaged in severe cases would be crazy to death. Well known Minamata disease in Japan is caused by methylmercury.

 

The toxicity of cadmium

 

Cadmium is a trace element necessary for the human body, the body of newborn babies, and there is no cadmium, but increased with age, and gradually accumulated. Cadmium with renal toxicity, which caused kidney damage is irreversible. At the same time, after a kidney damage may also be secondary osteoporosis, osteomalacia and fractures. In 1993, the International Union Against Cancer will be set at IA carcinogen cadmium level. For these reasons, many developed countries have recommended a ban on the use of nickel-cadmium batteries and nickel-metal hydride apple A1079 battery has been replaced by nickel-cadmium batteries, avoiding the use of cadmium. In China, the vast majority of battery manufacturers still use cadmium as raw materials for manufacturing the battery, the battery being further increase the dangers. Affected by the long-term consumption of cadmium from water and contaminated food can lead to bone pain and disease, cadmium in the body, causing skeletal deformities, osteomalacia, and in the severe form of natural fractures, and even death.

 

The toxicity of manganese

 

Excessive levels of manganese accumulation in the body can cause neurological dysfunction, an early manifestation of an integrated sexual dysfunction, the emergence of more heavy monotonous speech, sad expression, emotional indifference, accompanied by psychological symptoms .

 

Lead toxicity

 

Driving a major role in the nervous system, hematopoietic system, digestive system and liver, kidneys and other organs, can inhibit the synthesis of hemoglobin metabolism, but also directly on the mature red blood cells, for infants, children much younger, it will lead to Dell Latitude D830 battery physical development of children, a chronic lead late in the mental retardation of children first.

 

The toxicity of nickel

 

Nickel powder dissolved in the blood, to participate in the movement of the body, with a high toxicity, may damage the central nervous system, causing abnormal blood vessels, severe cases, cause cancer.

 

The toxicity of zinc

 

Zinc is an essential element of the human body, less toxic, 1000 mg of zinc sulfate orally only to those with acute intoxication, but inhalation of dust zinc oxide may cause poisoning. The symptoms include generalized fatigue, muscle pain, difficulty breathing, vomiting, diarrhea, severe heart weakness, prostration, convulsions, death. Zinc sulphate, zinc chloride penetrated the mucous membrane of the skin may produce dermatitis and ulcers. Zinc to fish and aquatic toxicity of the toxic people, if the requirements of water quality for fish in the water content of zinc per liter should not exceed 0.1 mg.

 

Recycling of waste batteries

 

Waste batteries may be small, large Queshen cons. However, due to pollution, waste piles are not as waste, air and water pollution, as would any sensory think she has a big secret, so do not receive the attention. At present, TravelMate 290 battery production and consumption of China to become a great country, and the batteries of pollution is an urgent need to address a major environmental problem.

 

According to environmental experts, recovery of waste batteries per 1000 grams of metal, which are 82 grams of mercury, 88 grams of cadmium, we can say that eliminating the recycling of waste batteries s The address not only the sources of pollution, but also to achieve the recycling of resources. In developed countries the recycling of batteries and use very seriously. Many countries in Western Europe, not only in stores, but also directly on the sony VGP-BPS2A battery street are equipped with a special box for recycling batteries and accumulators are 95% of the material can be recycled, especially in high recovery of valuable metals. Such as foreign secondary lead industry developed rapidly, lead to short-term 55% of production comes from reclaimed lead. The secondary lead industry in the treatment of the regeneration of waste lead-acid batteries account for a substantial portion. 100 kg of waste lead-acid batteries can be recycled 50 to 60 kilograms of lead. Cadmium batteries for the regeneration of technology waste treatment abroad, have been more mature to deal with 100 kilograms of waste recycling cadmium batteries of about 20 kg of metal cadmium, mercury batteries are mainly used to treat environmentally sound ways to prevent environmental pollution. However, there is in this area of management rather low.

Portable Electronics market in recent years due to the rapid development of the A1045 battery to create a huge market opportunity, which will be created there are certain restrictions on the types of rechargeable batteries, which makes micro fuel cells have high hopes . This article introduces the micro fuel cell trends, marketing and technology bottlenecks and market considerations.

 

In recent years, rapid development of portable electronic products, including mobile phones, laptops, personal digital assistants (PDAs), as well as cameras and digital cameras and so on, creating a huge market and business opportunities, but as product enhancements, the system power demand for higher education, a small, lightweight, has continued for longer Laptop battery, this will all consumers the same requirements.

