With the construction and development of communication networks in order to solve the blind spot coverage of the network, has emerged a large number of base stations, outdoor and outdoor-type communications equipment. Because these facilities long-distance communication in hostile environment external communication equipment necessary for the uninterrupted supply problem has plagued the industry is a major problem. IBM ThinkPad T42 battery IBM ThinkPad T43 battery

Power of communication itself can in principle respond to the harsh environment outdoors, the real bottleneck is to use external battery. Battery outdoors in the difficulties of current installation, easy to fly, and the battery life is particularly affected by temperature. How to solve the impact of the external environment of the battery, extending its life is essential. The technology used in the comparison of several methods of storage battery in the open air on the method proposed underground ventilation battery type, design, application of the breakdown of battery cabinets underground, outdoor power supplies combined with the enhanced surveillance system to solve the temperature outside the impact on battery life as well as the underground Cabinet battery may experience problems in the wet gas exchange.

2 The purpose and significance

Underground battery cabinets, ventilation air could solve the outdoor base station uninterruptible DC power issues, increasing the lifespan of the battery to external power, reduce the use of integrated cost of base station outdoor, overall energy consumption for communications equipment outdoors for long outdoor use has opened a feasible way. IBM ThinkPad T60 battery IBM thinkpad r60 battery

3, the situation at home and abroad

Underground battery for use at home and abroad have reported, but buried in the wet gas corrosion of the battery cabinet batteries, thus reducing the issue of battery life. For this question, there is no good solution. The methods described in this document by the communication power of the system of supervision, the cabinet humidity control intelligent battery fan ventilation underground battery, thanks to the effective implementation, the better for resolve this problem battery life, improved significantly. The technology is still blank in China, the promotion of greater importance.

4 The general idea

(1) battery-buried form of telecommunications equipment in the solution of the problems of supply, ensure better security, the effects of dust, reducing the effects of outside temperature on the battery life, autonomy extended battery. FRU 92P1141 battery IBM ThinkPad R32 battery

(2) Battery cabinet buried the versatility of 2V or 12V battery, the battery life 2V to 12V battery, the basic methods are used underground 2V battery.

(3) Through the underground cabinet ventilation fans installed battery airways, humidity sensors, humidity cabinets to collect data.

(4) By the communication power of the monitoring unit monitors the battery drawer of the moisture indicator on the frequency of ventilation.

5. technical programs

(1) Battery box material selection and processing structure

Taking into account the battery case long buried in moist soil, must be made using the plastic box. Meanwhile, because a larger boxes, more specifications, not by the method of injection molding, welding sheet metal uses. Thickness is 12 mm to 15 mm.

(2) The placement of the battery and support

Given the plastic box from the battery itself is strong enough to hold the battery so that the bottom of the battery box with plastic flatbed platform to support the weight of batteries. If the site is not convenient for masons work can also be prefabricated concrete slabs. IBM ThinkPad R40 battery IBM ThinkPad X60 battery

(3) The waterproof battery box

The battery box is sealed by welding to achieve the goal. Between the battery box and cover with waterproof tape, and adoption of appropriate measures to waterproof tape attachment compression to achieve the goal of sealing. In addition, the battery box, the lid and connecting PVC pipe with a welding method.

(4) Battery box, air cooling

The battery in the trial of a small quantity of gas, the battery box will be acid gases, moisture, the need to unload. First, through the intake pipe, the exhaust pipe of the agreement itself, can achieve natural breathing. In addition, fans have been installed in the exhaust pipe end by means of dry contact connection, control switching power supply of the independent monitoring unit, about 10 minutes a day and regularly required traffic, which can discharge the battery box of sulfur dioxide, moisture.

Food switching by an independent external monitoring unit, to facilitate the implementation of control of the fan. toshiba pa3285u-2bas toshiba pa3285u-2brs

To prevent debris through the intake manifold, exhaust pipe in the casing of the battery in the intake manifold, exhaust pipe exits insect net.

(5) Security issues battery box

With the battery box and the lid is installed between the access control, battery and cover separation, may alarm.

6 Economics

General installation and underground installation, there are many gaps in comparison, for example: ① general safety problem of installing the most difficult questions; ② existence of the H rod bearing common installation problems; ③ Installation The most common can be used 200Ah battery, and buried the installation did not have this restriction.

7 Conclusion

From the above analysis we can see that the battery cabinet, the ventilation of underground air to save 10,325 yuan per year per site, if the new 200 site in Longyan annual basis, the annual investment will allow save 10,325 yuan × 200 sites / site = 2.065 million yuan. toshiba pa3285u-1bas toshiba pa3285u-1brs

With the development of mobile services, the number of stations will be outdoors more and more is spent batteries in outdoor conditions is increasing. According to the construction of the current speed of Fujian Mobile, the new stations marginal 2000, if the battery used in all ventilation systems underground Fujian Mobile and annual savings will reach 20.65 million yuan investment.

Increasingly tight energy supply in the current international situation, China has strongly advocated the conservation of energy. Underground ventilation air through the use of how the battery cabinet, battery life or more than 3 times the initial rise, each site can save each year to reach million more than expenditures. If a promotion at the national level, the state will save a lot of resources, promotion of high value. toshiba pa3191u-4brs toshiba pa3284u-1brs

Cathay Pacific Wing Wah is a lithium-ion battery electrolytes leading companies in the industry, is the largest manufacturer of electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries. In 2008, the company built in the Jiangsu Yangtze River Chemical Industrial Park has 50 million tons production (also reserved capacity of the plant to 5,000 tons), construction of the plant was completed, in 2009 June-July, the production of 10 trials in November with full production, after production capacity of 3,000 tons of old factories closed. 9.8 had an annual production of 2700 tons / 4000 tons. Currently the company of domestic market share of 30% -40%, and the location of high-end market. Taurus Tianjin, Dongguan Firs 30% of total market share of the product is mainly located in the low-end market.

Race Wei Electronic - Zhuhai race Wei Electronic Materials Co., Ltd. is located in Doumen District of Zhuhai City, Toyama Industrial Park, is a new high-tech company and a private investment in new capacity for annual production of 10 million yuan to 1,000 tons of lithium batteries, lithium-ion battery and super production line of electrolytic capacitors, the factory covers an area of 3,000 square meters, produces and sells functional electrolyte batteries for lithium-ion batteries to improve high temperature performance, safety and low temperature properties such as batteries and lithium ion polymer electrolyte batteries, tailored for the lithium manganese oxide, lithium iron phosphate, ternary materials, modified graphite anode natural and cathode materials, electrolyte. Sony vgp-bps13b/b battery Sony VGP-BPS14/S battery

Taurus Tianjin - Tianjin Taurus Power Materials Co., Ltd Xingtai Mining (Group) Co., Ltd. and Tianjin Chemical Engineering Research and Design Institute organized jointly funded R & D, production, operation and business services high technology. A completed set of the production of salt electrolyte, solvent refining, the preparation of electrolytes and packaging production line, the main products are: lithium hexafluorophosphate (scale of 80 tons / year), High purity solvents (scale of 500 tons / year), the lithium-ion battery electrolyte and related materials. Taurus Tianjin Company is the only means of self-developed technology, and national production of raw materials and office equipment lithium hexafluorophosphate, but with feedback from the industry, quality products and the internationally, there are still a big gap.

