Digital battery

1 Introduction

 

The supply current lithium Sony VGP-BPS2B Sony VGP-BPS2C battery supply system development the main question is: After the battery in a group of security and life has decreased significantly, and even the fire of the battery frequent explosions and other serious accidents. The main reason contributing to this problem lies in battery technology Lithium Power Group, the study group applied technology and equipment, delays in development, to secure the integration of power lithium battery system to provide users of technology of lithium batteries integration of systems and products to solve the current problem and to promote the development of the power of lithium important subject.

 

Currently, the only battery power lithium has been basically have the extension and application conditions, but the technology of existing group, the group applied technology and equipment levels are not yet ripe. In other words, only lithium battery basically resolved the issues of security and life, and promotes the development of the power of lithium, the key is the cell technology, the technology group and BMS. Inspiron 6000 battery Inspiron 9300 battery

 

Determine the quality of individual cells in a group of post-quality battery power. In applications of battery power, the consistency of single-cell performance is particularly important given the current level of process control single manufacturing cell, through the battery produced in accordance with its actual performance filter, group, assembly is a realistic way. Currently, implementation of screening in industrial production, gathering method is based on the battery post in a small number of static parameters, with the group on drums, with the set control standard determines the distribution group completed the battery when the battery status of the single line of each sex. In the battery pack in use, the group differences in each state of the single battery battery appear gradually. Battery Management System (BMS) battery using process management, battery status in every single cell to adapt to a certain extent, you can keep the battery status in each cell of the unique coherence in order to avoid differences in the state cells caused by the accelerated deterioration of battery performance. The development needs of lithium batteries to raise the level of control of production process, the Panel selection of drums and distribution methods and systems for effective KD476 TD347 battery management and promote jointly.

 

2 lithium batteries power the concept of security and life

 

2.1 The root causes of insecurity in the battery

 

When the battery is part of the deviation occurs, as when the internal short circuit, discharge, high current overload, it will generate much heat, causing the battery to the system increases the temperature. When the battery system and achieve a higher temperature, resulting in a series of side effects, so the battery produces heat damage due to battery electrolyte flammable liquid, so the worst case, the battery would catch fire [1].

 

In the case of non-normal use (such as overhead), lithium battery anode ion is likely to surface, the electron precipitation as lithium metal, and gradually assembled in a lithium dendrite perforated diaphragm, Connectivity is negative, causing the battery internal micro-short. Lithium-ion batteries used in high compression, high-boiling point organic electrolyte. In the short-circuit, overload, high temperature and not the other-the conditions of normal use, the lithium-ion battery internal temperature increases, the electrolyte may be decomposed into a number of gas will be generated within the waterproof case for relatively high pressure. Once this pressure great enough to break the casing of the battery, rupture occurs, and even lead to combustion or explosion [2]. A1175 MacBook Pro 15 inch battery

 

High power load and discharge the large capacity lithium-powered batteries in the harsh conditions of use of part of the battery easier to induce deviations occur, giving rise to questions security.

 

2.2 Battery Management System (BMS) the important role of

 

Battery Li-ion power ideal for high performance, consistency, as long as the use of the filling process, however, well placed, there is no security problem, but the reality is that the plant quality mobile phone battery in full conformity with the standards, but should use an incident of explosion, Pack laptop battery is also continuing fire, explosions, and product recalls reported. Of life resulting from the battery until the end of recovery, there are security issues, even at the plant in full compliance with international safety standards in the course of evolution of the state of Security in a state of insecurity and of good quality, single cell performance to reach the lifetime limit of gradual decline, poor quality of the single cell, as part of its performance will start to appear and a variety of abnormal deterioration recession, worried about the insecurity of the state to enter. It is a gradual process of incremental changes. The battery management system is that unlike some battery manufacturers as a luxury but a must have, but also applied consistently throughout the battery. Applications of the battery management system at home and abroad have been many studies and start in many areas have been able to meet the needs of specific markets, applications, power lithium battery for the system of advanced battery management requirements more stringent to ensure the safe use of battery power, battery power lithium-management system the primary task. Satellite A80 battery Satellite M100 battery

 

3 Battery Management Systems

 