 

Micro Fuel Cell System Development Trend

 

Theoretical energy density lithium batteries to fuel-ion BATCL50L batteries for five to ten times or more (varies due to different systems), is technically a maximum of three to five times; In addition, the fuel cell without charge to completely free of the burden of costs and limitations, replaced the fuel supply, just a few seconds of time, providing users a great advantage. Therefore, in terms of micro-fuel cells, the huge advantage of market incentives and capabilities will significantly accelerate the maturity of the development of related technologies.

 

A wide range of fuel cells, the most suitable for micro and small laptops, including fuel cells proton exchange membrane (Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell, PEMFC) and the fuel cell direct methanol (Direct Methanol Fuel Cell, DMFC), the two collided at room temperature operation with small, lightweight, portable IBM ThinkPad R50 battery design practice and so on. Among them, the fuel cell direct methanol with methanol as liquid fuel, the energy density of the volume of liquid hydrogen is about three to four times the hydrogen storage and delivery of convenience and security, and are easily available, low cost, portable electronic products is more in line with needs. In addition, the use of micro-(micro reformer Reformer) to produce methanol fuel to hydrogen fuel cells are micro likely direction of the development below will focus on fuel cell with methanol Direct (DMFC) for discussions.

 

Bottleneck in the development of DMFC technology

 

DMFC runs on the fuel cell proton exchange membrane that is similar in the anode of the fuel entering the methanol and water and methanol fuel produced through the catalytic role of protons and electrons with carbon dioxide The reaction at the cathode is identical with the system of hydrogen. Micro fuel cells to enter the commercialization stage, it still faces a number of technical bottlenecks to overcome, now the main problem is the following.

 

1, the penetration of methanol

 

Because the phenomenon of penetration of methanol, which makes the Dell Inspiron 1525 battery via the voltage (voltage) potential can be increased more in the below 0.4V, the battery performance and restricted, but also result in loss of fuel . Methanol through the current issue of the direction of resolving the North Korea 2: Development of materials for proton exchange membrane, so that a high proton conductivity and low penetration of methanol, the control of the concentration of fuel methanol to reduce the penetration of methanol.

 

2, the overflow of water (water injection)

 

Produce a unit of DMFC anode will leave the proton of about 2.5 units of water or methanol reaches the cathode, while the reaction at the cathode will produce water, too much water will prevent the oxygen in the cathode catalyst layer caused a significant 40Y6797 decrease in performance, this is called the water overflow phenomenon. This question is currently the initiative and increase the circulation of the airflow away from the excesses of water-based, but the flight system and therefore greater power, so MTI developed body electrode membrane (MEA) design method of control.

 

Third, performance

 

DMFC anode current efficiency is low, particularly if the NEC and other companies start with the development of a catalyst or catalyst support, try to provide greater power density, the application of nanotechnology will improve performance of the sony VGP-BPS5 battery catalyst is a remarkable development division. In addition, the system operating temperature affect the DMFC performance is another important factor, but for 3C electronic products, applications, the need for appropriate control of temperature, so thermal cycle system or thermal management is also underway to treat.

 

4, fuel and water treatment

 

As the concentration of methanol to good management and control can reduce the penetration of methanol, with the portable electronics do not allow the cathode caused a leak of water generated by the case, so that the toshiba PA3465U-1BRS battery current system must go through a lot of control logic to achieve all of methanol and water and their concentration control for balance.

 

Active against a passive response to the product to be portable applications, current DMFC system development can be divided into passive and active type, the following description of the difference.

 

Firstly, direct activation of cells with methanol fuel

 

Schematic representation of active DMFC systems, such as joints. Anode operating at the appropriate concentration of methanol (about 3 ~ 6% vol), under the fuel tank and another for the storage solution of high concentration methanol, the anodic cycle consists of three channels: high concentrations of methanol, water recycling cathode, and repeat the fuel cycle, under normal operation, anode Pf fuel pump driven by the loop and eliminate the carbon dioxide generated by the fuel concentration is too low or too came a stock, respectively, through the pump Pm PW and the high concentration of methanol and water recycling by adding the anode from the cathode to maintain the hp 371785-001 battery system. On the other hand, oxygen cathode may be forced to leave the fan or air circulation compressor.

