Digital battery

Car batteries are mostly lead-acid batteries, not only can supply large currents, but also the lowest cost of the cell mechanism of chemical reaction. Lead acid batteries can withstand a long period of routine maintenance load, it will often be the traditional “floating” (floating) Food found in its tracks, like the system of uninterruptible power supply or lighting of urgency. Moreover, gaps in the lead-acid VGP-BPS5 VGP-BPS9A battery is the most important weight unit or per unit volume of the storage density of the lowest energy. Large commercial applications, the chemistry of the battery the next step should be to lithium-polymer reaction, it is an attractive technology because it allows the battery became a sheet of flexible polymer, sandwiched between the cathode and anode materials between. This function opens the door to an application, companies will eventually be made into any shape of the battery; In addition, the management point circuits to the battery, the vast majority of the nature of the polymer lithium and lithium-ion chemistry are the same. Charge and discharge charge and discharge of the battery chemistry will affect mainly manifested in the capacity of the storage battery, the general is “amp hours” to represent the carrying capacity battery ( Lithium-ion batteries used most often are “Wh” is because the units of the battery voltage lithium-ion battery is higher, making the importance of the ability of energy storage capacity that Current storage.) recharging the battery, it is still the battery voltage, current and temperature to set certain conditions to be protected, if the acceleration with the load, then the battery status will be faster and force these protected conditions, leading to it can accept power, but declined. Similarly, if the rate of discharge of the battery faster then the voltage drop exceeds the rate of strengthening capacity to reduce the rate, causing the battery to the actual working hours than the prescribed amount of time discharge is shorter. Dell Inspiron 1501 battery  Dell Inspiron 1520 battery Thus, compared to a slower rate discharge applications, applications of high discharge rate (such as power tools) would require an element of compensation totally different to fully compensate for this phenomenon. As the battery storage of energy and energy supply are the loading rate and rate functions of discharge, therefore, may be “C” to represent these rates, it is operated current size (in amps) divided by enhancing the total capacity (ampere-hours) results; For example, if the rejection rate of 1C, said that the time will be able to save the battery power exhausted. The time required for charging the original C rates that much longer, because the efficiency of the battery may reach 100 percent, but will continue with different types of change batteries, nickel hydride batteries metal of 80% lithium ion rechargeable alkaline batteries at 100% or more. Effects of temperature on the temperature of the battery if it is more a difference of 25 ℃, then build the capacity of batteries, carrying capacity, shelf life and the life cycle would be reduced more. In general, the battery discharge rate increases with increasing temperature, approximately every 10 ℃ will be doubled. In addition to nickel-cadmium batteries (which would be responsible for a chemical reaction is an endothermic reaction), and other battery charging, the temperature will rise if use of over-pricing method, then the rate of Warmer temperatures will accelerate. Among the nickel-cadmium batteries are generally the use of dT / dt to the suspension conditions of fast charge, which represents the temperature from the rate of change. As the temperature increase of the battery when the electrolyte resistance is reduced, then so do not check the F3172A PB995A battery charging algorithm for temperature, then decrease as the electrolyte resistance, the load current will increase , causing the battery temperature continues to rise and form a path of positive feedback from danger, this situation called “thermal runaway” (thermal runaway). Stability charger battery charging (Charger net) to upload the most conservative does a “stability” (trickle) charging phase, as long as the battery and charger connected, it will be specified by the manufacturers ’standard’ rate of loading (usually around C/10) continue to charge the battery. The charger should not be the direction he will not use the battery monitor or timer to stop the charge, so that the least cost. Rapid Charger (quick charger) rate Fast charge of about C / C or 3 / 4, the battery charging time can be shortened to 4 or 5 hours. Quick Charger is generally controlled by a timer, time to stop charging n ‘ is not necessary to use other battery monitor. While this technique can reduce the cost of the charger, but the manufacturer must take into account, so that the battery is full power in the circumstances, able to withstand complete cycle of over-pricing, so if the user does not care power of a full battery recharging, the battery will not cause damage. Quick charge battery structure slightly different from that of normal cells, their internal structure will be made relatively large so as to absorb the excess gas produced during charging. High-speed charger (quick charger) to speed the loading rate is usually 1C or 2C, but some manufacturers have introduced a number of rechargeable batteries at rates up to 4C. As the case of over-charge the batteries may cause great damage, so you must use a “smart” (smart) charger, which must monitor the state battery, while providing a very stringent “condition of charge termination. Smart charger included in the circuits involved, in addition to controlling the charging process is responsible to provide three functions: the battery state regulation, charge the PA3395U-1BRS PA3399U-1BAS battery before the start of the identification and ensure that the process of charging by the security set. Battery state regulation when the battery used for a period of time, the reaction is the formation of some crystals on the surface will impede the conduct of prosecution, some of crystallization is that the method of real contact would be removed. However, by electrical effects, there are no reliable way to eliminate these crystals can be used electrical methods. If the user so that the battery is properly managed to avoid an overload for scenarios (and in some chemical mechanism are also included in the excessive discharge) and compared the abuse of the battery, the former deputy -product of the cumulative rate of secondary reactions will be relatively slow, and the work temperature is relatively low, which does not only extend the life cycle of the battery, but also the high capacity storage battery maintain a longer period of time. To-nickel cadmium, with the greatest capacity, there is a very useful electric mode of operation. Nickel-cadmium batteries will be “memory effect” is when the current through the nickel cadmium batteries have been charged in the storage area, they will change the crystalline structure of the phase state of the region. In this new phase state, in terms of stored energy or release energy during the reaction, and receive a lower voltage. Nickel-cadmium batteries to power if the first version, you can reverse-charge region of chemical reaction, and would return to the normal crystalline structure, it can eliminate the memory effect of battery. For nickel-cadmium batteries, the charge before the action of discharge is a useful step in the charge before the adjustment. Identification of the cell identification of the battery to determine battery state of normal, acceptable load. IBM ThinkPad T43 battery  IBM ThinkPad T60 battery

