Preparation of polycrystalline silicon thin film There are several ways in which the deposit chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is the preparation most widely used of the polycrystalline silicon thin film method. In this method, source gases such as silane (SiH4) in the plasma (PECVD), catalysis (Hot-Wire CVD) There are various methods such as the feasibility of the process of decomposition. After the decomposition of material in the gas phase reaction, after a series of arrival of the substrate and deposit growth. Tecra A4 battery Tecra A5 battery In most cases, using diluted hydrogen source gas to prepare a thin film of polysilicon, while the pure silane to prepare thin films of amorphous silicon. However, evaporation by electron beam (EBE) has its unique advantages compared to the vapor deposition method using the gas source, the solid silicon material as raw EBE may have a higher use raw materials. In addition, to obtain a better quality of polycrystalline silicon thin film, but also by two-step method (two-step process) for the preparation of polycrystalline silicon thin film, namely: first, by CVD, or the Evaporation by electron beam (EBE), the rule of law was thin film amorphous silicon, and solid phase crystallization method (SPC) method or rapid thermal annealing (RTP) as the film of poly-silicon thin obtained as a result.

1, Chemical Vapor Deposition Method

1. Deposits chemical vapor plasma (PECVD) method

Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) L61 is a kind of method of chemical deposition vapor is in the chemical deposition at low pressure steam, while the use of the influence of discharge plasma glow on the process using PECVD technology may be in non-silicon substrates, the small grains of polysilicon thin film preparation. Tecra A6 battery Tecra A7 battery

Using plasma enhanced chemical vapor method for preparing the deposits of polysilicon thin film process, currently led by a combination of both SiH4 and H2 gas as a source of gas, if the mere introduction of a pure SiH4 gas, PECVD deposition of the substrate from above films are thin films of amorphous silicon. In the process of depositing thin films of polycrystalline silicon by method of radio-frequency glow discharge (Radio Frequency Glow Discharge) decomposition of silane under the effect of RF power, silane gas is decomposed into a number of new particles : atoms, radicals, and different ions and plasma. These new particles through the migration process of dehydrogenation of a series of complex post-deposition on the substrate. Overall, a deposition process of thin films of polycrystalline silicon can be divided into two phases: the decomposition of SiH4 gas and groups filing. The decomposition of SiH4 gas is divided into two phases: first, in the glow discharge, the collision of high energy electrons with SiH4 gas to decompose SiH4. Micro-reaction process of the deposition process in Figure 1.

At the same time, because in general the deposition pressure, gas molecules and groups of free range is about 10-3 ~ 10-2cm, much smaller than the size of the reaction chamber, in which the diffusion process on the substrate between them due to collision with each other and the emergence of new reactions, the main type of reaction are: A1175 MacBook Pro 15 inch battery A1078

In which the concentration of the diffusion equation group can be expressed as follows:

Where G () x is the production rate, the concentration of N in the core group, D is the diffusion coefficient, N for the SiH4 concentration, k as the core group and the reaction rate of SiH4. From this equation, we can see that people with high reactivity, low diffusion coefficient, the higher the concentration of groups is very difficult to reach the substrate, while for SiH 3 groups due to its inability to react with SiH4 and has a high diffusion coefficient, is likely to spread the surface of the substrate plate and depositing a film.

The process of thin film deposition, but also contains two processes, namely, the groups filing process and molecules or atoms of the film surface in the desorption process. In the growth of the hair surface should be possible: the growth of surface-H, SiH 3 groups SI and growth of the surface to form dangling bonds Si-Si Bond Bond; Si-Si bonding binding growth thin films. Due to the presence of hydrogen atoms, SiH 3 did not reach the growth surface, bonding with the dangling bonds If, while the group will continue to spread SiH 3 migration. So non-H thin film processing is a long process of health is an important step. The H by thermal excitation and the atomic or molecular H2 in the form of spontaneous release of the surface, you can also group with the surface or react with the release of ions, such as: A1045 PowerBook G4 15 battery

≡ Si-When expressed on the surface and thin-film bond network structure of the synthesis of silicon atoms.

The foregoing is based on pure silane and hydrogen gas source for the reaction to the use of plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition mechanism of growth of deposits of polysilicon thin film analysis. Throughout the reaction process, when the SiH4 concentration exceeds a certain critical value can produce a variety of polyhedra has been shaped Si particles, the nucleation of these fine particles will be homogeneous if, and adsorption of SiH4 thin If the reaction nuclear generating surface of the particles continue to grow the film even further growth.

2. Very high frequency plasma enhanced chemical deposition from vapor phase (VHF-PECVD)

Using conventional radio deposition plasma chemical vapor frequency (RF-PECVD) Preparation of thin films of polycrystalline silicon, to achieve the low temperature deposition, you must use a dilution of the high hydrogen silane as reactive gas, so the deposit rate is limited, it is difficult to satisfy practical application. Polysilicon thin-film deposition rate as the increase in effective ways of one of the very high plasma deposition chemical vapor frequency (VHF-PECVD) technique in materials polysilicon thin-layer preparation and the application of research is a very wide range of applications. IBM ThinkPad R51 battery  IBM ThinkPad R52 battery

VHF-PECVD deposition technique has been able to dramatically improve the rate of deposition of thin films of polycrystalline silicon, mainly because the excitation of plasma more conventional VHF radio frequency plasma: l) the electron temperature below 2 ) the benefits of greater electron density.

VHF-PECVD deposition equipment, mainly from the three bedroom PIN, vacuum system, the system of gas supply, the power of incentives and heating of substrate and other major unit.

PIN 3 reaction chamber is opened a window Watch P bedrooms and a bathroom-type N and N, respectively P-type materials, the deposition room, I for the preparation of the intrinsic layer of material, the valve between the chamber reaction to isolate, thin film deposition process to work independently of each other.

At the end of the vacuum system is divided into the vacuum system and exhaust system into two parts. The end of the vacuum system includes a turbo-molecular pump and a pre-class mechanical pump, exhaust system, an independent not connect to each chamber of three mechanical pumps. Reaction gas firm Gas line dedicated to provide all the working chamber pressure by meter route air traffic, Zhengzhou University Graduate Thesis Chapter II Preparation of polycrystalline silicon thin film technology and the growth of the flowmeter mass on the principle of the creation and control, and through the regulation of emissions of exhaust gas pumps mechanical size before opening valves to control the working pressure of reaction chamber . F4812A HSTNN-lB31 PB991A

Inspiring a dedicated power supply for VHF. Energy mainly by the signal generator, amplifier, corresponding devices, frequency and power meter, components, etc..

If the filing system is the device by converting the old power supply system, heating system put in place because the original design of the main defects in the electrode substrate is located in a high frequency power introduced in the electrodes of the following processing of the raw film deposition, surface growth, likely to fall into powder that such damage, thus affecting the quality of materials in thin layers, which affect the preparation of solar batteries is particularly important.

PIN Mimuro compartment continuous VHF PECVD deposition equipment for the parallel plate capacitor electrode structure and the performance of electrodes in place, the distance between the electrodes in adjustable between 1.5-3.5cm, common electrode spacing of about 2.5cm. Deposit system for thin films of this at the end of a vacuum better than 5 × 10-5PA. Working gas for the hydrogen dilution of silane gas flow in the measurement of mass flow meters and control the operating range of gas pressure of O-200Pao power incentive points with four VHF operating frequency: 60MHz , 70MHz, 80MHz, 40MHz, the output of O-100W, power of size to be headed by a meter. PA3383U-1BRS PA3395U-1BRS PA3534U-1BRS

3. Chemical deposition at low vapor pressure LPCVD

Low pressure deposition chemical vapor (LPCVD) method containing mainly silicon in the gas chamber, by heating near the surface of the substrate by stimulating the decomposition, the decomposition of silicon and hydrogen and the formation of under them have a variety of groups took place near the surface reaction, the silicon film formed on the substrate. Was significantly lower than in O.1MPa work under pressure in terms of peripheral LPCVD, low pressure can increase throttle response studio and reaction products through the ability of the boundary layer diffusion. At the same time, to partially offset the impact of downward pressure may increase the total quantity of reactive gas in the gas in the concentration ratio. Compared to the normal pressure CVD equipment, low pressure chemical deposition vapor pressures of work, almost as low as l00Pa, resulting in response to the gas diffusion coefficient increased by about three orders of magnitude . Despite pressure to reduce the thickness of the surface layer of the substrate border has increased, but the flow of gas can also be increased accordingly. Thus, the overall result is greatly improved rate of thin film deposition. Low pressure deposition chemical vapor (LPCVD) method will only come into contact with the gas to the surface at high temperature deposition of thin films, while the lower surface temperature of contact is not filed. Low-pressure chemical vapor deposition method has the advantage of the longer period the reaction chamber can be kept clean. Under normal circumstances, the use of heterogeneous substrate LPCVD thin films directly deposited polycrystalline silicon grain size is below 500nm, the grain can be obtained in this way more and good quality polysilicon thin films. apple PowerBook G4 12 inch battery apple MacBook 13 inch battery During LPCVD epitaxial growth substrate before cleaning, and taking the region by adjusting the reaction temperature and pressure to change the deposition rate of thin film materials and performance. Low deposition device chemical vapor pressure and atmospheric general features of hot wall-type The main difference is that it requires a vacuum pump to maintain pressure throughout the system works.