6 hexafluorophosphate lithium raw material supply

The main raw material for the lithium salt electrolyte, the scientific name (lithiumfluorophosphate LiPF6), which represents about 50% of the cost of its production cost is 10 yuan / ton, a price of 400,000 yuan / ton Gross margin was 75%. Silica materials of lithium carbonate lithium / can be purchased in China. Sony VGP-BPS18 battery Sony VGP-BPL12 battery

Lithium salt is now almost monopolized by a handful of Japanese companies. Among them, the annual production of electric Kanto Chemical LiPF6 to 950 tons (mainly for UBE) SUTERAKEMIFA 800 tonnes (mainly ECOPRO), the world’s largest manufacturer of lithium salts to produce 960 tons of chemicals Morita (mainly for Mitsubishi) The company in Jiangsu Yangtze River Chemical Industrial Park has an annual production of 600 tonnes of production lines, including 300 tons of supplies from the company. There is also a Golden Tech Co., Ltd., Tianjin Chemical Engineering Design & Research Institute, Shandong Chemical Fertilizer Xingtai city, Tianjin, Taurus and other businesses to produce, but less capacity, quality and are much worse.

Because lithium hexafluorophosphate huge future market demand, domestic firms have begun to actively access the other. Jiangsu Guotai (002 091) and subsidiary Huarong established jointly funded source of high-tech materials Zhangjiagang Asia Co., Ltd., has invested an annual production of 300 tons of new products lithiumfluorophosphate project a total investment of 83.3 million yuan , is expected before the end of 2009 the test equipment to debug. Henan Fluoride Chemical Co., Ltd. started construction in 2009, the annual production of 200 tons of projects lithiumfluorophosphate Sony VGP-BPS7 battery Toshiba Satellite A80 battery

7, the next significant increase in the electrolyte Market Forecast

1, hybrid vehicle market

Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) in the coming years the main developments in the direction new energy vehicles. 2010, global oil production will reach 78 million vehicles, hybrid electric vehicle production will reach 2.1 million or 2.66%, each battery of the vehicle to 50,000 yuan, and the overall battery market value of the car would be 105 billion yuan. Most auto manufacturers of hybrid cars to 85% Ni-MH battery energy storage devices for vehicles. But the big manufacturers have new models in the use of lithium batteries as the energy storage of the vehicle. Li-ion battery to replace nickel metal hydride being is likely to accelerate faster than the market expected. (For Foton Motor, for example, received 800 new hybrid vehicles, has decided to all use lithium batteries) lithium vehicle battery to the industrialization of the rapid penetration of 20% in terms of products, the magnitude of the market should reach 21 billion yuan. Corresponding to 2.52 billion yuan market scale in future large-scale commercial demand HEV electrolyte is expected after the explosive growth of the electrolyte. apple ibook g4 14-inch battery apple macbook 13 inch battery

2, the market for electric motorcycle

In 2008, world production of over 22.5 million electric bikes, of which 95% is produced in China. In common usage the battery electric bike, 84% of lead acid batteries, lithium battery with only 14%. According to estimates, in 2010, world production of electric bikes is nearly 30,820,000, the output value of the battery reaches 61.64 billion yuan, if the lithium penetration reached 10% of span market expected to reach 6.164 billion yuan, the corresponding size of the market to 740 million of electrolyte element.

3 wheelchair market, scooter and

Electric scooter, including golf carts, electric wheelchairs, 2007, worldwide sales approaching one million electric scooter, the rate of about 8% annual growth expected to reach 1.2 million in 2010. The market is dominated by lead acid batteries, but also the direction to the development of lithium-ion batteries. Projections for 2010, global demand for the scooter more than 1.2 million euros out of the battery will be nearly 3.3 billion dollars if the penetration rate of 10% lithium wide market expected to reach 2.975 billion yuan, the corresponding size of the market electrolyte 120 million yuan. apple a1189 apple ibook g4 12-inch battery

4, the power tools market

Power Tools is a broad application prospect of the lithium battery market. Currently, power tools, mainly nickel-cadmium batteries, power tools with lithium batteries can easily see through in the past 18V voltage design constraints, and trends of an industry first product tool. 2005, E-ONE Moli and the launch of the V28 Miwaukee used cathode material for lithium manganese industry power tools, 26,650 sessions of shock caused by the formal declaration of power tools lithium era. In 2007, the world’s largest power tool manufacturer B & D introduced the first use in the world of power tools lithium iron phosphate (DCX6401 Combo kit), following the announcement of this product in the first two quarters, then his 1-hour fast charge, powerful, high security, and more than 2,000 times the cycle life of the battery and other benefits, a record 20 million in sales performance, breaking the B & G since the foundation of all records. In the promotion of international manufacturers, the penetration rate will increase lithium. The current global demand for power tools around 5% growth rate per year, power tools, lithium battery for less than 10%, 85% of nickel-cadmium batteries. The nickel-cadmium because of pollution problems, the European and American countries have gradually legislation to restrict the scope. According to estimates, in 2010, the global energy market tool will reach 182 million units, demand reached 730 million batteries, battery production will reach 33 billion yuan, if the penetration rate reaches 10% lithium market reached 3.3 billion market sizes of 396 million euros corresponding to the electrolyte, next year there will be a steady growth. apple a1148 apple a1175 apple a1185

The electrolyte is a lithium-ion four core subjects (cathode, anode, separator, electrolyte) one, known as the lithium-ion “blood,” Chiang Kai-shek to the battery negative role of electrons conduction from the game, a lithium-ion batteries have been high-voltage, high specific energy and other benefits of the warranty. Electrolyte solvents of high purity generally organic electrolyte lithium salts (lithium hexafluorophosphate, LiPF6), the required additives, raw materials, under certain conditions, formed by a certain percentage of the preparation. VGP-BPL11 VGP-BPS12 VGP-BPS14/S

Secondly, the types of electrolyte lithium-ion

1, the liquid electrolyte

Selection of the electrolyte on the performance of lithium-ion batteries are very large, it takes a good chemical stability, especially in high potential and high temperature environment less prone to breakdown, with a high ionic conductivity ( > 10-3 s / cm), and the anode and cathode materials must be inert, they can not invade the rot. As the battery lithium-ion battery and discharging potential and the anode material with a high chemical reactivity of lithium, the electrolyte must not contain water with organic compounds. However, the ionic conductivity of organic matter are not good, then soluble in organic solvents by adding salt to increase the conductivity of the ionic conductivity. Current lithium-ion batteries are mainly used liquid electrolyte, the anhydrous organic solvent such as EC (ethyl carbonate), PC (propylene), DMC (dimethyl carbonate), DEC (diethyl carbonate), the majority of solvents mixed, such as EC2DMC and PC2DMC. Conducting salt with L iClO4, LiPF6, LiBF6, Lia and SF6 LiOSO2CF3, the order of their conductivity LiAsF6> LiPF6> LiClO4> LiBF6> LiOSO 2CF3. Due to the high oxidation LiClO4 prone to outbursts of security issues, generally limited to experimental studies, easily purified LiAsF6 high ionic conductivity and good stability, but contain toxic, restricted use; LiBF6 Chemistry and good thermal stability and conductivity is not high, Lio SO2CF3 low electrical conductivity and corrosion of the electrodes are under appeal; Although LiPF6 decompose, but with a higher ionic conductivity, until the lithium battery ion is to use LiPF6. Current commercial lithium-ion battery electrolyte used in most cases the LiPF6 EC2DMC, it has a high ionic conductivity and good electrochemical stability. VGP-BPS10A/B VGP-BPS10B VGP-BPS11