A typical battery charge balance system management, its methods of work is to connect a battery good set of charges at the same time, each battery of simple tests in the battery voltage terminal when a single voltage battery terminal is high, individual cells in parallel with the balance of the circuit for the diversion battery, reduce speed single battery charge and the rate of terminal voltage increases, so that the only voltage battery terminal tends to a balanced line, thereby to avoid the standard battery charge of each single battery and discharge characteristics differences affect battery life. As the shunt charging the battery in parallel with the monomer part of the pricing of energy consumption of a balanced circuit, fever balanced circuit, a balanced circuit balanced the limited capacity. For high capacity, high power, high current load, the remaining balance of the capacity of the circuit can respond to real needs.

 

In the last part of the life of the battery, battery performance, the gradual internal deterioration, under the old ceiling value of rejection and constant current charge-discharge or recharge values occur in May excessive discharge, more responsible, leading to a further deterioration of the battery internal resistance and other parameters, charge and discharge process of the battery will be seriously hot, the existing BMS, but it can monitor the battery temperature increases heat anomaly of the external load or discharge path, but this time the battery is already in a state of insecurity, to cut the access road can not prevent the cell from the electrochemical reaction process except the battery continues to warm, and even a risk of explosion still exists. Anomalies of temperature increases in the farm, suddenly cut the path of discharge for the equipment require continuous power supply, such as electric vehicles, in May, the device to perform the security issues. Tecra A4 battery Tecra A5 battery

 

4 based on measuring the internal resistance and state of the battery system management more

 

Studies have shown that with the battery charge - discharge cycles increases, reduced battery capacity, increases the internal resistance of the battery, the battery performance degradation and eventually internal failure complete process is a gradual and cumulative, inconsistencies in the group will accelerate the battery in the battery state of insecurity.

 

This paper presents a comparison of the measurement of internal resistance and the management system of the state of the battery, as shown in Figure 1, to control the heart of microcontroller, pre-stored in the memory of every single voltage battery terminal under different resistance values of the initial value and the error allowed the charging process of each single cell in different sections of the voltage rate of rise of tension terminal and the error allow the value of the cumulative value of the load, the load voltage, the discharge voltage range, charging cut-off voltage, the discharge cut-off voltage, battery temperature, the range load current value and perception of current error to allow the value of discharge current to protect the value of a balanced starting voltage, the value of parameters such as voltage unbalance. Charging and discharging process of loading and unloading process of testing various parameters of each charging process before the process of billing and charging after the battery to measure and record every single potential terminal battery terminal voltage rising rate the load current, load volume and internal resistance of the battery, and with measured and recorded before the charging parameters to compare, analyze the amount of battery charge and battery only internal resistance, the voltage of terminal voltage terminals to increase the rate of volume change to determine the battery internal process performance and the extent of deterioration to the failure of the battery and can be an early warning of security problems. The charge and discharge process for the implementation of expense controls and protection of termination of discharge voltage, temperature protection, protection against overcurrent, while the charging process by the cell voltage below represent the monomer flow balanced approach so that the series voltage at the battery terminals of each cell line alone, in order to avoid the state of each cell only difference battery life impact. Sony VGP-BPS10A Sony VGP-BPS10A/B

 

The system of 10 batteries 20Ah in test series, using 5A load at constant current 2A represent a balanced circulation system form a balanced flow of the effect is very obvious that no additional heat, but also to facilitate the ‘energy saving control.

 

Many factors affect the resistance to change, especially the resistance of the internal battery within the whole life cycle variation of the study requires a lot of experiments, the experimental program under way, including the rejection a stack of a simulated operating conditions throughout the life of the testing process.

 

5 Conclusion

 

Before each charge, during and after the load sensing and recording the process of collecting the amount of battery voltage, current, resistance, battery temperature, charging time and other parameters to calculate the amount of each parameter change and changes in rates and with the original presets to compare accurately to assess the ongoing performance of the battery, the size of the warning of possible security problems when using battery Rechargeable batteries provide high security protection. With electric vehicles, for example, even if there is warning battery safety, the driver has at least a few days of free time to deal with maintenance, rather than forced to disconnect immediately.