1, a new energy seems to disappear in the past.

Climate change and environmental pressures in the automotive industry have created their sights on new energy vehicles.

March 4, Geneva Motor Show will be officially opened. Known as “the tendency to weathercock,” said the Geneva Motor Show has opened the 80th “anniversary” and it will also lead the global automotive industry has entered a new development area. This auto show, the new trend that energy is no longer a spectator, but to become a true hero. ” Even the Ferrari and Porsche began to move toward the rich are also “green.” What was once held in North America and the Tokyo Motor Show, but also become a vehicle for new energy stood stage. Inspiron 1300 battery Inspiron 1318 battery

Looking at the internal development of new energy vehicles to electric cars and hybrid vehicles based on new energy sources have been thunder and heavy rain in such a small market-oriented is not high. At present, except a small number of hybrids in the sale of several imports, only Thailand and the mass public BYD electric cars on the market. In addition to grants, Matching and other issues, the new energy vehicles can not be a big step forward in the nucleus of the obstacles is that if the industry focuses on the body energy vehicles, he will backfire on the current development of the internal combustion engine is caused by growing car market devastating blow. Therefore, how to achieve traditional cars and vehicles with new energy, unified and coordinated development is located within government, industry, companies face an urgent need to tackle the problem. Therefore, new energy the first place, the NPC and members of the first focus of concern is really not an exaggeration.

Second, consolidation of the industry is the general trend.

After the golden decade, early development, development of automobile industry in China is at a new level and a point of departure, both production and marketing breakthrough 13.5 million, becoming the largest market in the world. hp Pavilion DV1000 battery  hp Pavilion dv4000 battery

However, our goal is to make electric cars, rather than a simple power car. The industry consolidation is the only way of becoming stronger. Merger and integration at the same time, would also reduce the gas industry, excess capacity on the industry.

Recently, official press conference of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, has announced the first half of this year the central government plans to implement a new policy to encourage the integration of the automotive industry to further develop the brand of the family car. It is understood that this new policy, revealed in 2015, cars manufactured brands represent more than half of total turnover of the car brand of domestic auto manufacturers own car to reach the market share home to about 40%.

Last year, Chang’an integration Hafei and Changhe is integrated oil flares said. In addition to national groups or local Auto current major automotive manufacturers and distributors as well as ancillary businesses, service firms, group management across the board. In particular, the autonomy of Crown corporations and private brands, which should be in this, go ahead. PA3534U-1BRS PA3191U-3BRS

Listed are bigger and stronger capital base, mergers and acquisitions and restructuring is an integrated resort. Before the Spring Festival, there are media reports, Zhejiang private car Zhejiang Thai private consortium public financing totaling 700 million yuan, is planning to market. Including the Guangzhou Auto Group, Chery, Lifan, Great Wall and the FAW are interested in 2010 a share above.

Yi Gu and another undercurrent in the automotive market potential movement Chung. January 6, the group of Dalian will leave the message list in the industry caused no small vibration. Largest car dealership in Shanghai - Shanghai Yongda, northern giant car dealers several years ago a large group of questions ad, cars Guanghui, Canton and other household objects CARSELLA Top of car dealer listed already occupied before the enclosure movement . A1008 A1012

However, because China’s market space vehicle development for more living space for all types of automotive companies has in recent years due to mismanagement of mergers were fewer and corporate restructuring. At the same time, mergers and reorganization of local government must also be recognized to be implemented. And each region will be the automotive industry in the development of regional economic behavior, solve the employment problem of the pillar industries in the context of trans-regional mergers and acquisitions more difficult.

How clever to pass through the hands of the integration of local carmakers, while avoiding local protectionism, how the market for automotive companies to provide better policy support. I fear that will be the subject of a second. A1022 A1185

3, Toyota recalls the door to the expansion of independent brands in China sounded the alarm.

Currently, the world glancing at a company, the head of a family business, that is, Toyota Motor and Toyota, Akio. Toyota said the door is not only the world of the automobile, but public opinion as a whole in the center of the vortex of concern. In addition to Toyota due to blindly expand and reduce costs has led to defects in the quality automotive products, appropriate vehicles for treatment unreasonable and irrational, is also the main reason the outbreak of the recall is complete. According to related statistics, in 2009 the case of internal reminder of the car are over 50, total recall of nearly 150 vehicles, but all are passive recall. The face of product design and manufacturing defects, there is no manufacturers take the initiative to recall their products.

In fact, take the initiative to recall the results of the recall is over a hundred times more passive. This is because, at present, consumers have a rational understanding of the product recall and will not blindly believe that product recalls will say no, can not buy. If we can take the initiative to recall and is therefore able to understand consumers and manufacturers responsible attitude. apple iBook G4 12 inch battery apple iBook G4 14 inch battery

Consequently, automobile manufacturers in North American brands including self-employment, it must be reminded of the incident inspired door Toyota in control of a good product, R & D and production quality at the same time , product recall correctly, respect the interests and demands of consumers, is royalty.

4, essentially established in the automotive community have also made a series of questions.

As the first decade of China’s gold at the end of the automotive industry, the entry of China into the community of the automobile is an indisputable fact. However, the amount of car ownership continues to grow, but also exposed many social problems such as impaired driving and gave the driver, old man scratched thousands of illegal vehicles, roads and other online traffic control limit enforcement of fishing and so on. Aspire 3000 battery LCBTP03003

How to solve these social problems? The government should establish what type of education and management of long-term mechanism? I fear that the representatives and members of the automotive world will be a very great impact on these public representatives of the demonstration to express their suggestions and proposals.

5, support the development of independent brands should make a difference in government procurement.

To be published in the first half of this year, a new version of “The automobile industry development policy” of the two themes is to encourage independent brands and new energy vehicle development. The new industry policy will focus on motor vehicles of the brand that encourages companies to develop the basic elements of R & D and technological transformation, focusing on brand, construction of canals, market to support the consumer credit, and the second market for used car and pushing their own brands “out”. In addition, the new version of “policy” clearly stated in 2015 its own brand cars to represent 50% of the domestic market, the vehicles under their own brand on the account for 40% of the internal target on the automotive market.

However, brands are looking for has been the vehicle model of government procurement has always relied on a joint venture. Sony VGP-BPS2 Sony VGP-BPS2A

However, according to relevant reports, in order to implement the state to support and develop the policies of their own company car brand, Chongqing Municipality Bureau of Finance this year, the municipal official cars will be the first time a unified tendering: the local car brand, give extra points, marks the independent proportion of purchases for official vehicles will rise to over 50%. In addition, the purchase of buses in the use of imported vehicles is strictly prohibited.

This may be a positive signal that the government in the purchase of official vehicles be tilted according to its own brand. However, how this experience to the whole country? How to dramatically change the price of own-brand cars in the traditional concept of low quality poor? This may be a number of representatives own car business brand and members really need to tell the subject.

In the post-crisis, the auto industry in China this year is the golden age of the beginning of the second year, is also a marked recovery in China in the car also key to another. Given the complex and unstable world economy, faced with new energy and a number of thesis directed by industry hope that Latitude D620 battery Latitude D820 battery the representatives of the automotive industry and members will bring a number of constructive proposals and the feasibility of the motion and to the Government and industry leaders departments attach great importance and processing for the automotive industry and automotive and strengthen the harmonious development of society was a good basis.

Later, on the Internet that Microsoft engineers, a blog, which explains in detail this problem happens I also subject to Microsoft entrusted with the translation of this article was finished, he pushed for your information, look known as the informed observer, see the letter chi is literally worth a good mention, briefly, the user has an explanation.

My English is limited, we can see if the translation is bad, as does not affect the original intent, or laugh, if not tell me is secretly also doubtful.

