Digital battery

With the popularity of digital cameras, rechargeable batteries have been in the daily lives of citizens, can be seen everywhere as one of the essential daily needs. The new curriculum standards in high school physics elective module 2-1 explicitly require that students “know the power of the emf and internal resistance. But also “discuss the lithium Laptop battery, nickel-hydrogen batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries of the main characteristics and application of the respective occasion. In this paper, these three types of ordinary rechargeable batteries for a short introduction.

 

1, the main parameters of rechargeable batteries

The rechargeable battery of five main parameters: the battery capacity, rated voltage, internal resistance, the termination voltage and discharge voltage for charge termination. Battery inside the battery capacity of many decisions of active substances, usually milliamps (mAh) said, 1 000 mAh is capable of 1 A discharge current 1 h, converted to the charge contained in the amount of about 3 600 C. The battery positive and negative electrical potential difference between the nominal voltage of the battery. Rated voltage of electrode materials, electrode potential and electrolyte concentration of the internal decision. When the ambient temperature variation condition, a slight change in the output voltage of the battery; In addition, the battery voltage output and the battery charge remaining there some relationship between the amount of. Nickel Under normal circumstances, cell-cadmium batteries rated voltage of 1.3 V (usually seen around 1.25 V), cell Ni-MH battery 1.25 V, cell lithium-ion battery 3.6 V. The IBM FRU 92P1141 battery internal resistance of the resistance of the plate and the impedance of ion flow from the decision in the discharge process loads, the plate resistance is unchanged, but resistance to the flow of ions is responsible the concentration of electrolytes and changes in the ion change. In general, cell nickel cadmium battery internal resistance for the 7 ~ 19 mW, cell nickel-metal hydride battery internal resistance of 18 ~ 35 mW, lithium-ion battery cell internal resistance of 80 ~ 100 mW.

 

Rechargeable battery is fully charged, the most active substances board has reached the saturation point, then continue to charge the battery voltage does not increase the voltage currently known voltage charge termination. Cell-nickel-cadmium battery charge termination voltage of 1.75 ~ 1.8 V Ni-MH battery 1.5 V lithium-ion battery 4.2 V. Termination voltage discharge is the minimum allowable battery voltage discharge. If the voltage is below the battery voltage discharge termination of the discharge, the battery voltage decreased rapidly at both ends to form a depth of discharge, so that the resultant formation of a council where he is not easy in the resume normal load, thus affecting the battery life. Ceasing discharge voltage and flow, speaking generally, the cell nickel-cadmium battery discharge voltage termination of 1.1V, Ni-MH battery for 1 V, lithium-ion battery 2.7V

 

2, nickel-cadmium batteries (Ni-Cd)

Nickel material of the cathode cadmium Dell Latitude D410 battery nickel hydroxide and the mixture of graphite powder, the negative electrode material for sponge powder and cadmium oxide powder of cadmium, the electrolyte is usually sodium hydroxide solution or potassium hydroxide. It should be noted that nickel-cadmium batteries before charging, the battery is composed of water, the reaction occurred in the positive and negative plate has a precipitation of oxygen and hydrogen. Bubbles gathered at the plate surface of the plate will reduce the surface involved in chemical reactions and increase the resistance of the internal battery. These gases, if not rapidly compounds in water, the pressure inside the battery would be increased considerably, which would damage the battery, the pressure is too large, sealed batteries will open porosity, so the oven electrolyte, but he repeated the release stomatal gas furnace, the viscous nature of the electrolyte increase the transmission of ions between the plates becomes difficult, the internal resistance of the battery will increase dramatically reduce battery capacity.

 

Nickel-cadmium hp PP2182D battery process, if not all power has begun to charge over, the next, and then discharge, you can not release the total amount of money. For example, battery-nickel-cadmium is only 80% of the fee paid after after the start of the load is fully charged, the battery can only release 80% of home electricity, a phenomenon called “memory effect”. The main discharge appeared in some off camera is set too high, the battery is completely discharged each time the equipment is automatically closed, and if the battery will be serious long term “memory effect” may be more more capacity for less electricity. “Memory effect” is mainly due to the drum part of the discharge, the nickel hydroxide is not completely in the nickel hydroxide and nickel hydroxide remaining will be combined to form larger crystals, larger crystals generally difficult to restore, which causes the reduction of active substances inside the battery.