We can open the battery and short circuit test: In the open circuit test, plus a voltage across the battery, then adjust the voltage for the battery current minimum test in short-circuit then let the battery with a current, then adjust the size of this current for the battery voltage minimum. In general, during the test imposed by the voltage or current does not exceed half the load value at high speed. On the other hand, manufacturers specify a temperature range of pricing, the action of load can be performed in this temperature range. While manufacturers of integrated battery thermistor while before driving at high speed loading, you may want to check the temperature limits. In addition, if the battery has been over-charging, it should not re-charge, if a battery has published a lot of power, and not appropriate to pay a higher rate, it should not re-high speed loading . Identification of the failure of the battery there are several approaches to exclude short-circuit or open circuit failure, the battery replacement is the only way. If problems with temperature or voltage, then the shipper May BE access to “break load” (loading) state, waiting for conditions to return the battery related to the extent permitted by. If the battery voltage is too low, then the adjustment phase of the battery, charger generally adopt stable pricing, which allows the voltage of backup battery charging high speed allowed by the minimum voltage. A complete charging solution that can contain a maximum of four parts: the algorithm for high speed broadband loading loading pricing conditions for the completion of the suspension (top-off) algorithm to conduct the interview A1012 A1060 battery acid charging algorithm in the world of high speed phase load, also known as “many leaders” (bulk load) phase, used for fast charging the battery; Whether reserve running the battery at least? High-speed loading phase of what should be in time to stop? These are the conditions of the suspension load at high speed to select the appropriate basis for judging. The nickel - hydride batteries, metal, when the cycle of high load velocity due to temperature or voltage limit must be stopped, usually there will be 5%-20% of electricity has not yet completed, the charger will continue to use a loading rate of the smaller “charging” phase complete (high-speed loading rate of 1 / 5- 1 / 8. Ni-MH battery charging is complete. In general, this charge will be for a period of time fixed for completion. Then it is loaded by a maintenance phase or a stage of “floating” (float phase) to compensate for battery self-discharge rate, so that the battery will maintain the condition of full power.