The author is Steven Sinofsky, the Father said was responsible for most of the first Windows product years old fiercely.

Last week we saw some in the blogosphere about Windows 7 and battery active subjects, including “Please consider replacing the battery in the new Windows 7 news. As this is a topic on the Windows 7 project, we’ll use this blog to provide people with updated information. As we have said on many occasions, we are always committed to improving the quality of Windows 7 and take seriously any reports we receive these reports will identify potential problems and these F2024B F4486B F4809A problems may lead the failure of systems. In previous posts we talked when we receive the report of the bug, especially when we begin to see some reports suggest that the same question, we’ll take what follows. During the past week, we worked hard through these steps and to view more content, we would like to learn more about this problem in Windows 7 Is there where we must solve. At this stage we have no reason to believe that in this case there is no question about Windows 7’s.

Users posted in the blog and forums to claim that Windows 7 warning that “Please remember to replace batteries, while in the upgrade to Windows 7 before this problem does not occur, this situation has caused Last week the attention of a number of newspaper articles. These articles described in the posts in support of the Forum, said Windows 7 is not only to warn people with defective batteries to the user - that’s what we work for the design of Windows 7 — but has also hinted that Windows 7 In response to this State has made the wrong report, even worse, causing damage to these cells. For everyone in this circle into a good understand - Windows 7 on F4812A HSTNN-lB31 PB991A battery warning issued by the law, because it is really bad, Windows 7 is not made an error report on the state batteries, or by any path leading to cell damage. In each case, we were able to confirm these reports are in fact necessary to recommend replacing the battery.

To use all tools at our disposal, including the links in the Forum Report this item to the customer, customer service, communication, and our manufacturers of computers, of course, also included in Windows 7 telemetry, we have been tracking reports, and on this new feature to discuss, try to demonstrate that Windows 7 may lead to behavioral problems in the report of the open division. In the latter case we are trying to understand the scope of its application, and access to equipment to reproduce the behavior of error. To date, all these steps that we have a client in a battery of health problems described in the report and in any case, we investigated the Windows 7 is very accurate for the detection of a defective battery. Before I start talking about the state of this particular problem, we should first examine the details behind this new functionality. PB992A PB994A PP2182D

The battery life of the computer (you’re using the hour race), the most obvious component is one of the battery itself. The capacity of the battery in the computer itself, the degradation is used to load and the supply of electricity (like all rechargeable batteries do). The reason is that chemical changes in the farm complex includes irreversible changes, and increased internal resistance, and more depending on the design and manufacture of the battery. On the user’s computer in such degradation in terms of battery life will shorten battery life. Finally, the battery must be replaced, so the computer can be restored to the battery life acceptable. A quick check consumer laptop, the battery will usually guarantee of 12 months, what about the life of the battery, but also by the statistics that we can come to accept the apparent degradation of battery life time (which means you have started paying attention to the need for more frequent refills). Like ours, have used the same computer a laptop (or a cell phone, music player or other equipment necessary for rechargeable batteries) in 2023, and take frequent repetitive load, there is no doubt that we can “feel” to the battery life of mitigation, in the absence of any information provided to us under the assumption of reference that can be attributed to the alleviation of life PP2182L HSTNN-LB31 battery of any element.

Windows 7 uses a new feature of laptop battery, this function of the circuit and firmware can give Windows a comprehensive report on the battery level of health. It is the use of kilowatt-hours (Wh) in the calculation of the absolute power capacity. Windows 7 On this basis, make a simple calculation, the original design capacity of the battery, based on accurate data and to calculate the current capacity fade percentage. In Windows 7, we set the decay rate of 60% ceiling (which is the available capacity of the battery is only 40% of design capacity), and Windows 7 will help you interpret the report. At this stage, for example, a battery charging could be provided after 5 hours of electricity, but now, on average, only about 2 hours. Windows 7 in the stack in the notice is the icon of the battery meter and sends the notification message, “Please consider replacing the battery.” This notice is the new Windows 7 features, in Windows Vista and Windows XP does not exist.

The battery meter displays a notification indicating that the PA3383U-1BRS PA3395U-1BRS battery may be bad

Drums by the PC system firmware (or BIOS) on battery capacity and health reveal the degree of information. In the Firmware Interface (ACPI) on the detailed specifications, but the most local level, the platform hardware and firmware provides read only a few regions, these areas and describe the battery status. The firmware provides a battery of data, including manufacturer, serial number, design capability and capacity of the last full charge. The last two pieces of information - the design capability and capacity last full charge - what Windows 7 is used to determine how many cells were naturally attenuated. This information is read-only, and no way to make Windows 7 or any other operating system to prepare, implement or configure the information of battery status. In fact, all pairs of conduct discharge of the battery is completely controlled by the hardware in the hands of the battery. Windows reports that it can be read from the system firmware in the battery information. Some reports erroneously claimed, Windows has proposed to amend the information, it is absolutely impossible. A1021 M7332

As mentioned previously, the whole world that we have received the relevant report, we see only the new features of Windows 7 to use this report on the status of the battery, and we see that the battery described in the report ’s has not reached the specified threshold. Here, we examine the specific data to support this view. Some users of the previous system, all normal, in upgrading the computer system after seeing such a warning would be surprised, of course, it is very reasonable. Essentially, because the attenuation caused by the battery, but for users of this decline is unclear, difficult to detect until Windows 7 provides such information has changed. We recognize this feature in Windows 7 a “cause” changes in performance, but in fact do all the things Windows 7 reports only by those who have already taken place.

The following data points helps us understand that the report information. Keep in mind that we do telemetry are optional to join, anonymous, and follow the Privacy Policy.

We have already seen this report has not noticed the new hardware or recently purchased a computer to reproduce. Although we have seen reports that the new computer has received the notice but in all cases, we confirmed that these cells already in disrepair. 402018-001 371790-001 PPP012L

Our OEM partners should use their telemetry (call center, support forums, etc.) and we already know they did not see any circumstance beyond their expectations. It should be noted that manufacturers of computers for customers to solve the battery problem, have a clear vision of what both the general area or a particular model, a calendar and batteries at the end, what was expected.

Throughout the online support of importance and self-help forums, and worked at the appropriate time to follow all the errors on this notification has been reported. Through this work, we identified a new battery or the computer does not reproduce the problem described in the report and has learned that the battery capacity is indeed attenuated.

Telemetry customers of RTM, only a small percentage of users receiving a “Please consider replacing the battery,” the notice, as expected, we find that these systems are used for more than 1 , 5 years. Compared to the pre-release version, we see relatively less notice, reduce the average age in the system. F1781A acer-pa1650-adapter-p-52844.html”>PA1650 PCGA-AC16V6

Microsoft has received 12 protests customer service, in addition to various other bodies of eight additional events. So far (a total of 20 events) these events do not show an addition to the battery for any reason other than degradation.

Microsoft TechNet moderator of the community was used to help additional customers contact regarding this notification, we report that the appointment of staff to service additional customer to prepare for this question. In any case, we have received about 30 contacts, which found no opinion on this new argument or status.

In the Windows 7 pre-release version of the test, the notice said, we can see from our customers almost exactly the same experience. In fact, look at the tests pre-publication sale of equipment, we can see that the system has received the notification to maintain a steady increase in very small numbers. From this point of view realistic, many customers have purchased a new computer, Windows 7 and recently purchased a computer using Windows Vista Upgrade Available. PCGAAC19V3 VGP-AC16V7

During the inspection, which shows that reporting, the reports of telemetry equipment, we see no other reliable data show that any other system abnormalities.

Although information on the status of the battery available to the operating system via ACPI is read-only access, we conducted a code review and thorough checks to determine that there is no possibility change the status code of the battery information.

These data will confirm our point of view, we see the emergence over time the normal degradation of the battery. In the new Windows 7 features provided in the transparency of the technologies used to produce an opinion, which in the past is not visible to customers, but after upgrading to achieve quickly. This is what we have seen these posts in an emergency root cause, but the reality of the situation can change the battery. We have not confirmed the purchase of new machines and the status of the battery. PA3468U-1ACA PA3097U-1ACA

As we have said about the quality of all reports of Windows 7, we will continue to treat with care, when the ratio of potential problems, we’ll use all tools at our disposal to clear it from the bottom, in need of code changes, we will be improved and to customers. We are sure that because we can, we are concerned by this report, and basically solve the problem, but we will continue to monitor the relevant circumstances. In particular, we continue to work with our OEM partners, communication and contact, they will be monitored closely to their customers and the computer.