 

Nickel-cadmium batteries were first used in mobile phones, laptops, and other types of batteries, it is resistant to over capacity and discharge, and easy maintenance. But compared to nickel-hydride batteries, metal and lithium-ion batteries in terms of there are many disadvantages, such as loading and unloading process if not handled properly, there will be serious “memory effect”, greatly reducing the lifespan; Cadmium is toxic, and therefore nickel-cadmium VGP-BPS9A/B battery is not conducive to eco-environmental protection. Many gaps, nickel-cadmium batteries are now largely been eliminated from the scope of digital cameras.

 

3 nickel-hydride batteries, metal (Ni-H)

Ni-MH battery capacity nickel-cadmium batteries large, usually about twice as its main component of the nickel hydroxide positive electrode material negative alloy mainly pollution, dust free, the electrolyte is 30% potassium hydroxide aqueous solution. Reaction of nickel-hydride batteries, metal and nickel-cadmium batteries is similar to overcharging, the precipitation plate positive oxygen precipitation plate negative hydrogen. However, due to large surface of the catalyst of the hydrogen electrode, hydrogen can easily be extended to the hydrogen electrode surface, hydrogen and oxygen may be relatively easy to fit into the battery and combine to form water, so that the gas pressure inside the container essentially unchanged. Even so, long after the overcharge, the battery inside the pressure is too high, it may explode.

 

Ni-MH battery also has the effect of memory, but relatively low in nickel-cadmium batteries. Ni-MH batteries or nickel-cadmium battery memory effect can generally be put through several depth charges for the relief depth. Deep-discharge toshiba PA3191U-4BRS battery is usually necessary to put in the termination voltage is down to a single cell is usually below 1 V, but not too low, otherwise permanent damage will result in greater. Better not use the equipment for in-depth self-discharge, in particular, is a wire and a small bulb connected to the battery positive and negative measures of repression are more desirable because it can not control blood discharge, the voltage is too low will seriously damage the battery. Recommended with a function of discharge and protective equipment against overload charge to make deep and deep discharge.

 

Ni-MH battery internal resistance is low, high discharge current, discharge voltage changed very little, and easy to recycle batteries, damage to the environment are minimal, its costs and low prices, as the ‘DC power supply is a battery of very high quality. Ni-MH batteries can be used to create the column of rechargeable batteries, clocks, electronic games, digital cameras, video cameras, and some laptops have applied.

 

4 Li-ion battery (Li)

Li-ion battery is divided into two broad categories: non-rechargeable and rechargeable. Non-rechargeable batteries called disposable, it can be only one time chemical energy into electrical energy, electrical energy can be restored to chemical energy such as lithium-manganese dioxide. Known as the secondary rechargeable batteries, which is commonly known as lithium-ion apple A1061 battery (Li-Ion). The cathode is a lithium-ion batteries containing lithium transition cathode metal oxide is a carbon material such as graphite, the electrolyte is a lithium salt-containing organic solution. Cells both positive and negative or in the battery separator, the lithium-ion form are based there. The battery work, the lithium ions in the positive and negative electrodes and an electrolyte membrane in directional movement. When the battery is charging, the cathode to the electrolyte release Lithium-ion, this process is de-embedded; anode electrolyte in lithium-ion inhalation, this process is integrated. The process of discharging the battery and the situation at hand, such a charge and discharge when the lithium-ion intercalation and de-embedded process, as if the same rocking chair rocking, it was said that the image of lithium-ion batteries for “rocking chair batteries.

 

Lithium-ion batteries and nickel-cadmium batteries and nickel-metal hydride batteries in comparison, there are many advantages. Lithium-ion battery memory effect did not exist, the same capacity, the size is very small, using a voltage of 3.6 V, is a nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-hydride batteries in three metal time and can be used in a wide range of temperatures (-20 ℃ ~ 60 ℃), cupcake machine, while nickel-metal hydride battery (0 ℃ ~ 50 ℃). At the same time lithium-ion TravelMate 290 battery self-discharge rate is relatively low. Self-discharge rate is defined as a period of time, the battery is not used in the circumstances, an automatic loss of electricity for the percentage of total capacity. Generally, at room temperature, nickel-cadmium batteries self-discharge rate of 13% per month, 15%, Ni-MH battery for a month 25% ~ 35%, while the lithium-ion battery is only 5 % ~ 8% per month.

 

But lithium-ion batteries are also some areas unsatisfactory. Such as: lithium-ion batteries have life, usually for two years and do not use the state is stored for some time, some of its capacity would be permanently lost. Lithium-ion battery anode and cathode material from a plant has already begun its failure in history, different temperatures and state of battery charge saturation, the impact is different from data in Table 1 (capacity accounts for the remaining percentage of the initial capacity) of the column.