2, solid electrolyte

Directly with lithium metal as anode materials with high reversible capacity, the maximum theoretical capacity of 3862mAh · g-1, is a graphite material 10 times, lower prices, is considered a new generation of lithium-ion batteries The most attractive anode, but to produce lithium dendrites. Using solid ionic conductivity of electrolytes such as lithium may inhibit the growth of dendrites, which makes it possible for the anode materials of lithium. In addition, the use of solid electrolyte leakage of electrolyte fluid to avoid the shortcomings of the battery can be thinner (thickness of only 0.1mm), higher energy density, smaller batteries of high energy. destructive experiences show that security at the solid-state lithium-ion battery is high, nailing through the heating (200 ℃), short circuit and cooler (600%) and other experience destructive, the liquid leakage of electrolyte lithium-ion occurs, explosions and other safety issues, and cells in solid within the temperature slightly higher than outside (< 20 ℃) there are no other safety issues. Solid polymer electrolyte has good flexibility, film formation, stability and low cost, both positive and negative electrodes as an electrolyte membrane with the ions can be used as a transfer. VGP-BPS13/S VGP-BPS10 VGP-BPS10A

solid polymer electrolyte can be separated into dry form solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) and gel polymer electrolyte (GPE). SPE solid polymer electrolyte are mainly made of polyethylene oxide (PEO), the drawback is a lower ionic conductivity at 100 ℃ can reach 10-40cm. ion conduction in the SPE is primarily in the amorphous region, with the movement of polymer chains pass migration. Easy crystallization of PEO molecular chains because of its great regularity, and crystal technology to reduce the ionic conductivity. Thus, to improve the ionic conductivity of one hand to reduce the crystallinity of the polymer chain mobility increases, the other can improve the conductivity of salt in the solubility of the polymer. The use of graft, block, crosslinking, copolymerization and other means of destroying the crystallization properties of polymers can significantly improve the ionic conductivity. In addition, complexes of inorganic salts can be added to improve the ionic conductivity. In the solid polymer electrolyte by the addition of high dielectric constant of the liquid low molecular weight organic solvents such as PC can greatly improve the conductivity of the solubility of salt, the composition of the electrolyte is PEG polymer gel electrolyte, which in high ambient temperature ionic conductivity, but the process will be in the use of liquids and failure analysis. Gel polymer lithium-ion batteries have been commercialized. Sony VGP-BPS12 battery Sony vgp-bps13 battery

Third, the tendency to develop electrolyte materials

Lithium-ion battery with its own full benefits is in a much larger group of industries - from automotive battery in the field. To respond to this great group of industries, materials for lithium ion electrolytic future trend of development will focus on new solvents, ionic liquids, additives, lithium salt Deng Fang Mian, and the new Zheng Xiang Pipei equipment negative if the lithium-ion batteries safer food, higher, capacity, security and ultimate convenience applied to electric vehicles, energy storage, aerospace and larger area.

Industry lithium-ion to meet the needs of future development, we must develop a high-security, high environmental adaptability of electrolyte materials of the battery. Mostly electrolytic solvent, the choice of solute and additives for consideration:

(1) to select a wide range of working temperatures of solvents, melting point solvent of the best from -40 ℃ below the boiling point preferably above 150 ℃ or more, wide electrochemical window solvents better prevent the state of charge under the redox electrolyte, while the cycling stability can increase the battery. For example, consider the use of ionic liquids, a new solvent, multi-component solvent, so as to solve the battery of safety and adaptability of the environment. apple powerbook g4 17-inch battery apple macbook 13 inch unibody battery

(2) Select the appropriate fluid to improve the battery to the environment. Now commonly used LiPF6 (lithiumfluorophosphate) decomposition temperature is low, 60 ℃ and a small amount of decomposition at high temperatures or in harsh environments, the decay has significantly increased, resulting in HF (hydrofluoric acid) and other free acid to acid electrolyte, the electrode material, causing damage and rapid deterioration of battery performance.

(3) may consider adding the right amount of flame retardant additives, redox shuttle additive to protect the positive and negative film-forming additives. Flame retardant additives can be used to ensure that the internal battery thermal runaway, the electrolyte does not burn a fire, so the battery safety can be guaranteed. With the role of the redox shuttle additive is to prevent, especially when the battery battery during use due to abnormal conditions, single battery charge would be too frequent or too high, causing rapid deterioration of performance battery, which affects the whole group’s performance and battery usage, and even the occurrence of a security risk. With a film positive and negative is the role of additives that can effectively protect the anode and cathode materials and electrolyte in the charged state of the reaction of contact, through the film as a high degree of activity is negative and the electrolyte to be isolated to prevent the electrolyte response to the surface of the electrode. apple powerbook g4 12 inch battery apple powerbook g4 15 inch battery

Fourthly, the development of the global situation of the electrolyte of the lithium-ion

In recent years, the global lithium-ion battery electrolytes stable industry, the market mainly in Japan, Ube Corporation and ECOPRO (Cheil City) Company, the two companies represent approximately 50% of global market share. Filed in the following companies as follows: Mitsubishi Chemical, Toyama Chemical, Mitsui Chemicals, Kishida Chemical, Zhangjiagang Guotai glory and other businesses.

Fifthly, the development of the internal electrolyte of the lithium-ion

Made of electrolyte to penetrate the market in 2002 to gradually replace imported products, through continuous improvement and product quality has reached international advanced level. Currently supports the manufacturers of electrolytic cells were localized mainly use imported only a small portion of the electrolyte. apple macbook pro 15 inch battery apple macbook pro 17 inch battery

single cell have been sampled by the voltage control circuit of each cell, through or remove a single cell maximum gate voltage after the signal conversion circuit in the control circuit of the limited pressure circuit control limits of power management voltage by dynamically adjusting the impedance control of lithium-ion battery voltage of the single cell. If neither a single cell voltage reaches the value set, the solar panel to the relatively stable current through the pressure limiting control circuit in the power management of the lithium-ion battery charging, management Food of the impedance is close to zero, when everything just a single battery voltage reaches the set value, increases the impedance of the power transistor, battery charge current decreases with decreasing load current by laws characteristics of lithium-ion decision (approximately exponential). This circuit has the advantage of a constant voltage charging phase of the continuous flow decreases, essentially exponentially, compared to adapt lithium-ion battery charging habits, the load circuit power as well. Dell Vostro 1220 battery Dell Vostro 1220n battery

Several load equalization technology

A shunt resistance constant load balanced

All Lithium-ion single time on a shunt resistor in parallel. As can be seen on the circuit, the current shunt resistor must be greater than the battery self-discharge current to reach the equilibrium charge effects. General lithium-ion battery self-discharge current C/20000, it is flowing through the shunt resistor on the current catch C/200 is more appropriate.

In addition, the difference of each resistor shunt is also an important factor affecting equalization. After a number of charge cycles and discharge gap of a single cell can be determined using the following formula:

gap V battery voltage = I × R shunt one battery discharge gap 2 × V × K resistance

If the shunt resistor to 20Ω ± 0.05%, the bias voltage of the battery to control the range 50mV. Mean power of each resistor 0.72W, but whatever the battery charge or discharge the battery, always consume power shunt resistor. Dell Inspiron 1470 battery Dell Inspiron 1470n battery

Level 2 charging off-balance sheet resistance shunt

resistance segregation of charge balance and exceptional charge the difference between equilibrium segregation resistance is increased by a switch off, the switch can be controlled by a software system computer to achieve, but also a simple logic circuit can be achieved. This control method uses a balanced circuit in the perception of constant tension working TYPE section, other times switch broke, it needs to discharge the battery, the shunt resistor does not consume valuable energy. In the phase of light, the solar power generation, there is a surplus, and consume little energy for the balancing system of the supply circuit for a certain rationality. In the orbit of satellites in low orbit, the circuit balanced only 10% of working time in order to obtain a balanced effect discussed above, the value of resistance must be reduced by 10 times, shows the peak power thermal is very high, this circuit is the main drawback. In addition, the effectiveness of extinguishing a fatal failure, redundancy means must be used. Dell Inspiron 14z battery Dell Inspiron 1570 battery

