Digital battery

2. Lithium continued expansion of production capacity

Rockwood, SQM, FMC and production companies lithium accounted for about 3 / 4, some of China’s lithium ThinkPad R52 battery ThinkPad T40 battery production of small producers account for about 1 / 4. SQM produces about 35% of the global supply of lithium carbonate. Rockwood Corporation, through its business unit of specialty chemicals Chemetall produces about 30% of lithium carbonate on the planet, while the production accounts of FMC for approximately 5% ~ 10%.

In 2009, the world’s resources in lithium consumption of 8 million tonnes, is expected to five years later, the United States alone 10 million lithium-electric cars, the demand would consume resources of 100,000 tons of lithium. Since 2005, the soaring price of lithium over 10 million yuan per tonne in November 2009 rose to over 60 million yuan per tonne. Inspiron B120 battery Inspiron B130 battery

In 2008, production of lithium in the world (equivalent lithium carbonate) estimated at 8 million tons / year. The status quo of the global industry of lithium carbonate, the threshold of significant resources, capacity is highly concentrated. At the end of 2008, global demand for lithium carbonate for a total of approximately 95,000 tons, a major international manufacturers have SQM in Chile, the United States and Germany, the total capacity Chemtall CME year of 79,000 tons, representing 80% of global market share. The large-scale production of lithium carbonate as the company needs to have reserves of lithium resources are more abundant in salt lake resources, mineral rights, which makes the resources of industry with higher barriers to entry, on the other hand, the vast majority of the world’s resources are high in salt magnesium low base of lithium, and high-Mg low separation of brine lithium carbonate lithium technology process purification is very difficult to control before such technology is only a few hands of foreign companies, making the industry of lithium carbonate, but also provides many technical obstacles. Therefore, lithium carbonate has created the oligopoly structure of global industry. hp Pavilion DV1000 battery  hp Pavilion dv4000 battery

Lithium mainly from three suppliers, “Lithium Triangle” (Argentina, Bolivia and Chile) to produce brine deposits of lithium. SQM and companies Rockwood Salar de Atacama region of Chile production of lithium, the advantage of lithium at high concentrations and high evaporation rate in the production process may be using solar energy. In addition to outside of South America, companies are Rockwood U. S. Silver Peak, Nevada, brine produced by lithium.

FMC Corporation from Salar de Hombre Muerto in Argentina storage brine produced lithium, a filtration process, filtering process faster but more expensive than other processes.

Previously, Li Li-Hui career sediment extract. Through this process, however, occur because purity is low, requiring several extraction steps and is energy-intensive process. China is now used only from spodumene to produce a large number of lithium carbonate. M8403 A1079

Storage Capacity of South America is increasing. SQM is now the production capacity of lithium carbonate from 3 million tons / year in the third quarter of 2008, expanded to nearly 4 million tons / year. If market demand is strong, it will be extended to be able to 6 million tons / year.

Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia has a lithium-store approximately 550 million tons.

Admiralty Resources Inc. plans to develop north of Rincon Salara Argentina extended extraction brine, the mine has an equivalent of lithium carbonate from 10.5 thousand tons. All offers World production of lithium carbonate is about 20%. The goal now is to start production in 2009. 50 tons / year average system was commissioned in April 2008.

Currently the “Li-triangle” of production of lithium PA-10 PA-12 PA-16 is always a great advantage of economic cost. However, higher prices contribute to the development of lithium storage outside of South America. Nordic Mining Company of Norway through the acquisition of lithium-development projects in Finland, Europe’s leading lithium carbonate for industrial battery manufacturers. The company expects production in 2013 in Finland, 3300 tons / year of lithium carbonate. Esmeralda County, Nevada, United States, presented the perspectives for the development of the mine brine lithium, the Black Pearl will be developed in mining companies, including California, Nevada and Utah, Great Basin, which mine brine lithium.

The first 20 years, Chinese manufacturers have also implemented this increase. China in 2007, total global market for lithium is about 1 / 4. 2 to 5 years, China will be able to significantly increase its production capacity is expected to have more than doubled.