Finally, if you believe you received the wrong message, and your battery is new, or you believe that your battery is in the best condition, please inform us of this situation or the original manufacturer of your ‘computer. PA-16 9T215

Ankaya Automobile Co., Ltd. Pioneer Deputy Party Secretary Wang told reporters, national standards defined in the capacity of batteries is less than 70 ~ 80%, it can be used in automotive energy storage. To reduce the cost of single user car ankaya and battery manufacturers and users pay for using the battery one year lease, used batteries from battery manufacturers will then themselves. Shenzhen Wuzhou Dragon Bus member of staff said that businesses have customers from the market before and battery manufacturers to reach an agreement through consultation, the user buy electric bus two years later, the battery plant batteries for recycling. However, battery manufacturers can provide services to update the user how the costs and recovery of these elements are not clear, but later also two years by technical and pricing decisions of products.

But experts said that the bus industry, due to electric buses for the bus companies more than consumers, whether the development of appropriate standards, implementing them is not difficult. Pioneer Wang said that the industry develops electric bus, disposal of used batteries will be resolved sooner or later. Latitude D800 battery Latitude D810 battery

Overseas grants recycling batteries involved in battery manufacturing equipment industry want

At present, some developed countries abroad, recycling of waste batteries have been carried out a series of active exploration, and has accumulated much experience though. Many countries have developed relevant policies, for our reference. For example the United States, Japan, the industry of battery recycling scrap with his post-handed, each dealing with a ton of government subsidies for certain production-South Korean battery manufacturers, each producing one ton of a certain amount of deposit to pay for the recovery of those who deal with these costs, and appoint a special facility for processing. Some manufacturers state taxes battery or impose environmental management interruptions waste treatment companies in the battery of tax and so on. Latitude X1 battery XPS M1210 battery

The arrival of the energy crisis, so that we can not but face an energy revolution. And the promotion of electric vehicles is the key to have first a good product, reasonable prices, the second is the technology continues to improve. Ding Xue told reporters of the lithium iron phosphate “carbon coatings,” a company patents in the hands of the United States. However, Australia, Japan and other countries have involved the use of technology. Although our country is less than the volume of electric bus and does not charge fees related to patents, but if the technology was in the hands of foreigners, sooner or later become the industrialization process of China irons electric vehicles broken utensil.

MA Xian Zhongda Auto Group General Manager, told reporters that the company planned to enter the field of manufacture of the battery, and this plan is likely to be implemented this year. He said that although the industrialization of the domestic electric buses are not yet, but the basic technology will sooner or later a breakthrough. XPS M1330 battery XPS M1530 battery

In the interview, companies are also urged the government to further regulate the market for electric cars, which contributes to the industrialization of the early arrival of electric buses. The Ministry of Finance announced that the central government will be arranged special funds for energy conservation a part of emission reduction funding in support of national energy saving and new energy vehicles for demonstration and extension. The specific point of view, including the use of hybrid vehicles on the use of batteries lead acid and nickel-metal hydride, lithium-ion batteries are two types of 10 meters above the city bus transit The maximum grant per 80,000 yuan and 42 million euros; pure electric Car Standards allowance for each of the 50 million vehicles to fuel cell grants up to 600,000 yuan each. The 10 meters below the pure electric vehicles can be subsidized 60,000 yuan each cell vehicles to subsidize fuel for 250,000 yuan each. This “across the board,” Paul Winter in Korea does not appear the United States, also made a lot of companies have made veiled criticisms. Han Dong Bao Blunt noted that firms in R & D of 10 meters and 10 meters above models, there are no obvious technical differences, the subsidy policy should be refined. He suggested that the under-activity of advanced research and development of electric vehicles, and other businesses to invest in a combination of factors fully into account the amount of subsidies for electric cars. At the same time, the state should take the outside right of way for new energy vehicles, such as purchasing tax free, so that customers buying new energy vehicles have benefited directly affect the user to take the initiative to buy. In addition, countries should further improve networking, so that the electric buses have a place to “run”, and improve the building charging station, ensuring a normal load of the electric bus. XPS M1730 battery XPS M2010 battery

MA Xian that local authorities often have to purchase local production of new energy vehicles, from the perspective of long-term development, this kind of local protectionism affects the electric vehicle industry, the normal and orderly development, can not make a real strong acceptance in the market for enterprise products to be.

This reporter has also learned through interviews in the optical current battery life, three years is basically the upper limit. Buses have been implemented a normal life cycle is 8 years old, which means that bus, “Life in general need to be replaced 2 to 3 times the battery. Battery costs and maintenance costs are not cheap. A alleged that during the Olympics in Beijing, the price of each vehicle, the battery is only a few hundred thousand dollars. High battery prices are likely to be in the future the process of industrialization of new energy car started stumbling passengers. The main consumers of energy bus new - The bus companies also hope that the factory battery and manufacturers together to find ways to reduce business re-use batteries. “Only with reliable performance, the real benefits of the products the user must be a registered user in order to move towards industrialization,” said Ding Xue. Studio 1536 battery Studio 1537 battery

Mr. Wang, who lives in Shenzhen, calls “the low-carbon life”, that of an army, more recently, it was a way to take the bus instead of driving experience “low-carbon lives “. He was pleasantly surprised to discover, Shenzhen has been a large number of buses with low emission power on the road. And he also learned the news, by 2012, Shenzhen will also add a few thousand vehicles Tourist pure electric and hybrid buses.

However, there is a point that may not know, the latter under the “green” reputation of the popular electric bus could become the unseen killer environment. Currently, hybrid and pure electric vehicle batteries, including lithium iron phosphate, manganese and other types of lithium. Electrolyte used in lithium batteries that are organic, if the release would cause harm to the environment. However, the battery current passenger car how to scrap new energy there are no national standards, once the lack of supervision, it may cause on the environment and environmental protection Contrary to the results of original intent. Inspiron 1300 battery Inspiron 1318 battery

Green Revolution sparked the revolution of cells

The development of the automotive industry has not only brought resources and energy, a serious tension, but also huge pressures on protecting the environment. To encourage the development of new energy vehicles, China has successively promulgated the policy, and increase political support. Such as the beginning of the enactment of the “Promotion of the Automobile Industry” plan developed by 2011, China with electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles based on new energy will reach 50 million vehicles, the new energy vehicles will account using 5% of car sales in total. “10 City, 1000″ The policy has also fueled some of the buses of new energy development, Beijing has been completed between 1000 to promote new mission vehicles demonstration of energy, including more than 4 / 5 for the bus from new energy. Inspiron 1420 battery Inspiron 5100 battery

With the power of the motor vehicle, corresponding to the vehicle battery to the right engine of the device or cable to provide power based on the movement of electric buses, because they do not produce air pollution, protection of environment and clean air is very useful, so take advantage of “zero pollution” in the world. And for this, President World Electric Vehicle Association of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, Ching-Chuen Chan will be the electrification of transportation as a revolution in green technology. In recent years, subject to political benefit, new energy, a growing number of cars, while the model of industry passenger car battery is also changing slowly.

The battery is the primary key for the development of electric vehicles currently on the passenger car sector, and lithium-ion batteries are the majority. Product Engineering, Nanjing Iveco Bao Dong Han in an interview senior engineer told reporters that the lithium-ion energy and barbells, resources lithium higher than the rich, the price is cheap So the industry is now widely used by buses lithium iron phosphate and manganese lithium batteries. He also said that despite a long period of development, lead battery acid entered the maturity phase, and was once widely used in electric vehicles, but its capacity is small, bulky, lead-acid pairs of environmental pollution are major gaps in skills are now beyond the stage of history. Inspiron 5150 battery Inspiron 700m battery

National Engineering Laboratory for Electric Vehicles Electrical and Electronic Dingli, director of science, said: “In accordance with state regulations, iron phosphate rechargeable lithium should not be less than 1500 the number of times, while lithium-manganese batteries should not be less than 500 times. unit integrated rechargeable batteries and the energy and number of charge cycles, the cost-effectiveness and many other indicators, lithium iron phosphate of be better than Lithium-manganese.