 

The process of charging the lower voltage batteries make up the monomer flow equalization charge, reducing the difference between the status of each single battery to improve battery life, while avoiding the burden of balancing the balance of the circuit During the heating problem significantly improve the ability to balance, high capacity, high power applications the battery has a significant effect. Inspiron 640m battery Inspiron E1405 battery

 

A complete record of the process of charging the battery charging process for each volume, voltage, current, resistance, battery temperature, charging time and other parameters, which records the rechargeable electrical parameters of the life cycle process of change for Battery Failure Analysis Group provides a database.

BYD sales vice president of the company and spokesman Wang Jun, the BYD car in the field of new energy uses the most advanced battery technologies in iron, causing the vehicle dynamics of technological innovations. Dell Latitude D410 battery  Dell Latitude D500 battery

 

According to Securities Daily reported that January 8, 2009, national policy, driven by an automotive market well. Tax concessions to purchase the car in the country, develop new energy sources, the car companies through mergers and acquisitions have become the keyword 2009 automotive policy. 7, the reporter had an exclusive interview with a company BYD Vice President Marketing and Spokesman Wang Jun, to explain the development of new energy vehicles.

 

Wang Jun said that in early 2009 brought the “energy-saving vehicles and new demonstration of the energy and extension measures the Fund’s financial assistance to interim management,” the State pursuant to purchase of new energy saving rate of vehicles and under the technical level of subsidies, not only to promote new energy industry vehicle development, but also help guide its own brand cars to accelerate the search for new energy & D and innovation, promote new technologies, upgrading motor vehicle fuel. BYD This is a good opportunity for development and further enhanced the development of new energy vehicles in the determination and confidence. BYD will launch more models of DM models followed, including the F6 [Review Forum Photo] DM F0 [Review Forum Photo] DM and so on, after the introduction of pure electric vehicles will be. IBM ThinkPad T60 battery  IBM ThinkPad R40 battery

 

Currently, BYD F3DM [Review Forum Photo] has selected the first batch of countries, “energy saving and new energy vehicles recommended models engineering model application directory” is the only brand to choose the class of car. In agreement with the Ministry of Finance released a new energy regime of the vehicle grant, each BYD F3DM have the opportunity to earn up to 5 million of financial aid.

 

Wang Jun said that currently, the domestic automakers are pursuing research and development of new energy models, because the new energy vehicles, it is the inevitable trend of future development of the car, which will be an ever-fiercer competition. BYD has emphasized technology is king, innovation-based development concept, BYD hopes, through their own efforts to this community a better, healthier, and I think the field of new energy vehicles BYD can count on their own R & D and technology absolute advantage to gain the competitive position, create a better environment for the community, and create a green and healthy future.

 

He stressed that even if the comparison of energy vehicles, high-tech new General Motors, Toyota is concerned, there are three advantages of BYD, and first, BYD F3DM double the vehicle’s electric mileage reached 100 kilometers, d Secondly, there BYD F3DM very dynamic. 100 kilometers acceleration BYD F3DM is 10 seconds, the third car F3DM plug-in charger that PP2182D PP2182L can be achieved, 220V household can be billed. And F3DM Toyota, GM earlier than in the commercialization of the end of 2008 was in the market.

 

In addition, the BYD based on their industrial experience, and strong vertical integration is also a big advantage, able to BYD batteries, electric motor technology is to combine effectively to achieve commercial operations of electric vehicles. Meanwhile, the DM-BYD dual-mode electric vehicles has also beaten by the prosecution repeated household plug-in both technical difficulties and to ensure safety and durability.

 

Wang Jun said that the conventional fuel vehicles, electric cars F3DM BYD dual-mode has two particular advantages include: VGP-BPS9 VGP-BPL8

 

Superior performance dynamic F3DM carrying BYD371QA aluminum engine, dual-mode electric drive system of the vehicle dramatically improves engine power and torque, vehicle F3DM BYD dual-mode electric power reached up to 125KW, or equivalent of 3.0 L superior performance of engine, the pilot will be happy while driving. In addition, in the initial phase, cars double electric BYD F3DM superior transient acceleration, exceeding by far the 3.0L engine class can achieve.