 

Thus, the higher the storage temperature and charge the battery more saturated more severe loss of capacity. So I do not recommend long-term preservation Lithium Ion battery, if there are idle hands of the battery and the storage time should not exceed 40% charge level, temperature, preferably less than 15 ℃ or less. The nickel-hydride VGP-BPS10 batteries, metal and nickel-cadmium batteries are almost not subject to aging effects of long-term storage of nickel-based charge batteries for deep discharge after a few deep can be restored to its capacity of origin. But the charge deep deep discharge can not be restored the ability of lithium-ion batteries and cause permanent damage to the positive and negative electrodes. Since the molecular level, the excessive discharge of carbon anode will lead to excessive release of lithium-ion batteries, while showing the lamellar structure collapsed, an overload of the lithium-ion battery will go too hard in the structure carbon negative, while making some of the lithium-ion batteries can not be released.

 

Lithium at the same time, battery charge and ion time of discharge only 400 to 600 times, specially modified products, but many times 800. The number of nickel-metal hydride rechargeable batteries generally able to reach more than 700 times, some good quality office products and output up to 1 200 times.

 

Because of the many advantages of lithium-ion battery is still optimistic about its potential applications, mainly in digital cameras, camcorders, mobile phones, PDAs, laptops that use power. Lithium-ion batteries currently in the hot area of research should be used in vehicles, electricity and gasoline and used motor vehicles or hybrid electric vehicles. Same time, people also develop a real sense of the solid state lithium batteries, lithium-ion battery completely eliminate the organic liquid, as well as safe and reliable lithium batteries.

Influx of a large number of companies, but it is followed by a rapid decline in profit margins, current earnings are relatively modest. “According to one press access to information shows that in a few years, the profits of the sector before 100% of profits fell to 5% of profits are low.

 

Moss is the beginning of

 

“In Shenzhen alone, there are hundreds of production companies, all countries should be more than 1000 of the”. Zhi-Ming Zeng said “China’s Sankei Shimbun reporter, although the development of the industry supply lithium just a few years, but the pace of development beyond imagination.

 

Zhi-Ming Zeng worked in Beijing, Anwar Ibrahim on United Energy Technology Co., Ltd., has been witness to this emerging industry since its Laptop battery birth, then quickly dissolved into chaos after the development of the whole process.

 

Beijing Anwar United Energy Technology Co., Ltd in the industry is also a relatively big businesses and claimed to be the best technology for domestic iron phosphate factories producing batteries, the main development, manufacture and marketing of new batteries power rechargeable lithium iron, lithium-ion rechargeable battery and its subsidiary products are widely used in electric vehicles (EB / EV / HEV / PHEV), electric tools, solar, UPS, digital products, products of export to Europe and North America.

 

 

Currently, however, Beijing Hualian contract security industry, like the vast majority of companies is in the common development of the industry to feel the pain of confusion.

 

If Sony in 1992, the company will sell lithium batteries as a starting point for the dates industry. Then, set up by thousands of businesses, there is a sizeable proportion of companies are neck and only 50 million fund has committed more than 10 employees, renting office space, and even BTP-43D1 some minimum level of production equipment has not yet completed its acquisition of haste.

 

“These companies are not standardized operations, directly leads to lower margins on products, currently only a small number of large enterprise customers end because of stability and healthy development.” Zeng Zhi-Ming laments.

 

“2007 years ago, few people realize that the lithium iron phosphate promising, but production of lithium iron phosphate over 100 companies.” Xu Gang, vice-president of Tianjin power of God in the media about the fierce competition in the sector said. “The real business is doing quite well very soon.”

 

Technology Highway

 

According to the industrial chain, the lithium in batteries and produces batteries, Dell Latitude X1 battery materials can be divided into cathode materials, anode materials, membranes and electrolytes. Lithium cobalt oxide, manganese oxide, lithium nickel cobalt manganese-lithium and lithium iron phosphate cathode material for Li-Ion battery technology, the basic material Zeyi graphite anode, solid particles of carbon-based; in positive and negative electrolyte East and diaphragm.

 

The status quo is both manufacturers of lithium battery materials and battery manufacturer, has technical advantages of firms are very small.

 

“The main problem the industry is not competitive and disorder problems, the most critical issue is the price and technology.” Institutional research Frost & Sullivan focused on energy sector analyst Linda again told ” China’s Sankei Shimbun “Report to the United States, Japan and other countries, the Chinese Li-ion hp Pavilion dv4 battery industry, the technology gap is evident.

 

It is understood that companies worldwide have also strengthened their research and application of lithium batteries, but lithium batteries and other current high explosive which remain outstanding and Chinese manufacturers in the most backward in this regard.