Recovery criteria, the lack of buses environmentally friendly, or environmentally “killer”

Not long ago, the end of life batteries pollute the environment seen in various newspapers, once electric bicycles fit into the common knowledge. Maybe we can not imagine a small button battery can be approximately 60 million liters of water pollution, water consumption is equivalent to a person’s life. No. 1, a cell to rot on the ground, allowing the level of 1 square meter of land loss in value of agricultural use. This can not help but make people think, in the electric bus is typically installed after the end of the lithium ion battery, if the environment can maintain a “zero discharge”? Inspiron 8500 battery Inspiron 8600 battery

Reporter online access to a wealth of information, the general argument is that lithium is not as heavy metal, almost no environmental pollution. But experts say that the eyes of view are biased. One expert said in an interview, despite the lithium-ion batteries do not contain mercury, cadmium, lead poisoning of metal large heavy, but the anode of the lithium-ion materials cathode, electrolyte solutions and other substances on the environment and human health is still very significant impact.

As the State Council issued a document to be energy-saving vehicles and new energy demonstration and extension of the pilot cities to spend 13 to 20 applications of lithium batteries further expansion Battery Lithium-ion pollution should pay sufficient attention to. There is data showing that in 2009 the amount of pure electric car market to maintain 100, passenger traffic in the hybrid blessed 1000. And experts predict that by policy, encouraging, these data will then push this year. “This year, in the second half, there will be 7 to 8 cities in large demonstration projects to promote new energy sources.” Ding Xue-electric passenger car market of the future direction of such prediction. Therefore, by standard methods of recycling lithium batteries and prevent any further pollution of the environment was imperative. Inspiron 9200 battery Inspiron B120 battery

“Chinese investment” interviews learned one led by the National Development and Reform Commission, industry 50 companies to participate in new energy standards for battery power has been developed is completed, the standard test turn the car in the battery industry developing standard.

As a key component of new energy vehicles, battery power systems sector as a whole in setting standards is essential. Standard battery, one of the drafters of the Association of Beijing Power Supply Working Committee on Food system lithium-silver-liang, director of the country In an interview with “investment in China” an interview, said the bottleneck of the system due to battery cars electric current is still not resolved the economic problems, even for huge subsidies is difficult to achieve real short-term market-oriented and the ‘industrialization. Inspiron 1720 battery Inspiron 1721 battery

“The current technology of the internal battery without a doubt the leading international and basically be able to meet the needs of customers. But the problem is, the group has decreased significantly after the implementation of the battery. System integration technology is still the bottleneck even in the United States and Japan and other countries, there is no good way to solve this problem, it remains a global problem. “Qian Yoshikuni said.

In this case, the government has heavily subsidized in the terminal, has also contributed to speculation. Some technologies are not mature business model, through the acquisition of foreign parts and components for vehicles assembled in a new energy to seek state subsidies. This has led to criticism of the industry.

Smart entrepreneurs see that once the first to obtain technical advantages of the battery system, this means that the monopoly of trade and thus led to the policy of Dongfeng, a major influx of investment in battery. Inspiron 1520 battery Inspiron 1521 battery

Battery technology Li-ion leading to the evolution of

“Restructuring the automotive industry and the revitalization plan” to define the three-year, 500,000 new vehicles energy is estimated that the power of the new system can reach over 30 billion, Automotive Technology and Research Center Chang Shu-Lin, director of consulting the Sino-Japanese energy-saving and Environmental Protection Forum said.

Zhang Shulin believe that pure electric vehicles and vehicle fuel cell in the amount of the lowest energy consumption, emissions are lower, should be the future direction of the primary election, then the associated with lithium and nickel-metal hydride are the future technical direction.

“At present, China Ni-MH battery has reached 140 million watt-hours of capacity by the end of 2010 should reach 360 million while lithium batteries are currently 900 million watt - hours of capacity by 2010 could reach 40 million, bringing the cells to respond to 150,000 electric car. current cost had dropped to 3 yuan per watt. “Zhang Shulin said. Vostro 1500 battery Vostro 1700 battery

“Because for electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid vehicles with lithium batteries Ni-MH battery is more than development prospects. This became the consensus of the industry, “Yoshikuni said Qian.

Fuji Japan Agency for Economic Analysis estimated that the integration of nickel-metal hydride will be able to continue until 2011, but after 2011, Li-ion battery will gradually erode the market share of nickel-metal hydride, the agency predicted in 2009 the car use nickel-metal hydride rechargeable batteries in the world market size than the previous year by 23.7% to ¥ 92,000,000,000, but in 2015, Ni-MH rechargeable vehicle market will fall to ¥ 55,000,000,000. RN873 GW240

It is indeed, more and more car manufacturers to choose lithium batteries as vehicles for new energy for motive power batteries, such as the United States Ford, Chrysler, Toyota, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Hyundai and so on. While the domestic automaker BYD, Geely, Chery, Lifan, ZTE and other car firms also have their own hybrid and pure electric powered by lithium battery.

Lithium battery development will be greatly stimulated the growth of demand for raw materials upstream, lithium carbonate. According to the industrial chain, battery power can be divided into manufacturing cells and batteries, finished goods, the manufacture of two types of companies, batteries can be divided into electrode (positive / negative) materials, separator and electrolyte. Industrial chain, compared to mineral resources in the upstream and downstream is the automaker. Inspiron 1525 battery Inspiron 1526 battery

Although China is rich in lithium reserves, the third in the world, but the separation of lithium carbonate purification technology is very difficult process, China will be able to master the technology companies that currently CITIC Guoan, if shaping future society of lithium carbonate to 25 thousand tons capacity, while the CITIC Guoan become the world second largest manufacturer of lithium carbonate.

This is also dominant, CITIC Guoan has announced a joint venture with Toyota Japan will produce and sell soda grade lithium-based materials and battery, including battery of other products. The Japanese side will become its exclusive agent in Japan and the Japanese, at least annually a certain quantity of lithium carbonate. U4873 D5318

In fact, the lithium-ion battery for global automotive manufacturers a growing interest within the Volkswagen Group and Sanyo Japan to develop systems for lithium battery, and was officially commissioned in 2012. Meanwhile, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toshiba has also said that in 2010 car production or investment in lithium batteries.

Shanghai Automotive Group President Hu Maoyuan November 3, 2009 also revealed that SAIC will invest 6 billion yuan to gradually develop the production of new energy vehicles, including 20 billion for the production of vehicle parts, new energy, the other 2 billion yuan will be used to build the basis of automobile production.

At the same time, Foton Motor has announced that the company will develop new energy vehicles, R & D of key components such as car batteries. Inspiron 6000 battery Inspiron 9300 battery

Have always known BYD battery production while strengthening the diaphragm with upstream suppliers - Foshan co-operation plastic film. Key elements of the battery - the cost of diaphragm 1 / 3, but the technology to China was a backward, Xinxiang, Henan membrane current account for 36% of the share accounts of film Foshan for 16%. Compared to the international aspect of this production is very limited, the technology gap is also important. This is also why BYD to strengthen cooperation in key suppliers.

There is no doubt that control the new energy vehicle power systems battery technology that will become tomorrow’s leaders. In the case that lack the technology to vehicle manufacturers in this industry event, it was difficult to share that - and this is why car manufacturers have created an urgency to invest in this battery.

“System” became the center of competition

“Everybody wanted to be the boss wanted by their own technology to develop standards to achieve the goal of monopolizing the market,” said Yoshikuni money instead of the standard problems is to change the current in the system batteries on R & D revival motif. Inspiron 9400 battery Inspiron E1705 battery

“A series of lithium battery fires the event gives people the safety of lithium batteries doubts and worries. But in fact, the technology stack itself has reached the use of standards, why these security issues, is the technology of system integration, and not in place. We can say technology systems integration lags far behind the battery technology. This has led to the overcharging and over discharging, the overheating problems of over-current, resulting in shortened life expectancy and explosions. “Yoshikuni said Qian.

Universal Electric Vehicle Chen Jun, Beijing Institute of Technology Lin Cheng, Ming Ouyang, Tsinghua University, technical experts at the “China Investment” expressed the same opinion. In fact, the international community, there is no good way to solve this problem. XPS M170 battery XPS M1710 battery

Qian Liang States believes that this and later linked to a misunderstanding. Currently, the division of standards for new energy vehicles maturity are classified as “cell” technology. However, money Yoshikuni to clarify, the battery and the battery and different, so this confusion has led to R & D team are, in fact, the battery system, experts battery, rather than the specialist system, while the national policy to support the projects are mostly in the farm project, not a battery system, which also led to the battery system to lag.

“Therefore, at present almost all projects of the battery systems research have not made much progress,” Yoshikuni said the money, and to succeed, we must prepare well resourced, power, battery, car three departments together to develop, to change the course relive the R & D structure. at the same time to develop industry standards, should be based on the battery system to standards development, rather than all the specifications of the battery system to set standards to meet future construction charging station . “Sony VGP-BPS8 Sony VGP-BPS8A

Due to the use of different materials and processes as well as rigorous quality control to varying degrees batteries, but was a big difference. In particular, greater price difference. A certain difference between high prices and low or almost twice as much.