Switched-capacitor charge balance 3

principle switched capacitor charge balance in Figure 7, we can see from the figure, the order of the circuit control switch is composed of clock circuits, causing a closure order multi-switch, the order to send a capacitor of the lithium-ion single entry by sending imbalance between the energy of a single cell to achieve the goal of equalizing charge. At the same time, by measuring the voltage on the capacitor voltage sent to monitor every single cell. If one cell short-circuit failure, low voltage output of the comparator switching prohibition to prohibit access to short-circuit transfer capacitor cell to eliminate the influence of the work of bodies unicellular others in the same time for constant voltage converter in a constant current battery low voltage alarm, so that constant current constant voltage converter circuit according to the situation of a single cell to determine the correct constant voltage. The biggest advantage of this symmetrical circuit is very low energy loss, a disadvantage is that circuit complexity, multi-switch on resistance, high common-mode limit will affect the achievement of a balanced load. On the other hand, the selection of parameters is difficult to configure different power system, the circuit parameters of the detailed design and verification requirements, which is detrimental to the development cycle. Dell Inspiron 1570n battery Dell Inspiron 15z battery

4 buck converter load equalization

Buck converter is also a balanced load of a balanced program of low consumption. It is a very clear idea of the main circuit is a standard buck regulator, the inductor energy to increase the subgroups of the same winding, the auxiliary monomer to charge the battery. Clearly, low voltage single cell will get more energy second winding, the high voltage energy to get less, if the goal of achieving a balanced load. To get a good balance of effects, sub-winding consistency requires strict control. However, the consistency of the inductor winding is very difficult to control, if it is one of the biggest weaknesses of control like. This study has just started charging, the charging efficiency, balanced results, reliability analysis requires further study.

The average balance of cell charging voltage 5

The average cell voltage balance charging principle illustrated in figure 9, the figure only shows a single cell in a symmetrical circuit, the other single cell is also equipped with the same balanced circuit, which, starting from a single amplifier cell. dell latitude d810 battery dell latitude d820 battery

The control circuit of load balancing of thought is as follows: single cell voltage and average voltage of a single cell from the control switch to the battery voltage is higher than the average single cell voltage of the shunt. Therefore, all voltages unicellular symmetrization of the average voltage of a cell under trend.

At first glance, this circuit is the open loop control, in fact, the internal resistance of the battery as the role of balanced circuits work in a negative feedback loop characteristic states. Balanced to avoid work-circuit the battery discharge, the power switch in the bottom of the diode series regulator, so that the discharge of the battery, the battery voltage is low and the loss branch circuit. dell latitude d620 battery dell latitude d800 battery

The model of the average cell voltage balance charging circuit is a comprehensive study, is considered a highly effective program. This circuit has been included in the orbit of LEO satellites of choice for applications in lithium-ion program, has filed patents in France and Europe.

Conclusion

Discussed above, the lithium-ion battery charging circuit management key technologies: constant current - constant voltage (cone) the method of load and load-balanced technology. In comparison, our point of view, the “single-cell linear voltage peak” limiting load control programs more compatible with the use of small satellites, can avoid the pass-type control consumption of significant heat, “Split”, a huge pulse of current load control, “subtype” constant voltage charging phase of the load current reduces the gap discontinuity, the average cell voltage balance charging circuit adaptable all indicators are ideal. dell latitude d600 battery dell latitude d610 battery

The key technology of lithium-ion

Li-ion replacement battery Ni-Cd, Ni-MH battery can be applied to a simple plug and play “approach, because the lithium-ion and nickel-cadmium, nickel-hydrogen batteries have one of biggest differences: overcharging lithium-ion is strictly prohibited. Therefore, we must combine the characteristics of the circuit design of new lithium-ion battery management. Lithium-ion battery management circuit of Battery critical point (with Ni-Cd, Ni-MH battery charge management circuit main difference) are mainly two aspects: the burden and load equalization.

In engineering applications, the battery cell lithium-ion batteries in parallel from a single monomer or composition of the battery module in the battery must be serial, consider the process of recharging the battery or monomer imbalance battery module, and over time, these imbalances will become increasingly serious, serious impact on battery life and reliability, thus equalizing charge is the key technology of lithium-ion battery. Dell HD438 Dell Y9943 Dell FK890

A constant current - constant voltage (cone) Charge Control Model

The use of nickel-cadmium, nickel-hydrogen satellite battery power system, essentially using constant current charging mode, when reached VT curve, power electronics, pressure, third mode control electrode to stop charging when the control point, completion of a load. control lithium-ion battery is not suitable for the use of these methods because they do not warrant charges the rechargeable lithium-ion is still limited to the final pressure within prescribed limits, even if the voltage final charge is guaranteed, in general, immediately after the pressure reaches the final charge stops charging, the rechargeable lithium-ion batteries to reach the final after fracturing still need to add capacity by 30%. Years from lithium-ion battery development for the constant current - constant voltage control load is the most common and most suitable for the load control method. In this mode, the first battery charger lithium-ion battery for constant charging current when the battery voltage increases gradually, when the battery voltage reaches the value set for constant voltage when the load current decreases approximately exponentially, so that kind of pricing model for load control, also known as the cone. Dell GK479 Dell NF343 Dell PC764

Two load-balanced technology

The space should be used with the balance of the lithium-ion battery charging technology, this view has been fully recognized at home and abroad. Technology equalizing charge primarily to address long-term single cell lithium-ion battery charge polarization phenomenon in electrochemical properties, so that the merits of a balanced load takes time, money and labor ie the work can be effectively audit.

Rechargeable lithium-ion balancing civilian products in the attention and has not been applied because of the multi-cell single section is rarely applied in series, reliability, life does not ask. The lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicle system, the series of sessions over single cell, have adopted a balanced load technology, generally used for control and SCM systems on a single battery practice shunt resistor control a single battery charge. This approach control complex, inefficient, heat consumption Tai balanced long early Yizhi aerospace production scenario this method, and now foreign technical staff working Tantaogengjia ideal. Dell GW240 Dell RN873 Dell Y6142

Importance of the equalizing charge is to make lithium-ion batteries maintain a voltage difference only in the expected range, thus ensuring the life of every cell in the satellite is not subjected to excessive stress at the impact and damage. Without a balanced load control, with the increase in the charge-discharge cycle, the cell voltage gradually unique differentiation.

In general, only lithium-ion battery charging voltage is 50mV away is perfectly acceptable. We believe that the main cause is through the efficacy of a single battery charge, the self-discharge rate different. On the other hand, a single cell in the circuit for measuring the current consumption should also seriously consider the impact, sometimes measuring circuit power consumption has reached the magnitude of the battery self-discharge current. life of the lithium-ion experiment, and some technical staff to accommodate the battery first or the last series alone is often the first damage, often caused by consumption as measured circuit. Dell Studio 1435 battery Dell Studio 1436 battery

Load control circuit

A load control bypass

Light through the diode array of solar charge directly to the lithium-ion battery charging, the battery is in charge of each cell are the branch circuit. When a single cell voltage reaches the set value, the bypass load started turning the power transistor, shunt some of the load current to maintain the voltage of the single cell is a constant in a narrow range. Identify the characteristics of the battery charge current decreases (approximately exponentially) until the end of illumination. This pricing method can not guarantee that any equalization battery single charge, but a bypass circuit of higher power, the load current is difficult to measure.