 

The use of low cost: in terms of fuel economy, F3DM dual-mode electric car 100 miles of pure electric mode consumes only 16 degrees, electricity by 0.6 yuan / kWh, the train speed 100km spend about 9.6 yuan. DM BYD dual-supply system mode uses the latest engine, the engine makes the system in all operating conditions of the lowest fuel consumption under 250g/kwh. And the survey shows that linked more than 90% of the car is not more than 100 kilometers per day, which means that the use of DM BYD dual-mode electric vehicles, most people do s’ not approaching disturbance of high oil prices. PA3285U-1BRS  PA3285U-2BRS

Because the cost of electricity is only the use of oil 1 / 4, for consumers, it’s probably an economic choice absolute.

 

BYD in the field of new energy vehicles using the most advanced technologies of iron batteries, causing the vehicle dynamics of technological innovations. Car battery power is difficult to “high security” and “low cost”, “Long Life”, “green”, “complex” and five other requirements. The BYD’s “iron battery” in these five indicators were made breakthrough.

 

F3DM dual-mode electric vehicle equipped with DM is the first hybrid to hybrid systems. DM stands for dual-mode. DM dual mode electric vehicle using systems of electric vehicles (EV) and hybrid power systems (HEV). Is a way to control the engine and engine power to combine two types of advanced hybrid technology not only reduces fuel consumption and emissions, but also greatly improves the performance of power and control, were able to load, but also a variety of additional fuel energy route to achieving a true sense of the double hybrid power systems. A1175 A1185

 

Whether it is the intention of returning to action. Wang Jun said BYD in July 2009 issued a public notice in a clear BYD is based on processes carried out in accordance with relevant laws and regulations China Securities Regulatory Commission to declare, before the relevant approval, expected to go to market in Shenzhen , issuing more than 100 million shares of A-shares, the proceeds will be used for the allocation of lithium-ion battery production, research and development of the automobile, to develop products of the automobiles and automotive components and the project of solar cells. BYD to believe that the company A shares will create a new financing structure and allow companies to expand markets for different values, thus ensuring the company to enhance business development and further improve our competitiveness.

 

BYD Auto full year 2009 sales break 450,000, exceeding the planned target of 400,000, an increase of 162% over one year, while achieving sales growth of 100 percent for six consecutive years. BATBL50L6 LCBTP03003

 

From 2009, the market performance, the Meritorious F3 car for sale a pause continues 30000, becoming the only Chinese car market, members of “30000″ club; F6 version of the new wealth, the monthly sales of more 6000; the high-end boutique F0 car over 10000 sales, becoming a new generation of mini-car king; new intermediate objects shop Jiajiao G3 [Review forum photo], but as capacity increases, the market potential the liberation of others, the impact on sales of 10,000. The above models are also expected to continue robust growth in 2010 to achieve the market BYD to contribute.

 

production and marketing plans, and we strive to achieve 100 per cent jump in growth. To support that, L3, I6, G6, S6, M6 and 5 others will be loaded target of 170,000 new car sales, and even for the dealer to provide a strong car. BYD first M6 upscale as a full size MPV, Wen Qi opens with the economic opportunity on the best network marketing as a whole; L3 has already boarded the last batch of national automobile directory, it will be a BYD on other high-end midsize car, the new G6, S6, I6 and other premium products will be unveiled in 2010. VGP-BPS2 VGP-BPS2A

Come on, the first single-crystal silicon solar batteries. Silicon is very abundant on earth, an element almost everywhere, the presence of silicon can be said to be inexhaustible, make using silicon solar batteries, in fact, no shortage of raw materials. However, refining, it is not easy, so people in the production of monocrystalline silicon solar batteries at the same time she studied the polycrystalline silicon solar batteries and solar batteries made from amorphous silicon, has commercial-scale production of solar batteries, not directly from a series of silicon . In fact, semiconductor materials for the production of solar batteries, a site with the materials, industrial development, solar batteries are more varieties. Has the research and development of solar batteries, in addition to the silicon series, there is cadmium sulfide, gallium arsenide, copper indium selenium, and performed many other types of solar batteries is endless, the following describes some of the most common solar Laptop battery .