1. Uniformity

Battery harder to do is homogeneous, but the largest chain of battery is also homogeneous. If all 10 cells strung together, it is the first to achieve more standards of protection against discharge, while several others are still of sufficient power, then this string battery pack that can power capability n ‘ is not fully contained? Were made with a first place is the same reasoning. 6Y270 75UYF

The inconsistency of the battery without the Canadian Shield is easily broken, it is easy to overload or discharge; have unprotected board battery pack can be used more electricity capacity will be lower. This is There are many battery factory launched the production of batteries, but not the reasons for the group need products chain. Because, to achieve uniformity in controlling the whole manufacturing process is being very strict.

Simple Test Method: Series 4 batteries, so 1C and 3C charge-discharge, and the concept of charge-discharge process of investigation, the battery voltage to see if their performance state will know the difference. If 4.5 times in a row to raise.

2. Rate self-discharge

Lithium iron rate of self-discharge, the theoretical value must be less than 2% per month over this value is not a good battery. Not a problem in the method is to use the material in question. hp Pavilion dv2000 battery  hp Pavilion dv6000 battery

Low-self-discharge has always been the characteristics of lithium iron, if the rate of self-defense, when you install a finished goods delivered to customer sites, he had no power, and clients feel? In addition, on behalf of a lot of wasted energy.

In the group of channels, it will affect the balance of the battery, the battery can be installed less, and that the battery life is reduced.

Method of simple test: take roughly equal to the capacity of the battery 10, the congestion charge put aside for a month after switching on, then measure the value of the ability to calculate the rate of self - discharge. (The sets aside a call after that amount of voltage value, what changes in battery voltage.) PA3383U-1BRS PA3395U-1BRS

3. Charge-discharge rate (load C)

Quick charge and discharge is actually one of lithium iron, one of the most advantageous because of its fast charge and discharge, which has very similar characteristics and a capacitor super, but its super-capacitor capacitor important than hundreds of times. If the load-discharge characteristics of its fast enough, the use of lithium batteries is not very meaningful.

In general, good quality lithium battery, the charging rate of 3C (about 20 minutes power saturation charge), while the speed can reach 30 degrees centigrade. There are special requirements can reach a higher magnification of the charge and discharge. The above situation is quite the battery life is the premise. M8403 A1079

Method of simple test is, in order to manufacturer specifications can be used to test the maximum rate of discharge, if the testing process, the cells fire very serious, then the quality of batteries is not very good.

4. Stages

In general, the user can not be measured, and can not trust the information provided by the manufacturer or appointed by a professional unit on behalf of the measure. Good quality lithium batteries, in 3000 the use of 1C charge cycles and discharge its electricity capacity, mitigation will be less than 15%.

In short, the lithium batteries used alone to many hearts, the problem spots are not large, but after the series, in parallel to use and the features described above should attention.

So the price rather than the average car to start with the battery lead acid is 5 ~ 7 times. Aspire 3000 battery LCBTP03003

Development of vanadium battery

Vanadium redox batteries (VRB, VanadiumRedoxFlowBattery) is the largest and most technologically advanced, closer to the industrialization of fuel cells, high performance reversible, with a great power, high capacity, high efficiency, low cost, a long life and a series of unique green benefits of wind energy, photovoltaic energy, energy peaks, distributed power generation, electrical storage military vehicles of municipal services, base station communication , power supplies UPS has a very wide field of good prospects in Japan, Canada, the United States, Australia, Western Europe etc. countries and regions have begun to replace the capacity of small, short life, pollution, advance considerable acid batteries. Inspiron 1318 battery Inspiron 1420 battery

Compared to other food chemicals, vanadium battery has obvious advantages, the main advantages are:

1. Big Power: increasing the number of single cells and the area of the electrode, you can increase the power of the vanadium battery, the commercial demonstration of American power in the vanadium battery is running has reached six megawatts.

2. High capacity: an increase in the volume of electrolyte, you can arbitrarily increase the power of the vanadium battery until gigawatt hours or more, increasing the concentration of electrolyte, you can multiply the power of vanadium batteries.

3. The efficiency is high: When the vanadium battery electrode high catalytic activity, and positive and negative electrode active material were stored in the storage tank positive and negative electrolyte, preventing the material of positive electrode and negative Active use of self-discharge battery vanadium and discharge energy conversion efficiency up to 75% or more, much more that 45% of battery lead acid. hp OmniBook XE3 battery  hp Pavilion dv8000 battery

4. Long life: When the vanadium battery positive and negative active material to exist only in the positive and negative electrolyte, charge and discharge the battery when no other phase-change policy, can not damage the battery deep discharge, long battery life. Canada Now VRBPowerSystems longest commercial demonstration module vanadium battery has worked more than 9 years, the charge-discharge cycle life of more than 18,000 times, much higher than the lead acid type fixed battery 1000 times .

5. Speed of response: the heap is full of electrolyte battery of vanadium could be launched at a moment in the process of filling and operation requires the execution of only 0.02 seconds to turn the state, response time 1 ms.

6. Perhaps snapshot: the electrolyte can be achieved by replacing the battery Vanadium instantaneous load.

7. High security: vanadium battery, without the potential risk of explosion or fire, although the mixture of positive and negative electrolytes is also non-hazardous, but the temperature of the electrolyte was slightly increased.

8. The cost is low: In addition to ion-exchange membrane, components of the vanadium battery, the cost for most materials at low cost carbon, engineering plastics, materials, sources of wealth, easy retrieval, not of precious metal catalysts as electrodes, and low.

9. Vanadium battery location large degree of freedom can be fully automated transaction closed, no pollution, easy maintenance, operating costs low. Sony VGP-BPS8 Sony VGP-BPS8A

World and China’s battery Vanadium view of the market in recent years will continue to maintain a relatively rapid pace of growth, market prospects are very good. More precisely from the data, estimated that by 2010 the world market for vanadium batteries will reach 1.075 trillion yuan, up 74.8% over 2008, while in 2020 the size reaches 7 25 trillion yuan, against a growth of 574.42 percent in 2010. From the Chinese perspective, 2010, China’s battery market vanadium reach 527.5 billion yuan, growing 39.22% over 2008, while in 2020, the size will reach 1.63 trillion yuan more in 2010 rose to 209%.

Investment value of vanadium battery

With wind, solar and other clean resources, extensive use of its power generation does not become an obstacle to the stability of defects are a major obstacle to the development of its depth. If there is no great capacity, a storage device to provide secure support for the development of clean energy is an empty word. Storage devices in the clean energy sector as a whole is a very important link in the chain, while the vanadium battery for his own benefit in the future development of devices for energy storage will play an important role. PA3399U-2BRS PA3465U-1BRS

Vanadium battery is a strong growth momentum, a green battery excellent, it has a particular cellular structure, depth of discharge at high current density, load quickly, high energy, low cost, in the large scale storage in lithium-ion energy, Ni-MH unmatched price-performance advantage. And manufacture of complex and expensive compared to fuel cells, both in the large-scale storage of energy, or application prospects vehicle power, the vanadium battery is more competitive force can be used as production systems to support clean solar energy storage devices for energy for hybrid and electric cars. In addition, the scope of the internal battery of vanadium is still in the market are not in the marketing process is required to have a number of investment opportunities.

At the same time promote the use of vanadium batteries in line with current government energy-saving emission reduction strategy advocated by a national scale. Vanadium battery for its efficiency of energy conversion, storage capacity of electricity, operational safety and environmental benefits such as friendly to allow the final energy consumption of China, fundamental changes have occurred, you can achieve greater energy efficiency, conservation of existing energy resources and reduce pollution, and ultimately to achieve energy savings targets for reducing emissions. Satellite A80 battery Satellite M100 battery

In addition, the location of China’s commercial technology batteries Vanadium achieved a major breakthrough has been that a number of key core technologies have complete independence of intellectual property rights, the vanadium battery that provides investment significant technical support. Here we have common prefecture-level cities in China, for example, if the peak value of about 500 million kilowatts will be 10 hours of peak power of the all-vanadium battery Duan Duan Gu Energy Supply energy storage.