2 Split Load Control

single cell through the various check the battery voltage sampling circuit, respectively, after removing the single cell or a maximum gate voltage, the circuit for signal conversion from the reference signal of error signal The error signal in the circuit shunt regulator, the control group of lithium-ion battery The only tension. Either the battery voltage reaches a set value, the battery charge current decreases on average. Using a switching regulator shunts the constant monomer charge, the charging current is pulsed in order to use the lithium-ion battery need to control the group can adapt to changes in current load. Dell Studio 15 battery Dell Studio 17 battery

Main Error Amplifier (MEA) sampling signal bus voltage, causing the error signal sent to the shunt. It is, shunt regulator, along with a bus voltage of the battery and single control voltage of the battery.

Paragraph 3 Charge Control

Comparison of single cell from an inspection of the single cell voltage sampling circuit, any one of the single cell voltage exceeds a given value, or the door will produce a transient voltage signal, the circuitry to disconnect throughout the prosecution case locked, which makes the load current drops to third, where once again the signal voltage to generate a second charge to turn the table, until the last turn off the load range. When the load pulse or in the shadow of the coming period, the circuit generates unlock unlock signal circuit load control can make the process of the next refill. Clearly, when the constant voltage, the load current is not similar to exponential, but ladder-type step decreasing. dell latitude d830 battery Dell Studio 14 battery

With the development of telephone and electronic information technology, mobile, PDA phones are widely used, and the mobile terminal equipment, which increases the CPU performance, wireless applications become more advanced graphics features. These features increase on mobile devices has led to increased energy consumption, battery performance has become an important criterion of quality, but battery performance depends not only on the characteristics of its equipment, excellent bad drivers Autonomy is also a direct impact on his ability and stability. Dell Latitude E6500 battery Dell Inspiron 1318 battery

A platform of development established

Windows CE is a Microsoft operating system for embedded devices to build, but a wide range of embedded devices, which requires the operating system, must be customizable, so Microsoft will be designed to be modular Windows CE system operation. Windows CE is a compact, efficient, scalable 32-bit embedded operating system. The system has a multi-threaded, multi-tasking features completely preemptive, is designed for a variety of resources have limited hardware system for strict mouth.

S3C2443 is used in small handheld devices and high-cost, low power, high performance embedded applications system and provides 16/32-bit RISC microcontroller. use S3C2440 ARM920T core, using W 13μm technology standard, low power consumption, ideal for power applications needed to control costs and opportunity; S3C2443 provided with 10 channels, 10-bit ADC and touch screen interface. Dell Inspiron 1320 battery Dell Inspiron 1320n battery

2 batteries and equipment to design the software architecture

2.1 Hardware Architecture

The quality of the design of the hardware architecture of the battery, a direct impact on battery life and a range of other aspects of performance. Based on the real needs of the project, the equipment should meet the following characteristics: CPU test battery is inserted, AC test CPU is inserted, the CPU to complete the battery and switch between AC, through the CPU CPLD to control the power indicator of the state.

① CPU GPIO judging the state of the battery terminal to detect the existence of the battery. If you detect the battery inserted or withdrawn by CPLD to control the LEDs to indicate the battery has power.

② AC side CPU judging the state of GPIO to detect the presence of AC. If the CA detects inserted into the CPLD to accomplish the switching between battery and AC, AC power and control of the LED to indicate whether it is AC powered.

③ When the battery is full after CPU test changes to the battery terminal voltage to determine whether the full, and the State through the CPLD controls LED to indicate the battery is already saturated.

④ CPU detected AC disconnect, the CPLD to accomplish by switching between battery and battery power, and control the status LEDs to indicate the battery is power. Dell Inspiron 1410 battery Dell inspiron 1425 battery

2.2 Design of Battery-Driven Software Architecture

Windows CE device drivers included in the sample is divided into two types: the pilot of a single piece (monolithic device driver) and the driver layers (device driver Iayered). Battery-based development using the hierarchical model of Figure 2. Layered driver consists of two distinct layers: the upper part is a model device driver (MDD), lower the platform-dependent driver (PDD). Microsoft provides all source code modules associated with MDD, OEMs and is not recommended to change. OEM requires only low-level (DP) driver, then their DP and MDD module module links in a public library. MDD DP IOCTLS by the specific function call to implement the specific hardware functions. Power On Self Test system is successful, the upper entrance of the function is called battery, battery initialization:

① system initialization, search the registry and load the information related to the battery.

② called TED layer initialization function BatteryPDDInitialize, initialize the CPU of the GPIO, the appropriate records and battery status of global variables.

③ create and determine whether to create a successful event interrupt.

④ If the interruption of the event is a success, creating a battery wire, read the value of ADC register. The main topic of the thread function, set the priority of the battery lead and then in a loop waiting for interrupt events. Dell inspiron 1427 battery Dell Inspiron 1440 battery

⑤ read ADC value and make correction algorithm.

⑥ DP layer of cells called the state function BatteryPDDGetSta-tus, holding the battery and AC and other materials, GPIO to determine the current state of the material. If the battery is there, then call the thread to read the ADC values of batteries to determine the current state of the battery.

2.3 battery voltage sample algorithm and the algorithm of error correction

CPU detecting the voltage of the battery side of the current power of the battery. The battery voltage and charge a certain correspondence between these correspondences can be judged by the battery charge current. Found by actual measurement, the relation corresponding to Figure 3. Visible, the cell voltage of the battery and the power is not the correspondence between the linear.

To determine more precisely the current battery, as shown in Figure 3, the battery voltage and power diagram for a sub-amendment process can be divided into ①, ②, ③ three intervals.

3 Windows CE-based implementation Battery

3.1 Registry Settings

When the start time of the system, a device. exe will be fixed according to the registry to find the battery-based dynamic link library files, such as the following example will load the dynamic link library file battdrvr. dll. registry settings will identify the battery resulting compiled file name dynamic link library start time, the loading sequence, the prefix name in the register, iCLASS power management. These options are necessary, information can be added to the platform. reg file to reach the battery charge and management. Dell Vostro 1700 battery Dell Vostro 2510 battery

3.2 Based on S3C2443 CPU power algorithm for sampling

S3C2443 can provide a detection of 10 analog channels of voltage, respectively, XP, XM, YP, YM, 5:00 A []. XP, XM, YP, YM four channels is generally to use the touch screen details of sampling in the stack, depending on the choice of hardware design A [5:00] one of six channels for sampling battery voltage. S3C2443 offers four types of mode A / D conversion: the conversion mode normal XY mode conversion in turn, X / Y auto-conversion mode, wait for interrupt mode. The design of the battery, just select the conversion mode can be normal, and three kinds of A / D conversion mode is available to use the touch screen.

3.3 battery voltage sampling algorithm and the algorithm of error correction

According to battery voltage, the load between the ideas of error correction algorithm to design the following algorithm: first define a structure that contains the ADC value and its corresponding percentage of the value of the variable, this benefit is for the convenience of the samples to the value of the ADC, according to three sections of the slope function offline, converted to the corresponding percentage of capacity remaining. Dell Vostro 1500 battery Dell Vostro 1520 battery

Then, define the baseline ADC values fold line and the corresponding percentage value. These can be based on the test battery discharge and actual experience is specific requirements for the project must be modified.

Finally, the battery voltage, the load between the error correction algorithms designed to implement the algorithm.