 

BYD is a relatively rapid development of industry and enterprises in technology also have the advantage over their peers. BYD propaganda techniques, but actually did not get all the benefits of peer recognition, Zhi-Ming Zeng on BYD lithium battery that is not new, and the United States similar to products similar.

 

Li-ion battery industry has been concerned about the development of wind investment industry, Chen Qiudong also noted the technical level of the industry problem of the poor.

 

Chenqiu Dong said the domestic iron phosphate lithium material is not a company analysis, each doing a half-dozen properties of materials are needed for the overall level is not difficult, but to do this material (in particular, is to watch the processing performance, stability, and discharge broadband sexual characteristics) is not easy.

 

Statistics show that China, Tianjin, Shandong, Zhejiang, China (Jiaxing, Huzhou, Jinhua) and other places enormous investment of many to the sony VGP-BPS2 battery manufacturer Li-ion batteries, the results will die of ‘a natural death, the main technical issues can be resolved. Chenqiu Dong said that with technology partners to find a great association. Many colleges and universities or research institutes, technology is just technology laboratory, far from industrial. Laboratories doing material properties are excellent, but the pilot will encounter great difficulty, even if reluctantly passed the test pass, the stage of mass production industrial, exposing the problem will be even greater . And this is not an isolated phenomenon, but rather a common phenomenon.

 

Linda noted that in addition to technology, the price of lithium high power hamper its rapid implementation is a key factor.

 

For example, a lithium-ion battery electric bike for the price of 1,500 yuan, while the current total price is also an electric bike, but about 2,000 yuan, if electric cars are being lead to the most-assembly acid batteries.

 

“The main reason is the high cost of production is low, there is no scale. If we can balance the production, sale, these costs should be quickly abandoned.”

 

Achieve the same high prices of the deepest reason is still an immature technology, resulting in the production and marketing limits.

 

CITIC Guoan (15.44, 0.25, 1.65%) Mengguli Power Supply Technology Co., Ltd. in Beijing during the Olympics for the 50 pure electric buses in operation provides the necessary batteries, and its technology in the industry considered relatively mature, and even well, its Lu, general manager of its admitted, “synthesis technology of lithium is still a problem.” The stability, consistency of production and life of the technology of lithium batteries is not yet mature.

 

Warlords battle for the throne

 

Warlords battle for the throne, such companies will win?

 

In short, technology is king.

 

On the most critical factor in business development, Zhi-Ming Zeng said the two words “innovation”. He was referring to technological innovation.

 

Linda noted that the company will finally, it must be to solve the problem of toshiba PA3191U-4BRS battery price and technical aspects of the business.

 

Technology, Chen Qiudong consider more comprehensive, he summarized the following three elements: mature technology, a strong management team and excellent resources.

 

Chenqiu Dong said that the three are complementary, we can not do without. There are no mature technology inevitably limit the speed of development, so stay in laboratory techniques, or at least have been at least 2-3 years of exploration, technology and talent are also inseparable After all, the lithium iron phosphate material technology and is not fully mature, the industry has no uniform standard, equipment, materials, processes, and so the real questions should be able to count on people to solve. Without a strong financial strength, even if the materials out of, the corresponding production or management can not keep, they lose opportunities for collaboration with key customers, key technical staff for motivating the team enough, lead loss of human resources. Have no outstanding management team, even the best technology does not produce value here includes the implementation of the said R & D, production management, quality management, marketing and other links for startup companies that are very difficult.

 

However, the company won the healthy development of the apple A1061 battery industry as a whole can not be separated. As CITIC Guoan Mengguli Power Supply Technology Co., Ltd., General Manager of the Lu said: “I am most concerned about is when they can regulate this industry together.”

Origin News

 

Chloroplasts of green plants through photosynthesis, which converts sunlight into chemical energy. Inspired by photosynthesis, scientists are working to develop a theory of the chloroplast is similar with the new Laptop battery - dye sensitized solar cells can convert light into electrical energy, a “true zero emissions.”

 

PV industry as a new force in the field of energy has become a high tech industries in Jiangsu, one of the fastest growing. However, as the representative of clean energy, the chain of cells of the silicon solar industry silicon material input materials is energy intensive and heavily polluting industries. To this end, scientists have begun the preparation of new materials developed for use in solar cells.

 

Through photosynthesis of green plants, we may not be familiar: The chloroplast, absorb and utilize light energy, carbon dioxide and water into organic material stored energy and release oxygen.

 

Throughout this process, as there is sunlight, photosynthesis can still continue.