However, the need to remind investors to note that does not mean that there is technically no problem. For example, first, the cathode of battery vanadium vanadium pentavalent liquid at temperatures above 45 degrees Celsius, or put aside for the case of precipitation of vanadium pentoxide easily precipitate precipitation precipitation plug flow channel, the Felt carbon fiber coating, deterioration of electrical performance of the reactor until the battery disposal, while the stack in the long term the process temperature of the electrolyte can easily exceed 45 degrees Celsius. Secondly, the graphite plate etching liquid to be positive if the user is working properly, the graphite sheet can be used for two years, if the user misuse, a charge will be able to complete the burning graphite plates The battery can not be discarded. Under normal circumstances of use, every two months by a professional should conduct an interview, the maintenance costs of such a fund with high frequency, effort. Latitude D620 battery Latitude D820 battery

In addition to technical issues, the vanadium battery problems, it is still too expensive. With a battery of five kilowatts, for example, (a cube electrolyte, 1.8mol / L) 17 million control system 10 million euros, divide 70000, chassis 40000, the graphite plates 15,000, 07000 pump, carbon estimated 04000, a total of 406,000 is the cost of core subjects, but does not include the cost of secondary materials and labor costs. Thus, five kilowatts of vanadium batteries cost more than 400,000 higher than the cost of the same size lead-acid repeatedly. The vanadium battery popularize provide significant barriers.

4. Important synthetic route of progress and industrialization

Materials of lithium iron phosphate, the synthesis methods can be divided into solid phase method and liquid phase chemical method in the very process of industrial production is generally the introduction of ball-milling, spray or freeze-drying [38], and granulation, crushing and screening or air and other means of improving process capability.

Synthesis of lithium iron phosphate of the track may be used by different sources of iron, or ferrous salt as a source of iron, ferrous salinization legitimate “and” source of law of ferric iron compounds. “Source of iron the ferrous salt in the solid state sintering method of typical materials include oxalate, ferrous Li2CO3 and NH4H2PO4 or (NH4) 2HPO4 [4], a mixture of raw materials under the inert gas after sintering; ferric phase method solid source approach Sony in Valencia, and represented the source of iron oxide or iron phosphate, Shanghai Jiaotong University, MA Zi-Feng et al [39] also made a similar Sony, with phosphate ferric iron as a source of great ball milling energy. Process solid phase is characterized by the process intuitive and quality of the material capacity and volume ratio were greater than the capacity, the production process can achieve ultra low emissions. However, solid phase method difficult to measure the precise chemical control of raw materials, process route selection is important for the requirements of process control are very high. Valencia is the successful adoption of the method solid phase to achieve the industrialization of a typical representative of the society around the “CTR” means to apply a large number of patents phosphate material. PA3191U-4BRS  PA3285U-1BRS

Liquid-phase chemical methods generally adopt the “legal ferrous salt, are synthetic carbon-coated lithium iron phosphate doped sub-micron and Nano-particles effective means of common methods of liquid phase chemical synthesis are essentially the hydrothermal method [ 12, 40 -42], Solvothermal [43], the gel - sol-gel method [37, 44], the method of co-precipitation [45] and so on. By the hydrothermal synthesis method, for example, use generally LiOHH2O, H3PO4 and water-soluble ferrous salt (as FeSO4) as the precursor, the reaction at low temperature hydrothermal by a number of hours LiFePO4 direct synthesis. reaction conditions Liquid-phase synthesis of the advantages of low temperature (low energy), flexible and controllable, the product structure of homogeneous composition (a small amount of synthesis) can be synthesized nano-particles, disadvantage is that when production equipment to large scale, demanding, not easy controlling the oxidation of ferrous ions is not easy to achieve a real sense of the wording of the measure chemicals, materials, performance and stability, not easy to control the batch, and easy to produce programs pollutants and sewage. For the gel - sol-gel, it is reaction time is too long Er Shi has seriously reduced the productivity problem. Methods of synthesis in liquid phase there is an obvious disadvantage is that synthetic materials, press on the density below the capacity of the small volume of material, the battery manufacturing process, the transformation of matter is very difficult (mixing and embedding). Hydro-Quebec is a typical representative of chemical methods in liquid phase, materials , particles of lithium iron phosphate in a particle diameter of 50 ~ 250 nm between the magnification of the 1C discharge capacity at room temperature is higher than 140mAh / g, 60 ℃ under 0.25C/1C charge and discharge 400 times the capacity retention rate from 98.2% [46]. PA3468U-1ACA PA3097U-1ACA

To date, reported publicly have large volumes of manufacture of phosphate lithium iron-based cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries the company of only two U.S. companies Valence Technology [47] and A123systems [48]. The first claim is the first commercial company to iron phosphate lithium battery, which says that its nano-phosphate batteries with features ultra-high power is now the company has received Sequoia Capital, General Electric, Motorola, Qualcomm and d other companies 1.5 100 million U.S. dollars of investment products, including batteries of professional power tools, HEV (Hybrid Electric Vehicle) Battery, PHEV (Plug-in) battery and the BEV (battery EV) battery. In Japan NTT, Mitsui has also actively developed the lithium iron phosphate material [49]. Mainland China and Taiwan, as some manufacturers to join the ranks of the evolution of material, some manufacturers have made progress [50-52]. PPP012L F1781A

5 Conclusion

Intrinsically safe, non toxic, greener, rich in raw materials, high performance lithium-ion battery cathode material lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion battery materials is to achieve from mobile phones, laptops and other applications small scale through professional power tools, emergency power, light electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, energy storage, and other large aerospace applications to important documents. To overcome the low conductivity of the material to bring the application of the barrier, the researchers of materials, including nano-based particles, the surface coated with carbon and a large number of body modification such as doping, and d ‘try a variety of effective synthetic methods for controlling material performance. The success of the industrialization of U.S. companies will quickly drive the internal material lithium iron phosphate and related industries. PA3396U-1ACA PA3467U-1ACA

Lithium-ion KD186 NF343 battery is a device very energy efficient and compact storage. Lithium-Ion trend in technology development is the pursuit of superior quality and volume of the specific energy, higher power, and longer service life, cost of ownership, while more the emphasis on adaptability of the machine’s environment and security applications from mobile phones, laptops extended to power tools, light electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, telecommunications prepare electricity, l ‘Aeronautics and space to other areas. The safety of lithium-ion has been the industry and the community aspect of the research. The solutions include [1]: designing the physical structure of the battery safety, using a higher thermal stability of electrode materials, using organic additives or inorganic electrolyte, divide the three levels or composite organic / inorganic (ceramic) composite structure [2], change the traditional electrode materials for oxidation-reduction of organic matter, free radical reactions [3].

From a security problem occurs to see the mechanism of chemical reaction, select the electrochemical and thermal stability of lithium-ion battery electrode materials is to prevent abuse of batteries led to security problems the most elementary and middle most important. LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 high-capacity cathode material and LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2-based nickel and cobalt-manganese ternary layered material (patent 3M) less LiCoO2 safety have been greatly improved, but these oxides La thermal stability is not satisfactory. ThinkPad R40 battery ThinkPad X60 battery To LiFePO4 structuring represented by polyanionic phosphate materials because of their outstanding intrinsic safety, life cycle length, the wide electrochemical window, low cost and other characteristics [4] has been examined closely. Phosphate also include materials with high oxidation-reduction of a compound intercalation of electrons as LiMnPO4 [5-7], LiVPO4F [8-10], LiCoPO4 [11, 12], LiNiPO4 [11] , and features high electrochemical capacity of multi-electron Redox intercalation compound, such as Li2NaV2 (PO4) 3 [13] and Li3V2 (PO4) 3 [14, 15]. This article focuses on the most mature of phosphate - the material of lithium iron phosphate, the latest research and progress of industrialization.

2 Lithium Iron Phosphate inherent structure, physical properties and application of the barrier

LiFePO4 olivine structure is a polyanionic phosphate PO bond is very strong materials, thermodynamic stability, the use of safe and reliable, is currently the most talked about one of the subjects of the lithium-ion battery cathode . The material is completely incapable of electrochemical intercalation of lithium, the network, b axis contracted by 5% and 3.6%, c-axis direction of elongation of 2%, the size of the bias network smaller, about 6.6%, the lattice strain is low, material structural stability, life cycle very long. LiFePO4 has also a non-toxic, hp Pavilion dv8000 battery  hp Pavilion dv4 battery environmentally friendly, rich in raw materials capacity (theoretical capacity of 169 mAh / g platform) and the coulomb efficiency is high and stable, loading and unloading (3.45 V Li vs. / Li +), high energy and the specific benefits of specific power, if the material is appropriate for safety, cycle life, power characteristics, such as the use of cost-sensitive applications to battery scale.