In recent years, with new lithium-ion secondary battery in top sports energy, environmental protection, security and other lithium breakthrough technology industrialization of electric vehicles entered an important phase of development. August 25, 2006 Lithium power ion battery technology and industrial development of the international forum held in Beijing, Zheng Ji-chun, deputy director of Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Committee briefed the participants on electric vehicles in Beijing and lithium-industry developments ion battery. hp Pavilion dv2000 battery  hp Pavilion dv6000 battery

Development of electric vehicles is required

Zheng Ji-chun said that in addition to global energy crisis, the background, development of electric vehicles in Beijing there are two main reasons, namely, the requirements of environmental protection and the Olympic requirements.

According to statistics, from the end of June this year in Beijing reached 2.73 million motor vehicles to maintain, primarily in China, with an annual growth rate of about 15% is expected of By the end of this year will exceed 3 million euros. With the amount of car ownership has increased year by year, commuting from his people very practical at the same time, has also caused environmental pollution, noise, oil tight and so on. According to the experimental units, each fuel vehicles daily gases emitted about 0.6 ~ 0.9 kilograms, the atmosphere in Beijing more than 70% of oil, over 60% of nitrogen oxides from exhaust from cars, direct discharges of pollutants from car the total concentration of the contribution rate has shown an upward trend. Compared with foreign countries, emissions from motor vehicles in China caused by air pollution is much higher than the United States, Japan, France, automobile exhaust has become the capital of main sources of air pollution. Dell Inspiron 1150 battery  Dell Inspiron 1300 battery

In addition, the 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing, according to his previous experience in successfully hosting the Olympic and pure electric vehicles have become the host city for the Olympics earlier promotional theme of Green Olympics. In 1996, the United States Olympic Games in Atlanta, has invested more than 250 vehicles from golf carts electric and 15 electric buses in the fleet composition of the green, the Sydney 2000 Olympics, has invested $ 400 pure electric vehicles by the composition of the fleet green 2004 Athens Olympic Games in South Korea Hyundai offers a number of vehicles, pure electric vehicles for the marathon and marathon relay of the torch lead car. Solemn commitment of the Beijing Olympics would be “tight control of exhaust gas from vehicles and other sources of emissions of pollutants and the urban daily average concentration of major pollutants to ensure that weather conditions over unfavorable to achieving the standards of air quality required by the International Olympic Committee.”

Zheng Ji-chun said, according to these reasons, Beijing has the responsibility and the need to develop electric vehicles is a difficult and urgent.  IBM ThinkPad X60 battery FRU 92P1141

Pure electric vehicles will be used for Beijing Olympics

According to Zheng Ji-chun erected the development of Beijing Electric Vehicle fundamental objective is to reduce automobile pollution, adjust and improve the structure of energy consumption and to achieve urban economic development, social and environmental development. To this end, the development of Beijing electric vehicles throughout the deployment of a three-pronged: First, select the bus to promote the use of electric vehicles as the main areas, the second is to promote research electric vehicles, development and industrialization, third battery of active power, etc. advanced technology vehicle research and development.

Use of electric vehicles in the Olympic Games, Beijing has also made a corresponding development plan: First, 90% buses and all municipal regulations (environmental and postal) car for the electric vehicle, the second is research and development of pure electric vehicles to improve traffic pollution, three Olympic Park with a zero emission vehicles and ultra-low emission vehicle. VGP-BPS8B VGP-BPS9