 

The benefits of active DMFC is that the high concentration of methanol can improve the system by the energy density and cell design for higher output power; drawback is that using a number of energy consuming components, reducing the net system power output, although more complex and space -.

 

2, passive-type fuel cell direct methanol

 

Based primarily on gravity loop passive DMFC, the capillary or the natural spread of the way the fuel and air sent to the reaction surface of the electrode at ambient temperature in operating conditions. These systems for the body of the membrane electrode (MEA) materials and design of micro-structure, the pro-hydrophobic properties of materials as well as differences in the concentration of fuel and water to control the apple PowerBook G4 15 inch battery speed of distribution and minimize the effects of penetration of methanol to increase the energy density. However, gaps in the passive DMFC are unable to provide greater power density, while technological threshold is very high.

 

The extension of the future trend

 

In addition to these key technologies to decompose, micro and small fuel cells to enter the market still faces costs, regulations and habits of users. DMFC present costs are still high and needs for the development of catalysts and related materials to achieve a breakthrough. The overall size of the system or the size of external components and cost of auxiliary must rely more on creativity and discovery, DMFC can truly universal.

 

In addition, the toxicity of methanol fuel, and the application of product characteristics before entering the market testing standards required to achieve accreditation and the relevant laws and standards. Currently, agencies of the United States, Japan and European laws and many regulations have been actively involved in the Dell FK890 battery development and integration work is planned for the future development of DMFC become increasingly sophisticated.

Computer battery is the heart but also in relation to the benefits office. Today, most of the battery from the laptop working time mostly between 2 ~ 4 hours, may not be able to meet the needs of users. So for those who need a mobile office or common friends walking, prepare a backup battery is also very necessary. In addition, the Laptop battery is kind of consumables in the use of one or two years will be significantly diminished after the performance, coupled with some users do not generally pay attention to the maintenance of the battery, performance of the battery and the rapid decay of examples of early retirement are not uncommon. How to choose a cost-effective battery is a large number of users wishing to understand the problem. This time, we come to discuss the purchase of the battery.

     

1. Note that the parameters of the battery

  

Laptop batteries are not common, users must first understand the purchase of the battery before the battery type to support their own machines. Most laptops are used in lithium batteries, which is regular lithium-ion batteries. There is also a lithium-polymer battery, but only in certain high-end ultra-thin notebooks to use. Li-ion battery is normally supplied by the IBM ThinkPad T43 battery unit to protect the circuit and the capacity for surveillance and communications circuit of several components. In terms of settings, the battery capacity is an indicator of concern. The current capacity of the battery is typically between 3000 ~ 4500mAh, but also some with a capacity of 6000mAh.

 

In theory, the highest values in the same configuration using the longest. The manufacturer of the battery cell has a more detailed description can often see the “six-core 4400mAh”, “4-pin 2200mAh” nominal value such as batteries, but in fact is not directly determine the ability of 4400mAh or 2200mAh Laptop hours. When we speak of the power consumption of computers, the total use of rated, rather than simply being. The union of 2200mAh, 3.6V batteries, for example, could use, even modestly, the composition of the four batteries in series, where the voltage is 14.4 V Capacity 2200mAh. Many 14-inch laptops, you can use 2 and 4 strings of 8-cell hybrid mode, the voltage is 14.4 V, capacity has doubled to 4400mAh, to ensure a longer period of use. However, the same is a 2200mAh, 3.6V batteries, if we adopt the 2 and 3 strings of 6 hearts hybrid approach, its battery capacity, it will always 4400mAh, voltage up to 10.8V, if we look only at full capacity, the schedule should be, and 8 the same Dell Latitude D800 battery cell. If you press the power, then 8-lithium battery cells, the power should be 63.36Wh, 6 cores for 47.52Wh, 4 cores for 31.68Wh. If, after this value, the benefits of the 8-cell lithium battery can be taken into account.

 

Also note that when the battery in the choice of mold original battery shell generally more standardized in the laptop charge will not appear when he is charged with making difficult decisions or loosening of the situation, another label in choosing not to buy when writing the rough and does not disable the battery. In addition, some posing for the renovation of the new battery, the hp Business Notebook nx7400 battery must also be aware that these battery electrode traces of heavy general wear and tear, gloss, and a new battery is not.