LiFePO4 charge and discharge process can be broadly described as: LiFePO4FePO4 Li + + + E. At room temperature, the behavior of LiFePO4 lithium intercalation de-FePO4 training and is actually a dual interface LiFePO4 phase two process reaction phase [4]. Newman [16] Yamada [17], Dodd [18] respectively, a systematic study of the process of loading and unloading process LixFePO4 phase transition (see Figure 1).

LixFePO4 is a typical mixed ionic conductor electronic bandgap of 0.3 eV, the electronic conductivity of the ambient temperature is very low, about 10-9S/cm; LixFePO4 room temperature ionic conductivity is very low (~ 10-5S / cm), the characteristics of olive stone construction makes the body of the Proliferation of lithium-ion F4809A F4812A channels (only reach the quasi-one-dimensional diffusion), the LixFePO4 off a reaction in two phases lithium intercalation, LiFePO4 FePO4 and theoretical lithium-ion the diffusion coefficient of around 10-8 cm2 / s, and 10-7 cm2 / s [19], while the actual measure of LiFePO4 lithium-ion and FePO4 the “effective” diffusion coefficient may be lower than the theoretical value of 7 orders of magnitude, respectively, 1.8 × 10-14 cm2 / s and 2 × 10-16 cm2 / s [20]. So, make LiFePO4 for lithium-ion battery cathode material must also improve their electronic conductivity and ionic conductivity, improving its capabilities electrochemical interface.

3 Material Lithium iron phosphate method modified

On lithium iron phosphate to improve the electrical conductivity of the main methods include: granular nano-technology; coated conductive layers, such as nano-carbon layer, the right to conduct body doped lithium iron phosphate, synthetic material Lithium Iron phosphate in the surface of a good electronic conductivity Fe2P, and Fe3P phase Fe15P3C2, improving materials of lithium iron phosphate, the surface morphology, as Valence Technology Inc. has proposed a (CTR carbothermic Reduction ) method [21] will be conductive carbon particles dispersed in phosphate. Nano particle materials lithium-ion battery is to improve the conductivity of the most commonly used. Lithium PA3421U-1BRS PA3591U-1BRS iron phosphate, reducing the particle size and shorten the effective diffusion of lithium ions travel, can effectively improve the ionic conductivity of the material. Granular materials, nano-technology will reduce the electronic conductivity, it is usually also the introduction of synthetic materials, the doping of metal ions and conductive material coated on the other hand, carbon coated in situ, particular can effectively control carbon coated lithium iron phosphate materials, nano-size particles. Material lithium iron phosphate synthesis itself, we are often several methods used in the same time, the role of co-existence of several mechanisms.

Changing the doping is to improve the functional electrical properties of electron transport and electric or ion to improve the structural stability of materials, the most common. Lithium iron phosphate is often used to driving on the mass of doped metal ions, including Mg2 +, Ni2 +, Co2 +, Al3 +, Ti4 +, Zr 4 +, Nb5 +, W6 +, etc. [21-24]. Chunsheng Wang et al [22] The study showed (see Table 1), doped with magnesium can significantly improve the electronic conductivity of lithium iron phosphate, and a modest increase in ionic conductance, the combined effect of the electronic conductivity and ionic conductivity in the same order of magnitude, the electron-doped A1022 A1185 Neither the rate of increase in conductivity is dominant, but the ionic conductivity is virtually unchanged, at 25 ℃, LiFe0.95Mg0.05PO4 magnification feature much better than LiFe0.95Ni0.05PO4. Nian 2002 MIT Materials Science Department of Chiang YM research group reported the results of attention [24], the study found that the material of lithium iron phosphate doped with Nb5 + and other metal ions in the 4a position of Li hole generated after the carrier, the conductivity of materials increased to 3 × 10-3 ~ 4 × 10-2 S / cm, even more than the LiCoO2 cathode materials oxides (~ 10-3 S / cm) and LiMn2O4 (~ 10 -5 S / cm) conductivity.

However, Chiang YM concluded there is considerable controversy, including: doping can significantly improve the electronic conductivity of the material but, in fact, this period of conductivity of materials, measures may be lithium-ion diffusivity and ionic conductivity, nano-technology to reduce the lithium-ion diffusion May be difficult to explain the phenomenon of text, such a substantial increase in electronic conductivity of this material may not be boosted by the formation of Li1-xNbxFePO4 “but is another conductive material and a better ability to generate income. Nazar et al [25] that the iron phosphate lithium material body does not significantly improve the conductivity caused by doping, but because the synthesis process, particularly in high temperatures, easy-phosphate formed on the surface such as Fe2P conductive metal phosphides such as nano-network caused by network operators to improve the conductivity of grain boundaries phosphate. TravelMate 290 battery BATBL50L6 Prosine, etc. [26] found that non-doped nano-or sub-micron (100 ~ 150nm) Supports Lithium iron phosphate 3C flow below the same time have a good zoom feature. Masquelie etc. [27] found that even without doping, uncoated carbon, particle size about 140 nm in lithium iron phosphate below 5C discharge rate is 147mAh / g capacity of specific high They also believe that [28] simply can not be Nb-doped lithium iron phosphate is generated in the so-called “Li1-xNbxFePO4″ materials to improve electronic conductivity of lithium iron phosphate to improve its performance electrochemical mainly attributed to NbOPO4 and / or (Nb, Fe, C, O, P) network of driver training. In fact, in 2001, Yamada et al [29] had already proposed to reduce the particle size material is overcome Lithium iron phosphate Lithium-Ion scattering effectively the problem is limited. YM Chiang and so on in recent years have begun to focus on nanoparticles of lithium iron phosphate end of a study (the United States Patent Application: US2007/0031732A1 and US2007/0190418A1).

Carbon in iron phosphate coating of lithium material is also to improve the performance of the most commonly used modified carbon coating of lithium iron phosphate can not only improve the electronic conductivity of materials, but also can effectively control the particles of iron phosphate lithium in grain growth, is to obtain nano-particles, improve the capacity of lithium-ion diffusion of effective ways. University of Montréal, Hydro-Quebec Research Institute and the University of Texas Goodenough carbon in organic carbon coated group conducted a series of effective methods of research, and its greatest impact. In 1999, Ravet, Goodenough and et al [30] first proposed organic compounds (sucrose) as a carbon source for the lithium iron phosphate material in-situ modified carbon-coated, was found at a high temperature 1% of carbonaceous materials, lithium iron phosphate of the 1C discharge capacity of the microscope up to 160 mAh / g was close to the theoretical capacity, which is better than Padhi, and Goodenough [4] in 1997 reported the results of a new qualitative leap since become the modified carbon, iron phosphate coated Lithium is one of the methods most important change. In 2001, PCGA-AC16V6 PCGAAC19V3 Nazar et al [31] a combination of carbon coated, and the concept of nano-particles, the first truly shows the carbon-layer nano-or sub-micron scale, lithium iron phosphate has a very characteristic high magnification (magnification 5C, the maximum capacity 120mAh / g), the results show that carbon-coated lithium iron phosphate can also improve the electronic conductivity and ionic conductivity. Nazar, etc., but not the carbon content and particle size of lithium iron phosphate is optimized, and takes into account the volume ratio of materials, energy issues (carbon content of the text up 15%, will significantly reduce the density of matter from the tap). Dahn et al [32], then try a variety of ways carbon coated to reduce expectations of LiFePO4 / C composite electrode of carbon to improve the overall quality of the material energy, the ratio of the volume and energy tap density, they stressed that the right to lead iron phosphate coated carbon amendment must be comprehensive review of synthetic materials and preparedness capacities, capacity expansion, and the tap density effects. In 2003, Valencia in Baker et al [21] reported the use of “carbon thermal reduction (CTR-carbothermal Reduction) Preparation of coated carbon (carbon modified formulation May be more appropriate) and iron materials phosphate lithium, methods dihydrogen oxide, lithium iron as main raw material, carbon as reducing agent and carbon source, carbon thermal reduction method using the synthetic material and the discharge capacity up to 156 mAh / g ; The synthetic method is a notable feature of the synthesis of matter incorporation of metal ions, while the carbon can be dispersed in tiny particles, while diffusion in the secondary particles, the conductivity of materials is very good . Valencia provided product information to see, the CTR is not only, as mentioned in the text is probably the best way to achieve industrialization, also appears to be integrated optimization of materials, capacity, capacity of ‘expansion and tap density of the ideal way. apple iBook G4 12 inch battery apple iBook G4 14 inch battery