Zheng Ji-chun said, according to the presentation of preliminary ideas for pure electric vehicles as the representative of the zero-emission and ultra-low emission vehicle, it will direct the Beijing Olympics, applied to the major bus lines , focusing on regional and sports centers. To this end, Beijing attaches great importance to electric vehicles in recent years, research, development and promotion application. It is understood that, “15″ period, Beijing took the 863 “national” plan major projects in pure electric vehicles, electric buses and bus research and fuel cell development tasks, and became the National Science and Technology has established four model cities in the world of electric vehicles. Science and Technology Commission of Beijing Olympics is also used in the development and application of electric vehicles, one after another in this area, science and technology funds invested around 2 billion euros, thanks a series of major scientific and technological projects and scientific and technological projects carried out much work, research and development, manufacture, application to promote the three links in the detail and meticulous deployment. PA3285U-3BRS PA3383U-1BRS

According to reports, the search for electric vehicles and development process, Beijing has made a series of technical achievements with the rights of independent intellectual property, access to more than 20 patents, developing technical specifications and standards of undertaking of 22 items related companies have independent intellectual property rights produced electric vehicle capabilities, and Beijing R & D of electric vehicles has almost reached the practical level. A number of lines through a model for nearly a year to run the Beijing developed independently of the overall performance of the electric passenger car pure principle has been found practical electric vehicles and key components of the reliability and applicability of the problem was basically solved, the mileage intervals were failure to reach the level of conventional engines, internal combustion, can basically meet the bus and use requirements during the Olympic Games.

Lithium battery car problem solving Olympics

Electric vehicles are crucial cycle of battery life, safety, cost and application problems efficiently. Electric vehicles in Beijing in the development and commercialization process has also been confronted with these obstacles, the battery technology for power, performance and cost constraints become an issue of wide application of commercial electric vehicles of the neck strangulation.

According to Zheng Ji-chun, at present, Beijing, developed mainly in the location of production of electric vehicles, lead to greater capacity, battery acid and lithium-ion batteries as power, fuel cell technology fuel is still at the track and the stage of research. With the trial operation in a number of bus routes and found that the use of lead acid batteries for electric vehicle driving range is shorter lifespan is short. In addition, lead acid batteries, there are still bulky, not environmental protection and other shortcomings. And compared with lead acid batteries, lithium-ion battery is a high energy density, high operating voltage of the green cells is considered to power future electric vehicle battery, one of the best choices, but the high cost of investment of time. It is understood that an electrical bus with 400-an-hour lithium-price ion battery to hundreds of thousands of dollars to reduce the cost of lithium-ion battery is an important element of future research.

Beijing attaches great importance to the lithium-ion battery and key material for research and industrialization. It is understood that, “15″ period around the lithium-ion battery research and development and implementation of the Science of Beijing Municipality and Technology Commission has invested more than 4000 million science and funds technology, organization and implementation of lithium, the material of the lithium ion battery cathode of manganese oxide from industrial technological development “,” pure electric vehicle lithium-industrialization of ion battery research and development ” and a significant number of scientific and technological projects, support the cathode material, the diaphragm and other essential materials to a series of lithium-cell research ion. Thanks to scientific research and technological research on key technologies and development of lithium-ion battery Beijing and key materials for the industry has made a breakthrough. Current cathode materials have been developed with intellectual property rights independent of the lithium-ion batteries key information necessary for the synthesis of manganese oxide lithium technology to solve an international structure of lithium manganese spinel oxide the synthesis of key technical problems and the lithium manganese oxide charge and discharge cycle stability of the world with problems of poor technique, and has made lithium oxide and lithium manganese oxide industrialization cobalt material.

However, Zheng Ji-chun also emphasized that lithium current China-materials separator ion A1060 M8403 battery necessary to rely solely on imports, prices cost high-powered battery separator materials represent over 30%. If the membrane material to enable location will significantly reduce the cost of battery power. For example, the Olympic 400 with an electric car when the lithium-ion battery, divide the cost accounted for 16 million yuan, if the membrane to allow localization costs will save half of the membrane. Currently, a number of units are organized scientific research, and some have already entered the pilot phase.