Windows CE 3.4 DP layer to achieve an instance of the function of battery status

What follows is mainly for Windows CE functional layer LFP battery status has been achieved, but the specific details of implementation of the project requirements should be reviewed and improved. Dell Vostro 1310 battery Dell Vostro 1320 battery

4 Summary and outlook

I design the hardware and software architecture cells are independent of platform specific development can be easily ported to different platforms. The combination of Windows CE and features Samsung S3C2443 processor, this paper presents the architecture of an implementation of the battery-pilot. Innovation is proposing the use of sub-sampling technique to change the battery voltage and power nonlinearity is proposed and analyzed a software platform for independent battery and hardware architecture. The design was based on Windows CE platform operating system can be realized in the actual development of the project and the widespread adoption, and obtained good results. Dell Vostro 1015 battery Dell Vostro 1200 battery

The use of intelligent devices to reduce energy consumption is also very effective strategy for integrated circuit design. Ago, peripheral MCUs are implemented by the CPU software-driven, but it can indeed work effectively, but CPU should always be up and running. software services through design to minimize the amount of motor interrupt device may have the most CPU time is in standby or idle.

In addition, system designers should have the choice of MCU ADC input channel auto scan function, early onset of conversion equipment, and the mechanism of DMA data transfer. These features can also automate data sampling will be repeatable, and minimize the operating time of the processor.

MCU system clock can also play an important role to play in power. Figure 3 shows a single crystal of the double-clock operation. For an energy efficiency of the MCU, the clock of a top two.

MCU devices using low-power low-frequency auxiliary clock (ACLK). Low frequency, low power operation typically 32kHz external oscillator can support the functionality of real-time clock. High-speed digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) may be used as high-speed devices used by the processor and main system clock (MCLK) source. Dell Latitude D410 battery dell latitude d420 battery

In addition to adopting some of the peripheral clocks to achieve low power consumption, in addition, IT MSP430MCU also incorporates on-chip ultra-low power oscillator (VLO) as a source of clock ACLK. In the operation the standby power consumption (LPM3) ACLK are running and allow all interrupts, then MSP430 typical current consumption of the device under 1μA.

In addition, the DCO within 1μs time in working condition and fully stabilized, and without intermediate steps. This awareness of the beginning “Now” of high-performance processing capabilities, rather than using the start of a second or two-speed oscillator as a time to start over. This not only time but also help reduce energy consumption.

Dual-processor Power

As mentioned above, such as accelerators, peripherals and other private communications and network integration capabilities will lead to a simple DSP functions in the implementation of energy waste. dell latitude d430 battery Dell Latitude D500 battery

With regard to certain functions, MCU is more applicable than the DSP, for example, to maintain or manage the battery of real-time clock load procedures. For the MCU to perform the above tasks will help to make better use of the budget rate MIPS DSP, which is very important.

Dual processor architecture is a distinct advantage. For example, suppose a system dependent on high-end processor to perform control tasks, then the battery life may be only a few days. Specifically, the NiMH AA 2500mAh rated capacity. If the average current of 1mA only, then the exhaustion of the AA battery required 119 days. If the average current to 10mA, the battery can work only 12 days, no electricity.

By using the dual-processor achieves the optimization power through the system and monitoring functions: to maintain the real time clock, the sequencing of power, control and power reset; key areas or management of human-machine interfaces, the battery management, show management.

In describing the low-power microcontroller technology, real time clock function has been explored. Is extending the principle of a game, will be provided with the DSP MCU clock. Dell Latitude D505 battery Dell Latitude D510 battery

DSP Power Management

Many modern DSP should have the power sequencing can be performed more than the normal operation of supply rails. Typically, these are the basic tracks of rail power, the supply rail and DDR I / O supply rail so. Even if the devices still function can be used to perform the sequencing of power, it can not be extended to support other features.

A small low-power microcontrollers, such as TI MSP430 MCUs, replace the fixtures can implement the sort function, control and supervision, allowing the main processor (DSP such as TI TMS320C550x) power management.

MSP430MCU software routines can be done in the correct order to allow C550x DSP circuit voltage regulator. MSP430 uses its internal ADC to verify that the voltage rails appropriate time. If you do not need C550x, you can use the controller to stop off the main processor.

In fact, MCU can communicate directly with the VXO control voltage, or by direct communication with the PLL to control the frequency, realizing at the same time DSP control of voltage and frequency. The apparent advantage, computationally intensive DSP tasks completed, DSP MCU can enter standby valid. Dell Latitude D520 battery Dell Latitude D600 battery

Monitoring process is a double meaning, in other words, DSP MCU can be busy probing the degree. In this mode, the intelligent controller to play the role. On the other hand, the DSP function of internal control may also play a role. As can be read on the MCU can write, so that applications must notify DSP MCU can speed up or slow down the clock.

Interface management rights

We can interact with the MCU to reduce power consumption of the DSP to avoid internal DSP to perform simple tasks. However, the greater the benefits of this approach are that system designers can single-processor system implemented by the DSP to the MCU number of regulatory tasks to complete.

MCU operation could easily fulfill the requirements of key areas, but much lower power than the DSP. For example, only 500nA standby current is much smaller than the DSP. Only after you press the button and release, we interrupt the DSP implementation, ensuring that MCU can avoid the jammed key from the consumption of current, and this did not move buttons stuck in some handheld devices are not uncommon. Dell Inspiron 1410 battery Dell inspiron 1425 battery

In addition, 16MHz MCU can also support the management of the user. To further improve energy efficiency, integrated MCU must have a driver clip type LCD to manage the four data flow cytometer.

In addition, MCU should also be integrated with related functions, to pass the standard SPI, UART, I2C, or RF, communications and peripherals, but also in the case of polling that is not automatically switch low power.

Management and battery charging is generally a function of fixed to fulfill the regulatory functions of another, but the task can also be micro-controller. We can micro-controller to measure the voltage of the ADC with timer and software to handle the load, and used to provide load wave PWM. Application of microcontroller vendors often report describes how to perform the above functions of their products, but also provide the sample code. For example, users can download from the TI website SLAA287 Code, entitled “The use of lithium-ion battery charger solution MSP430″ application report which introduced the MSP430 product related solutions. Dell Inspiron 1320 battery Dell Inspiron 1320n battery

Once the package system is complete, still need to be connected to MCU and DSP for the normal communication between them. MCU and peripherals in the interactive process required for most data to be shared with the DSP. Of course, this would make certain technical specifications requirements MCU. We must look at least 16 GPIO ports with the product to support inter-processor communication. In addition, the product chosen must be required to support on-chip I2C and SPI interfaces, and battery charging features require 10-bit ADC.

In most systems, we can construct a simple protocol for issuing commands DSP core for the microcontroller. In some cases, if the main processor and the micro-controller is the same suppliers, you can report through the application and solutions related to the two well together.

Conclusion

DSP has made in reducing the energy consumption of major progress, but because of manufacturing constraints of high performance DSP, to achieve relatively limited role assigned to it. The chip is in standby or idle, they are particularly vulnerable to leakage effects caused by power transistor. After all, designers need-based DSP / MCU or calculation, measurement, analysis and balanced compromise between the two in order to determine the end of its applications should use a transformer or a combination of the two processors. Dell Latitude E6500 battery Dell Inspiron 1318 battery

digital signal processor (DSP) used in applications that require high performance, resulting in a clock speed has been increasing. The need for high speed operation and the integration of millions of transistors, processors need to reduce energy consumption wherever possible.

Over the last 10 years, the structure of policies to promote innovation and low power DSP processing capabilities continue to strengthen, scale MIPS performance at the same time, other performance parameters improved rapidly. In this case, because these more powerful DSP, such as cellular phones and ultra-portable audio devices such as DSP-based system was stable battery life significantly improved.