 

  

 

2. Take a look at the quality of the battery

  

Under normal circumstances, the quality and weight of laptop batteries is proportional to. As the original circuit the battery protection are more monitoring in place, the quality is better on batteries, so that the weight of the entire battery as Jerry-build is much greater when you buy them hand to try the weight, if the toshiba PA3399U-2BRS battery lighter than their original number, then be aware. Some time ago, Sony, Dell, Apple, Lenovo and other brands of portable avalanche of quality problems, making original battery gives a bad impression.

 

It is also compatible with battery sales market, such as “I can” series laptop battery on using the original mark of integrated circuits and high quality design and manufacture of batteries, not only all the protection of the original battery, and stable performance, the use of time is relatively long, the actual performance with the original battery is not much difference in price is well below the apple PowerBook G4 12 inch battery of origin. I therefore believe that, if dissatisfied with the original battery, you can buy excellent quality, brand compatible batteries.

 

At the same time, we must pay attention to these small workshops producing compatible batteries. The internal circuit design of these batteries is extremely simple and the quality of batteries used in later times, and some have even adopted, disassemble or brand name batteries, this battery is compatible with the quality of the natural n ‘ is not guaranteed. In addition, some laptop batteries inside the failure of the original battery, a number of companies around the car battery door to change batteries original equipment, “life”. However, this Aspire 3000 battery is no longer true meaning of the original battery, and its quality depends largely on how the quality of batteries.

 

3. The cell performance test

 

Laptop batteries buy at the store, it can not easily buy a right to prevail. The test battery is an essential element. First held in the center of cycles of load test, and the second waiting time. Many people think that the battery life of portable calculated according to life, in fact, the real factors that play a role should be charged and discharged completely once. In general, the international brand of the product line notebook will be included in its software, which provides a management tool to the battery. This tool reads the battery pack inside the chip of intelligent control to see how time use of the capacity of the TravelMate 290 battery design, the actual loading and unloading times and other information. Through which users can understand some of the cell surface, no visible label information.

If the purchase is a battery of new original equipment, rechargeable batteries should pay attention to whether the frequency of 0 (number of charge cycles up to 2 ~ 3 times, because some merchants of buy the battery after the charge and discharge test). Second is to check the battery capacity. The battery is fully charged capacity and design of the comparison, if we find completely filled with a lot of capacity is lower than the design capacity, which indicates a significant reduction in battery performance are not recommended for purchase. If your laptop program management of the IBM ThinkPad R32 battery did not see the battery fully charged capacity options, such as using software to detect BatteryMon.

 

If conditions permit, it is better to buy a laptop battery is fully charged and then placed in an attempt to run the Internet, DVD players and other operations. If the test, the screen suddenly black sudden or irregular flashing light, or battery monitoring software for the discharge curve is not smooth, there is the phenomenon of power-dump (for example, 70% to 6% at night), indicating that cells not stable, may be the quality of internal batteries are not good enough, or the design of the circuit is not in place, these batteries do not buy it a. Have a lot of time, you can always test until the Dell FK890 battery runs out, the final report that the actual use of the battery is in the normal range. It should be noted, however, because the real test is difficult to achieve the required official standby power consumption when the usage time of the battery and the disparity between the nominal system is not too great, and not can not prove that the battery problems.

    

4. To understand the battery after sales service

  

Laptop batteries are expensive consumables, can not ignore its after sales service. In terms of the warranty, the battery can say that all accessories laptop accessories in the shortest warranty period. Most of the battery warranty is only 3 months to six months, and even some simply no guarantee for maximum security of the battery a few years. In general, the new battery can take 3 months or 6-month warranty period, if used batteries, but only 7 days to 1 month warranty. Therefore, before making a payment shall be liable to the consumer to ask about the activity period battery warranty and conditions, do not forget to request an invoice to the merchant or the seal of approval, and allow businesses indicate the hp PP2182L battery warranty.

 

In supply, laptop battery on the market mainly on the official website of the brand of notebooks and maintenance of points, laptops and other merchants and online stores. The official website laptop batteries brand and maintaining sales prices generally higher; Business Notebook PC in town cheaper than the official figures, but the quality of services vary considerably, there are many “deposit” has been secretly “change the” core phenomenon. Official Service Center does not provide redress (eg for the heart, activation, etc.) business. The sony VGP-BPS2 battery recycling will be centralized, there is no ” maintenance center “argument.

 

Therefore, a comprehensive review, then we can consider buying the brand is consistent with the manufacturers of regular batteries. On the one hand, and the quality of the batteries original equipment is not very different, other, informal businesses are also more standardized after sales service.