Since 1992, benefits of Sony lithium-ion batteries to achieve industrialization since, under its high specific energy, long life, no memory effect, safe, reliable and can quickly load and unload, lithium-ion batteries are become the new power technology recent years, development of hot spots. Lithium-ion Dell Latitude D810 battery is the green environment-friendly pollution free rechargeable batteries meet environmental needs of national energy today in all areas of use of life is increasing rapidly. Currently, lithium-ion has been widely used in mobile phones, laptops, digital cameras, MP3 and other electronic products, many of replacing nickel-cadmium batteries and nickel-hydride batteries, metal, in applications such as most as an exclusive Jiucheng. In addition, lithium-ion battery electric vehicles in recent years, and some other high power batteries have started to come into practical use.

Before 2000, the Japanese lithium-ion batteries dominate the world, and production accounting for about 95%. In recent years, with China (including Taiwan) and the rapid rise of South Korea, the Japanese show a single model has been gradually broken. Market Share of Japanese lithium-ion batteries has fallen below 60%, about one third of the world to form a pattern. Although in 2008 the global financial crisis hit, but rechargeable batteries, regardless of volume, sales were both up there on the rise, but this year will continue to be a difficult year. The future, the rapid development of a variety of electric vehicles, lithium-ion batteries will become a major driving force for progress.

The status of lithium-ion batteries can not be shaken

In 1989, the small size of the room-type lithium batteries to achieve a practical use. However, in the summer over a series of batteries for cell phones use lithium overheating in 1989 and caught fire due to an accident in early 1990, the industry uses a cylindrical, hp F2024B battery Rechargeable lithium had a negative attitude towards the prospects for practical application. However, Sony has specialized in the manufacturing technology of energy batteries Sony (Sony Energy Tech) ’s courage to break the deadlock, the same year in February announced the lithium-ion rechargeable battery reached a practical level.

Cause of the accident caused by lithium batteries that will be used as anode material for lithium in the charge and repeated discharge, the cathode is the formation of dendritic crystals, so a short - circuit between the positive and negative electrodes, emitting smoke and fire. The lithium-ion rechargeable battery in the positive and negative do not use lithium metal and its positive use of LiCoO2 (lithium cobalt) alloy material, the negative electrode material using carbon type of coke. This ensures the safety of the Dell KD476 battery to reach the cylinders of lithium type.

However, the practice at the beginning of the performance of lithium-ion battery was not significantly better than the main competing products - Ni-MH rechargeable batteries. For example, in early 1993 lithium-ion rechargeable battery unit volume density of energy 220Wh / L (This is a diameter of 65mm and 18mm × length value of the cylinder type battery, the same below ), just over nickel-metal hydride batteries 180Wh / height of approximately 20 L%. In addition, lithium-ion rechargeable batteries, there are many shortcomings, such as “there is no tension between compatibility and dry,” the difficulties of load control “,” high resistance, current high charging and discharging can be, “difficult to parallel, it is difficult to realize large capacity battery” and so on.

However, mobile phones and video cameras and other manufacturers of lithium-ion rechargeable VGP-BPS9A/B battery features lights a little low. Energy density per unit weight of these terms, lithium-ion battery than nickel-metal hydride rechargeable batteries is about twice as high as up 115Wh/kg. In other words, the same energy capacity, lithium-ion battery reduces the weight by about half. Thus, manufacturers of portable equipment, under a special favor in 1991 after the adoption of lithium-ion rechargeable batteries have the product market, and very popular. Since then, Matsushita Battery Industrial Company in 1992, Japan’s Battery in 1993, Sanyo Electric, Hitachi and Canada Moli Energy (1990) were commissioned in 1994, established the lithium-ion rechargeable batteries in portable electronics on the market can not shake the position.

Since 1990, lithium-ion rechargeable batteries have been largely along the high density and secure the development of these two main lines. To promote the products of small and light, manufacturers of portable electronic equipment urged to improve the energy density of batteries. However, the denser the smoke of the fire, the greater the risk. Incident does not happen again! The summer of 1989 fire incidents in the apple A1060 batteryof technical persistent spirit: If an accident, the use of materials of lithium battery will be the future is doomed.