Helmets and other portable consumer audio is to ask the important example of the best power efficiency. In addition, industrial and medical products are also continuing to support the advanced features of mobile device integrated senior management. Power devices in large part with the ultra-portable devices such as consumer electronics. Dell Inspiron 6400 battery Dell Inspiron 640m battery

In the DSP technology has made rapid development, the microcontroller (MCU) system under the pressure continued to reduce energy consumption. With the DSP, MCU in low energy consumption has its own unique advantages, for example, the small number of transistors, clock speed to low, and the tension often low.

Unlike calculated using microampere DSP, MCU power optimization can present modern day Naan dollars. Although the results of much more than DSP MCU, but also in the diet has been considerably improved, but the energy saving aspects of chip designers can do is limited.

Conventional understanding of

In the life of the battery, the system designer, common sense is a “position of the chip better than the two chips.” Their idea is simple and direct, that disclosure of communication between chips on the position that the consumption Energy Smart, two chips larger than the number of transistors on integrated functions as a single monolithic integrated circuit. However, common sense is not always correct. Dell Inspiron 9200 battery Dell Inspiron 9300 battery

Start by incorporating DSP, such as accelerators, and network communication module dedicated on-chip peripheral functions such, its function is for the system designers are also becoming more powerful and convenient. However, if the chip has to perform a simple routine treatment or monitoring program will remain open, it generates a lot of unnecessary energy consumption.

Determine the life of the battery average current consumption of the system, rather than the instantaneous flow of consumption time. Therefore, to prolong battery life, we must reduce the current average. When the camera is running, the high-end processors typically support clock consumption level and other characteristics of low power, but if in a state of non-work, the device difficult to have a good performance of energy saving. Many use high-performance processor power off mode to over 50 ~ 100μA. Although at first glance that the current consumption is acceptable, but whether it’s energy consumption when the processor continues downward, not by external reset, we can not perform any task. Dell Inspiron 9400 battery Dell Inspiron B120 battery

On this processor and other high-end processors to maintain the state of low power, while the implementation of the system or incentives or regulatory mandates, where the energy of several tens of milliamperes. In other words, if the system relies on a high-end processor to perform supervisory tasks, the battery life, but only a few days.

However, if by using other devices to implement systems and regulatory functions, and this device can manage the supply voltage of the CPU, system average of the current consumption can be significantly reduced.

For some applications, replace the DSP with the MCU control system implementation tasks is a very wise design decision. Clearly if the architecture of the dual-processor is the right choice depends on many factors. Application itself is the most important factor, because most of the design must also take into account the limitations of space and cost. Dell Inspiron B130 battery Dell Inspiron E1405 battery

For example, monitoring power, reset control and power needs of the classification system are the most fundamental function of supervision. With the current number of SoC is numerous power rails, power must be properly classified to function properly. Fixed function performs all these functions, but may not meet other requirements, could not close the main processor when it is not necessary. For small, low power micro-controller to replace fixed-function devices can enhance the characteristics of home power management processor, while the implementation of screening, monitoring and regulation.

Low pin count, low power micro-controller can effectively achieve this functionality. For example, Texas Instruments (TI) introduced MSP430F20×1 and MSP430F20×2 two devices are 14-pin micro-controller with a comparator, respectively, and 10-bit ADC. Standby current consumption of less than 1μA, and run only a few hundred microamps of current.

Displays a quick control of micro-controller CPU, power sequencing, examples of power management implementation. software routine micro-controller can start the main processor of the correct order of regulator, and through the internal ADC to verify the correct voltage rails in time. Does not require the main processor can be shut down by regulators to close the main features of the processor the main processor 70μA to save power consumption of a few milliamperes. 346970-001 367759-001 f2024a

A better understanding of DSP and microcontroller their role in optimizing the power output when the two combine in the design of key factors. The developers of two ultra low-power processors by the host processor cycles to complete and supervision, respectively, maximize energy efficiency and win unique performance, integration and cost advantages, which allow two low cpu battery life of the system to single processor systems.

DSP power

DSP chip designers with many programs, low-power technology, such as lowering the operating voltage, the chip into different clock domains, etc. Most programs are running in the background. The designers of control systems have not too much advantage of these features can be linked.

However, the selection process in the DSP, the system designer on the application of means of implementation to fully play its role. Choosing the best DSP should consider four main characteristics. 372772-001 398876-001 417066-001

● The large capacity on-chip memory: the application of a general power, based on the implementation of off-chip memory, each call must consume additional power. If you are using external RAM, it must continue its power, it is a process of continuous power.

● Select a high degree of control devices to the DSP, as direct aid to further reduce energy consumption: more devices in the DSP can not automatically say work off-chip devices, or allows the system designer manually manage the peripheral status. However, the size of this property has certain limitations.

● options are available for a variety of standby DSP: more options in long-term savings, the better.

● Development of software options available DSPs, dedicated to maximizing power and minimizing energy use: the tool chosen should be able to easily chip voltage and frequency adjustment, management of power state, measurement and analysis of power to assess a variety of optional design. 338794-001 361742-001 371785-001

Power MCU

Optimized for low power MCU to work best starting point is the use of very low-power technology to create an MCU, so the transistor leakage current can be reduced to very low levels. High-performance DSP technology will result in increased energy consumption, which is optimized for semiconductor technology lower power may limit the performance of advanced treatment of the MCU.

Clock speed is the most obvious limitation. For example, the TI series MCU MSP430F20xx low pin count, figure 2, to enjoy its unique ultra low power oscillator (VLO) technology to reach as low as 500nA standby current, the maximum speed of 16MHz Characteristics exceptional. technology allows MSP430F20xx VLO ultra-low power standby mode, the clock speed fully automatic, while no external components can be achieved automatic alarm function, so that the smoke detector or appliances and temperature regulation other systems can not replace the battery in the case continue to work for 10 years. Dell inspiron 1427 battery Dell Inspiron mini 9 battery

Software control includes the following: sampling session, the values of the sample to calculate the output pulse width and on the basis of this value to adjust the output of the PWM pulse width; Communications CAN receive control commands and send the output current, voltage, temperature, status codes and other information; interrupt service routine processing fault and protection procedures. NB-1L NB-1LH NB-2L

To improve the operating efficiency of the software, the need in the best possible treatment in the main program Bufenfangzai Instead, Ba Yi Xie need for timely treatment process control approaches Li Yong discontinue treatment, such as waveform PWM modulation cycle, which entails addressing gongzuo and prompt treatment of the work must be carried out using way to manage interruptions. CAN communication procedures with other interrupt routine to process, according to information received to determine the operating mode and specific operating parameters of the adjustment process and transformation.

3.2 Design of the digital memory control PLD

PID control has a simple structure, easy to adjust the parameters of benefits in the technology of continuous monitoring system is widely used. This is a controlled amount of the difference in accordance with the proportional, integral and differential control by the method of linear combinationNB-2LH NB-4L NB-5L

As digital PID control is a control sample, which, outside the control of the sampling time for calculating the volume, type (10 in the integral and differential item can not be accurately calculated, therefore The control system using additional PID algorithm

From (2) may be considered, incremental algorithm needs only to save the first three moments of the deviation, a small space, insufficient accuracy of calculation errors or little effect on system, the cumulative error also relatively low, and in each restarts, you can check on the original, reducing the response time. Also avoid accidental factors for the output of the controller to make radical changes significantly, the reliability of the system is increased.