 

Monocrystalline silicon solar batteries

 

Monocrystalline silicon solar batteries is currently the fastest developing a solar battery, has completed its process of composition and production, the product was to be widely used in space and ground facilities. These high purity single-crystal silicon solar batteries with rod as raw materials, 99.999% purity requirements. To reduce production costs, and now solar-terrestrial applications such as solar-grade silicon rods, material increases performance index. Some semiconductor devices can also be used to end the processing of waste materials and sub-end silicon materials, through re-pull rods of single crystal silicon solar VGP-BPS2C batteries made battery-specific. Slice the silicon rods, typically 0.3 mm thick films. Wafer after forming, polishing, cleaning and other processes that are processed from silicon raw material. The processing of solar film, we must first-doped silicon and the distribution, generally as a small amount of dopant boron, phosphorus, antimony and others. Distribution in the quartz in the high-temperature diffusion furnace checked. This has formed on the silicon P / FONT> N-junction. And then, with screen-printed, will be printed with a good paste of silicon gate line out, made after sintering at the same time back electrode and the gate lines in an area source of anti-reflective coating on a large number of photons prevent smooth silicon surface reflection path, now, single-chip silicon solar batteries are produced. Single-Chip through the random testing in accordance with the prescribed specifications) in a solar components (solar batteries, with serial and parallel processes are linked together to form a certain degree of output voltage and current, the final framework for packaging and packaging materials. Users on system design, can have a variety of solar components in various sizes of solar phalanx, also known as solar arrays. Monocrystalline silicon solar VGP-BPS9/B batteries currently photoelectric efficiency of around 15%, laboratory results were more than 20%. For the space station by up to 50% of the solar batteries.

 

Polycrystalline silicon solar batteries

 

Monocrystalline silicon solar battery production requires enormous amounts of high-purity silicon material, while the production of these materials, complex process, energy consumption and large, is the total production of solar batteries super-half, with a combined single-crystal silicon rod was drawn cylindrical, cut wafer-production of solar batteries is to form a flat-utilization of solar energy components. Therefore, the 80 years since the state has put in some European and American development of polycrystalline silicon solar batteries. Currently, the use of polysilicon solar hp PB991A battery materials depends, above all, a collection of a large number of single-crystal particles in it, or melt from wastes time monocrystalline silicon materials and metallurgical grade silicon material made votes. The process is to select resistance of 100 ~ 300 ohm-cm block of material or polycrystalline silicon material by squeezing the end with a 1:5 mixture of hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid corrosion, and then spent the end of the appropriate neutral-ionized water rinse and dry. Quartz crucible loaded with a good polysilicon materials, which can be the addition of boron-silicon amount, the casting furnace, the heating and melting in a vacuum. After melting insulation around 20 minutes, and then injected into the graphite form, which is solidified during slow cooling, the polysilicon can ingots. This cube can be made of silicon ingots to be processed into square slices solar film, can improve recycling and to facilitate the installation. Polycrystalline silicon solar batteries with single-crystal silicon solar Dell Latitude D510 battery manufacturing process is similar to the photoelectric efficiency of about 12%, somewhat lower than single-crystal silicon solar batteries, but the material is simple, the power consumption of the total production costs are low, save as to obtain a significant development . As the technology has improved, the current efficiency of polycrystalline silicon to reach around 14%.

 

Amorphous silicon solar batteries

 