Lithium-ion source of raw materials in our very extensive. China is one of resources of lithium in the world, the power, especially in the salt lake in Qinghai and Tibet, a large number of lithium resources, development of Salt Lake, not only low-cost lithium - ion 9T215 P/N 310-4804 A1021 to provide raw materials, but also conducive to the development of the western region. At the same time, manganese, iron, vanadium and phosphorus rich resources in China. Synchronous motor permanent magnet with a small size, light weight and high performance features, but China is a large country of rare earth permanent magnetic materials for lithium-electric cars, provided that the hardware warranty.

China has been found in the Qaidam Basin, mine brine lithium, but the concentration of the brine mining Chinese small, so that China-made lithium-price the company SQM, and Rockwood doubled.

Lithium Salt Lake in the independent R & D, which provides technology and production process of magnesium on the basis of a number of large industrial enterprises in China in recent years in the depths of the Qaidam Basin Zabuye Salt Lake and start build lithium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide and other chemicals production base. The current national production companies lithium carbonate mainly in Tibet, mining, CITIC Guoan, Western Mining Group, Qinghai Salt Lake Group, the four companies, while the extraction of Tibet CITIC Guoan accounted for the vast majority, the two companies in 2008, lithium carbonate Total production over 4000 tons. M7332 402018-001 371790-001

October 12, 2009, Japan, Toyota Tsusho Corporation (hereinafter referred to as Toyota Tsusho) and China CITIC Guoan Information Industry Company Limited (hereinafter referred to as CITIC Guoan) have signed a letter of intent, both parties will cooperate in the production and sale of battery lithium carbonate grade and downstream products. Toyota Tsusho is the Toyota Group in automotive related company trading business, CITIC Guoan is a subsidiary of listed company CITIC Group, the West has now taijnar Qinghai Salt Lake, an area of 570 square kilometers, is a lithium liquid based mining of large deposits of lithium carbonate in resources highlighted. This is another signal that the competition was a new energy vehicles to advance upstream resources.

China’s Tibet Autonomous Region of the Economic Commission announced in late August 2008, Tibet will expand the resource base of the largest of China Lithium Zabuye Salt Lake, their investments will reach 1.084 billion yuan. After completion of the project, annual sales revenue of 639 million yuan, profits and taxes 200 million yuan. The expansion project would be a lithium salt and 5,000 tons / year based on the construction of the lithium salt of 2 million tons / year, 5,000 tons of lithium chloride per year, lithium PPP012L F1781A acer-pa1650-adapter-p-52844.html”>PA1650 500 tons / year, 200 tonnes of high purity lithium / year, material lithium 30 tons / year, and other lithium compounds, 490 tons / production capacity this year. Salt Lake Zabuye Zhongba County, Shigatse in Tibet, it is the world’s known resources of more than three megatons Lithium is one of the great salt lake, the brine surface, intergranular brine and solid mineral include carbonate Lithium, total reserves of up to 2.4663 million tons. Which only the surface to control the economic base of brine reserves reached 704.1 thousand tons, the amount of lithium resources in China ranks first.

Statistics show that the hinterland of Qinghai-Tibet is located in the Qaidam Basin, rich in potassium, sodium, magnesium, lithium, boron and other mineral resources, including magnesium chloride 3.1 billion tons, representing about 99% of the country to maintain reserves, lithium chloride nearly 14 million tonnes, representing 83% of countries maintain reserves. In early 2007, human West taijnar Qinghai CITIC Guoan Technology Development Corporation-Project tons of lithium carbonate was officially put into production in Qaidam Basin, the taijnar West Lake has become an important production base for carbonate lithium. PCGA-AC16V6 PCGAAC19V3 VGP-AC16V7

In addition, the largest China has a wealth of brine magnesium high ratio between lithium treatment in May will be more complex.

A alleged that hybrid electric vehicles or pure electric vehicle batteries and other applications of lithium demand will continue to grow. At the current demand for speed, world supply would meet in 1775, the Salar de Atacama in Chile was 6.9 million tonnes of recoverable lithium, Salar de Uyuni in Bolivia has 5.5 million tons of lithium recoverable.