 

Called “Dye-sensitized solar cell (hereinafter DSC)” works with the principles of photosynthesis is similar. The difference is that the photosynthesis of green plants throughout the chloroplast, DSC photosynthesis, using chlorophyll is similar the dye to absorb sunlight, produce electronic, electronics no longer collecting electrodes, and then through the external circuit to return against the electrode, the photocurrent.

 

These cells are considered the research on solar energy and development of another “Dawn”. Nanjing University of Technology, Professor Feng Xiaodong recently told reporters that the battery is the next generation of low cost solar cells. If the Dell Inspiron 1420 battery has proven successful, will allow the use of clean energy in millions of households.

 

Bright have electricity?

 

“The whole cycle, as there’s sun, and with the external circuit connected, we can always convert the charge of energy.” Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute DAI Song-Yuan introduced the battery works: When the dye molecular absorption of sunlight, the electronics started to become active and the state of the natural soil titanium dioxide and the oxidation reaction occurs, then returns electronically to the electrode surface of the collection, leaving the circuit, while returning from the other side of the electron trap electrode electrolyte ions and return to the oxidation of dye molecules to re-return to the ground state, which complete the cycle of electron transport.

 

However, Xiaodong Feng also said, DSC photosynthesis and photosynthesis of different plants. Chlorophyll molecules in plants can be said is that DSC used in the dye molecules in nature. With the similarity of plant photosynthesis is absorption of light excitation molecular charge transfer. Behind the difference is that the steps not the same as for DSC is passed over the two electrodes to collect the charge, resulting in electricity, while photosynthesis, charge transfer to the reaction center, forming new connections chemicals, it will install solar replaced by chemical energy.

 

Geometric new battery cost?

 

“DSC producing cost, simple and environmentally friendly, and can be prepared on flexible substrates.” Feng Xiaodong introduced, compared to silicon solar cells, such as preparation of thin film photovoltaic cells of the DSC is very simple, it was one of the main advantages of the hp 371785-001 battery.

 

In addition, DSC abundance of raw materials, low cost and stable performance. Cell production process is mainly a large screen surface printing technology and the method of simple immersion is conducive to mass production industry, and all raw materials and production processes are non-toxic, without pollution, the battery in the driver’s window can be fully recovered, the protection of the environment is important.

 

DAI Song-yuan said that the energy of the DSC can be directly solar energy into electrical energy to large scale production of photovoltaic electricity, China to solve the vast central and western regions, energy issues without electricity of great importance. It has established an account in the long term, if the DSC lower the cost of 10 yuan per peak watt, the cost can be considerable with conventional energy sources. If the yield of 7% per square meter will be a 70-watt toshiba PA3191U-2BRS battery-powered, then an area of 14.3 square kilometers can reach 1000 MW of power capacity.

 

Battery bottleneck where?

 

For PV to become a part of future energy systems, the key is to achieve its performance cost with conventional energy sources can be quite. Dai Song-Yuan has brought cost advantages of DSC, such as 6% of the photoelectric conversion efficiency, stability in the open air, reaching more than 10 years, it has the potential for industrialization. But the DSC, as a period of time prolonged outdoor facilities will have a variety of natural conditions. Therefore, the study of long duration, high stability of the DSC is a very urgent matter.

 

Xiaodong Feng noted that the dye sensitized solar cells Another problem is the dye molecules to present its light absorption efficiency is not high enough. Exposure to solar spectrum on earth is very broad spectrum, 49% concentrated VGP-BPS2C energy in the infrared light, while the vast majority of dye molecules present on the efficiency of absorption of infrared light n is not high. Therefore, the absorption efficiency of dye molecules synthesis have also become a very important direction of research.

 

Would replace silicon-based solar power?

 

In 2004, industrial research, DAI Song-Yuan of the research team in a leading position in China. They prepared a large area tandem cell module (15 × 20cm2) of the initial efficiency of 5.9%, stability, efficiency of 5%. The industrial production for the next step and lay a good foundation.

 

He explained, the next main objective of DSC is the technology and process manufacturing industry, push for further progress, which seeks to solve the battery long time stability and efficiency of components of the apple A1061 battery once popularization and application, require at least 15 - the stabilization period of 20 years. But in the long run, to be truly low-cost applications in solar cells, so that ordinary people can afford is the way the key.

 

Feng Xiaodong that the photovoltaic cells will in future becomes an important safe and reliable new energy. DSC, as a kind of photovoltaic cells, has its unique applications market, of course, it can not replace the current silicon based on the dominance of solar energy.