To this end, in lithium-ion rechargeable batteries, the beginning of practical use, the battery manufacturer for its implementation will be known as the “most protective” of strict security measures. In order to fall in poor operation of the battery due to excessive discharge / over charge of the state can ensure security, the manufacturer of the battery configuration of the three types of security architecture: PTC (positive temperature coefficient) thermistor valve Security diaphragm. When mounted detected an abnormal temperature, the possibility of cutting off the electric mode of the load cell to avoid the danger.

In addition, development of mobile phones, cameras, computer hardware manufacturers have to ensure mobile security battery has played an important role. At that time, all the hardware manufacturers have established programs for acceptance testing, such as nail prick test, high temperature / low temperature test, as well as heating pan tests. Equipment manufacturers will be a series of tests based on the results raise the existing problems in the toshiba PA3591U-1BRS battery manufacturer, on how to improve the cell structure and design of safety circuits, and so many points of view. In the hard work in close cooperation with the early 20th century during the period, lithium-ion rechargeable batteries are no longer a major accident, the market is developing very well.

Improved security, the lithium-ion battery energy density of the battery continues to increase. The beginning of practical use in 1990, lithium-ion battery density of energy per unit volume, but 190Wh / L to 19 years later, in 2009, this value increased about 4 times, reaching 740Wh / L. But the same period, the microprocessor clock frequency up to 100 times the capacity of the DRAM is increased 250 times. Therefore, the rechargeable battery is also frequently called progress is too slow.

Increased energy density is mainly based on positive and negative materials to improve hp Pavilion dv4 battery of structural adjustment and improvement of manufacturing processes such as leather and complete been piecemeal. 19 years, there have been three times the material of great change, many, many times the energy density of high speed. The first took place in 1994 and 1995, the anode material of coke in a class of carbon materials, carbon, graphite type materials, this change so that the energy density has increased by about 20%. In the following 8 ~ 9 years, has maintained a positive use of LiCoO2, cathode graphite using a combination of such carbon material. The Change 2nd occurred in 2002 and 2003, the LiCoO2 cathode material in the LiCoO2 and Li (Ni-Co-Mn) O2 mixture of materials, the energy density of about 10%.

Is currently in 3rd period of change. The anode material is the reform candidate materials, including the type of silicon alloy, tin alloy and lithium three categories. An alloy of tin came in practical use. Sony introduced after the spring of 2005, the group of device battery has started to use this material. 14mm (diameter) x 43mm (length) of the unit cell volume of the energy density can reach 478Wh / L, compared to traditional materials, an increase of approximately 20% of the Dell Latitude D410 battery.

In January 2007, Matsushita Electric Industrial and Matsushita Battery Industrial through the use of certain types of materials such as alloy anode material, with successes to 740Wh / L energy density per unit volume. The company did not disclose the specific circumstances of this alloy material, until March this year, not mass production, it is expected that the near future or will be put to practice. In addition, the type of alloy of silicon and metal lithium as a cathode can significantly increase the energy density of batteries are also on trial.

After 2006, laptops and mobile phones and other products used in lithium-ion rechargeable batteries, the recurrence of an abnormal occurrence of heat, the potential fire hazard. Sony, Matsushita Battery Industrial, Sanyo Electric and other battery manufacturers have a large number of recycling batteries. The reasons are said to be mixed in the process of manufacturing powder metal, it is said to be load and unload equipment manufacturers in the management of misconduct. And equipment manufacturers face the cons, up another case of malfeasance.

In fact, the real reason not yet been identified. To this extent, must be carefully verified reason, understand that the resurgence ‘accident, the future is doomed, “the gravity of technical staff to learn both sides to ensure safety at all costs try to develop the spirit of time, work together to move forward together.