Amorphous silicon solar batteries in 1976 appeared a new thin-film solar batteries, monocrystalline and multicrystalline silicon-silicon solar batteries with the production of an entirely different way silicon low material consumption, low power consumption, very attractive. Production of amorphous silicon solar batteries There are several possibilities, the most common is the glow discharge method and reactive sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, electron beam evaporation method and thermal decomposition of silane-law. Glow discharge method is a quartz container in the vacuum pump, filled into the hydrogen or argon diluted silane, with the RF power supply heat, so that silane ionization, the formation of plasma. Amorphous silicon films deposited on the heated substrate. If the silane in the right amount of hydrogenated phosphorus or boron hydride were mixed, can be obtained from N, or P-type amorphous silicon layer. Substrate general use glass or stainless steel. Production of amorphous silicon thin-film process, which mainly depends on the strict control of pressure, flow rate and RF power on the substrate temperature is also important. Amorphous silicon solar batteries have altered structures, which is a better structure called PiN IBM ThinkPad R52 battery, the substrate of the earliest sedimentary layer of the N-type phosphorus-doped amorphous silicon is deposited, and then a layer of undoped i-layer is deposited and then A layer of boron-doped p-type amorphous silicon, and finally a layer of electron beam evaporation of anti-reflective coating, and evaporation of silver electrode. This production, a series of deposition chamber can be used in production to provide a continuous process to achieve mass production. At the same time, a very thin amorphous silicon solar batteries of the composite type can, or use in the manufacture of integrated circuits, obtained in a plane with the corresponding mask process, a number of the serial production of battery to a higher voltage to be . For the general single-crystal silicon solar battery voltage of 0.5 volts or so, and now the Japanese production of amorphous silicon solar batteries in series of up to 2.4 volts. The current problem is that amorphous silicon solar battery efficiency is low, the international advanced level of about 10%, and is not stable enough, and often fall down conversion efficiency of the phenomenon that we are not yet widely used in the manufacture of large solar installations, and get into the low-light power supply, bag, such as electronic calculators, electronic watches and clocks, and copier and so on. Estimation of the efficiency decrease to overcome the problem, the amorphous silicon solar BATBL50L6 batteries will promote the great development of solar energy, because it is inexpensive, light weight, the application is convenient, it can be combined with the housing of the roof of an independent power households.

 

 

Multi-compound solar batteries

 

Multi-compound solar batteries that not a single item from semiconductor materials, solar batteries. Today, there are a variety of research, although most industrial production have not yet, but indicates that photoelectric conversion of the beauties of spring. Now a few brief introduction:

 

(1) CdS solar batteries - as early as 1954, Reynolds has discovered CdS photovoltaic effect. In the year 1960 was the rule of law vacuum evaporation of CdS solar batteries, photoelectric efficiency of 3.5%. By 1964, the United States of cadmium sulfide solar batteries, photoelectric efficiency increased to 4% ~ 6%. Later, lays down in Europe from a flood of CdS solar battery development, the photoelectric efficiency of up to 9%, but still can not compete with the polycrystalline silicon solar batteries. But people never give up, in addition to the massive study of sintered CdS solar apple A1175 battery, but more emphasis on research-type CdS thin-film solar batteries. It is as a barrier layer of cuprous oxide to hydrogen sulfide heterojunction CdS materials used form, according to theoretical calculations, the photoelectric efficiency of up to 16.4%. Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry in the early 80s once made to achieve CdS thin-film photoelectric efficiency of solar batteries to 7.6% respectively. Previously, some countries have continued to look at the development of cadmium sulfide solar batteries, to solve, because it is simply a relatively simple fabrication, equipment problems.

 

(2), gallium arsenide solar batteries - gallium arsenide solar batteries, a very good material, it is better suited to approximate the solar spectrum and can produce high temperatures at 250 ℃ under the terms of the photoelectric conversion resist performance is still good, sensors offer the highest efficiency of about 30%, particularly suitable for high temperature solar concentrators. Series of solar batteries has been studied with single-crystal gallium arsenide GaAs, based polycrystalline gallium arsenide, aluminum gallium arsenide - gallium arsenide heterostructures, metal - gallium arsenide semiconductor, metal - insulator - semiconductor gallium-arsenic solar VGP-BPS13 batteries and so on. GaAs material preparation of semiconductor materials like silicon, there is crystal growth method, the direct method generated, vapor growth method, liquid phase epitaxy method. For more scarce because of gallium, arsenic, toxic, manufacturing costs are high, affecting the development of such solar batteries.

 

(3), copper-indium-selenium solar batteries - copper, indium, selenium, and ternary compound semiconductors as a starting material of the solar battery. It is a polycrystalline thin film structure to use, and typically vacuum coating, electrically, electrophoresis, etc. or chemical vapor deposition process for the preparation, less material consumption, low cost, stable performance, photoelectric efficiency of over 10%. Therefore, an amorphous silicon thin film solar batteries can compete with the new type of solar batteries. Added Recently developed thin-film copper-indium-selenium, to the amorphous silicon thin film laminated on a solar battery can improve the efficiency of solar batteries and the efficiency of amorphous silicon photovoltaic overcome decline below.

 

Currently we are using are basically on polysilicon and monocrystalline solar batteries concentrate.