For this system, the PID controller parameters are determined primarily by experience. Sampling period of the system DC / DC switching cycle, according to the previous sampling period to calculate the pulse width output of the next cycle, interrupt each sample calculation must be performed. PID algorithm embedded in the procedures of the ADC interrupt handling. NB-6L NB-7L NB-8L

3.3 Programmable digital input and output characteristics of control

High Power Fuel Cell DC / DC input voltage range IOOV about the need to protect low-voltage input, low battery voltage to prevent the head of fuel failure. Protection program undervoltage based on a real-time sampling of high-speed point reached after voltage power limit for the fuel cell to work, while fuel cells and vehicles in response to changes demand for digital set.

DC / DC converter output characteristics of the motor controller, battery match the normal scope of work, but also with the vehicle controller (ECU) control strategy complex. Therefore, the output characteristics of the design limit for the constant pressure and constant current limit of two modes in Figure 5. For the ECU by CAN sent to the fixed value, the two functions can be controlled to send a cycle can pass to the realization of a programmable control of the output characteristics. Compaq Presario B1200 battery Compaq Presario B1800 battery

4 test results and technical parameters

The experimental system developed by the fuel cell engine with 90 kW Boost DC / DC converter, 100 kW fuel cell simulator, the motor and its controller, PC hardware and digital oscilloscopes and other equipment vendors test. IGBT switching voltage waveform, test results of PWM signals in Figure 6, we can see the waveform, voltage boost converter and format converter ideal switching power losses of switching low.

Response curve of the system output in Figure 7, shown in Figure 7, the output voltage of 380V to 340V system to make the time less than 200ms, the response rate, the excess of small and precision control steady state level.

Fuel cell engine of 90 kW Boost DC / DC conversion technology parameters are as follows:

(1) DC input voltage ≤ 350V:

(2) DC350 ~ 450V Output voltage:

(3) Output Current 200 ~ 250ACompaq 510 battery Compaq 610 battery

(4) Assessing the effectiveness PowerPoint ≥ 97%:

(5)% ≤ L Output drive:

(6) Made through CAN communication with a programmable control of external characteristics, namely a restriction of constant current, constant pressure boundary current;

(7) Of the control systems responsible autonomous vehicle (ECU) controlled random switching of two methods of control.

5 Conclusion

The fuel cell bus developed by Digital kWBoosl 90 DC / DC converter using IGBTs as the power switch, efficiency and reliability, the control system uses digital processing chip and technology numerical control, high real-time and good features programmable control to meet the complex requirements of vehicle control; machine is modular, it can be, and communication reliable vehicle, good human-computer interaction. The converter has been successfully applied to the first bus in the town of domestic fuel cell, all specifications to meet the requirements. Compaq presario V3000 battery Compaq presario V6000 battery

energy shortage and pollution problems of the environment become a pressing need to solve the problems of integrated world, but the traditional automobile industry is one of the biggest killers of energy and the environment, develop vehicles clean and efficient energy dynamics has become a very new and urgent task. Fuel Cell (Fuel Cell) is a green energy technology. To improve the fuel cell as the soft output characteristics, “by DC / DC converter for converting the voltage of the fuel cell main drive motor and control system to meet the demands of their input characteristics, thus making the characteristics of fuel cell production variation “hard”, and matching the converter output impedance, it features good control and digital control, communications and protection of reliable and stable DC converters / DC development has become urgent needs. Lenovo ThinkPad X200 battery Lenovo ThinkPad X200 Tablet battery

DSP technology is increasingly sophisticated in recent years, reflecting the rise of digital technology, to make control in the field has faced a major technological change. Therefore, the special power for fuel cell bus research DC / DC digital technology, develop national provider of digital power converter DC / DC on China’s development and popularization of electric vehicles will be of theoretical importance large applications and engineering.

The circuit DC / DC Main

Converter main circuit is at the base, directly affects the DC / DC converter performance. DC / DC converter for a simple structure, work efficiency, significantly improve the vehicle of the economy, and their frequency, the response at high speed, easy to implement complex features of input to output meet the requirements of different control strategies. Therefore, the fuel cell hybrid bus with power conversion devices to abandon the full-bridge inverter main circuit topology and use Buck-Boost topology the main circuit. Lenovo ThinkPad X300 battery Lenovo ThinkPad X60 battery

DC / DC converter can be divided by function upconverter (Boosf Convention), Buck (Buck converter) and the down converter (Buck-Boost converter), the fuel cell vehicle in the main step-up or use buck converter, the diagram of Figure I and Figure 2.

In Figure 2 Boost converter example, the simple analysis of its operating principle: When switch S turns on, the current Iin through the inductor L, current increases linearly, the electrical energy into magnetic energy stored in the coil inductance. At that time, the discharge of capacitor C, the load current Io and the upper classes had formed in the ends of the output voltage Vo, is under negative polarity. Because the switch turns on, the diode anode connected to negative, D resist the pressure cons S, it can not pass the discharge capacity. Switch S turns into the end of the inductor L in the magnetic field will change the polarity of the voltage across the coil L to maintain constant the IIN. The magnetic energy in the voltage V1 and the voltage VFC Series, Vo the voltage exceeds the capacity C, the power load. Higher than VO, the capacitor C with the load current; equal to Vo, the charge current is zero, when there was a reduction, Vo discharge capacitive load to maintain the Vo unchanged. Since VFC LV + power to the load, V Above HRV, which has step-up results. Lenovo ThinkPad X61 battery Lenovo ThinkPad T400 battery

2 Based on the design of hardware control circuit TMS320LF2407A

digital signal processor as a power switching controller can not only overcome too many discrete components, the circuit reliability is poor, the complexity of the circuit of the drawbacks of monolithic integrated controller can resolve the weakness is not flexible and a digital processor DSP with high frequency, a short training course and the benefits of improved bus architecture, with powerful digital processing capabilities.

TMS320LF2407A Texas Instruments (TI) DSP controller, the members of the Society Series 24X, where the numerical aspects of the automobile was widely used, the external circuit through programming and coordination of the umbrella to achieve complete cell Fuel DC / DC conversion scanned. Figure 3 Functional diagram of the control system, control system TMS320LF2407A the nucleus, additional external circuitry required to implement the system control functions:

(1) through the filter circuit of the sensor input signals are processed and then sampled by the ADC for digital sampling circuit and the CPU: Compaq Presario B1900 battery Compaq Presario B3000 battery

(2) generated by the PWM control signal TMS320LF2407A directly after isolation was conducted to enlarge the opening of control and power off;

(3) Using the internal processor I / O port to achieve a number of other external control functions such as: light show slow absorption circuit, contactor control, cooling fan control switch;

(4) through a controller CAN2.0 and communication vehicle and the remote control.

Fuel cell bus routes data acquisition is designed to give the system output voltage and current feedback signal control, temperature of the apparatus of power, current, voltage feedback signal protection. signal transmission to the control panel by TMS320LF2407A integrated precision internal 10-bit with high-sample / Hold module analog-digital converter (ADC) data after the operation and logic. The ADC is a 10-bit high speed ADC conversion time to a minimum 500ns for 20 ~ 50kHz switching power supply is concerned, can be enjoyed by the inspection requirements, ensuring the DC / DC, response time at high speed. vgp-bpl5a vgp-bpl2 vgp-bps2

In the DC / DC operation in abnormal conditions may occur, for example, that damage the device and other factors, DC / DC does not work, short circuit, IGBT and power diode common; overheating radiator. For more abnormal state, both a circuit equipment designed and fully protective measures.

3 software control system

Control system responsible for the overall process of transformation, control and communication, process digital implementation. High Power Fuel Cell DC-DC converter control software uses the C language and assembler languages at the same time to complete its review and seek to structure the program relatively simple answer to the power switching power system stability control and reliability requirements. vgp-bps2a vgp-bps2b vgp-bps2c