Lithium Jiangxi Province New Energy and Industrial Base, November 17, 2009 in Jiangxi Province, Yichun city park open. The nation of the first base of the lithium battery industry, Yichun play three years of its lithium carbonate caused by the largest production base in Asia, five power one year period play caused by the lithium PA3468U-1ACA PA3097U-1ACA PA3396U-1ACA the largest production base in China. Yichun, Jiangxi province has the largest in the world is mine lithium is now proven recoverable reserves of lithium oxide is 110 million tonnes, representing 31% of the country, representing 12% of the world, and good use of resources, Yichun’s “Lithium industry is incredibly. It is understood that the lithium battery of the first industrial country basis, the planning area of 20 square kilometers (30,000 acres), there are already new energy sources in the United States, the Chinese house, Foster and other energy projects in more than 20 lithium-signed enrollment contracts signed in funding over 10 billion yuan. Lithium cope with future development of the industry is expected to development objectives is divided into three stages: 2009 ~ 2012, output power, lithium energy industries and new endeavor to 8.0 billion before the end of 2012, 2013 and 2015, industry lithium CLP new energy begins to take shape, and seek the year before the end of 2015, the production value of 300 billion yuan from 2016 to 2020, formed a relatively complete set of cluster energy lithium new industry, and we’re trying to break the end of 2020 the output value of 100 billion yuan the previous year. PA3467U-1ACA PA3282U-1ACA

4. Filing Rapid Thermal Chemical Vapor (RTCVD)

RTCVD (Rapid Thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition) is the atmospheric pressure CVD (APCVD) has, based on induction heating, optical or radio frequency heating of the substrate and material support substrate so that the temperature the plant quickly reach the reaction temperature. Laboratories RTCVD graphite boat by radio frequency (RF) heating. Aspire 3000 battery LCBTP03003 RTCVD inner wall of the reaction temperature is lower, it does not react to the energy deposition occurs, so RTCVD are cold reactor wall. With the high deposition temperature polysilicon thin film of other commonly used methods: such as low pressure CVD (LPCVD) and liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) over, TRCVD The main advantage is the relatively simple devices, the deposition rate of high-speed heating and cooling (and hence less energy consumption) Simple answer, there are a variety of combinations to choose gas source. Some method of deposition on the growth rate anisotropy is strong (as EPA), this effect is much lower in the CVD process, which is heterogeneous in the polycrystalline and epitaxial thin film on a substrate is very important.

CVD deposition of a thin film of crystalline silicon crystal growth from the vapor phase of the complex physicochemical processes. Growth process can be divided into the following steps:

1) The transport of reaction gases in the drop zone and spreads to the substrate surface; PB991A PB992A PB994A

2) The reaction of molecules adsorbed on the surface of the substrate;

3) The reactive chemical reactions between molecules. Generated silicon atoms on the surface migration, aggregation, deposition;

4) The adsorption reaction by-products and left the drop zone.

The above steps took place one after another, the total deposition rate is determined by the slowest step in the decision, then the rate of deposition of layers mainly by the decision, the above measures 1 3. Overall, the temperature is low, the reaction of the chemical reaction between molecules determine the rate of growth of thin films (a situation that control the reaction rate), the temperature is high, the deposit rate will be more subject to control chemical reaction rate. At that time, to reach the reaction surface of the substrate will determine the number of molecules the size of the deposition rate (a situation that the transfer of control of mass). PP2182D PP2182L HSTNN-LB31

Secondly, the solid phase crystallization of amorphous silicon thin film method (SPC)

Solid-phase crystallization technique (CPS) is to the solid state in the thin amorphous silicon atoms in silicon layers are activated, restructuring, so that thin layers of amorphous silicon thin polysilicon crystallization technology Film. It is characterized by the occurrence of crystallisation of amorphous solids below their melting temperature after the temperature of crystallization. Low-cost poly-silicon thin-film solar cell, tends to be used as a substrate of glass cheap, silane gas as raw materials, the growth method of PECVD a-Si: H film, then heat-treated in a polycrystalline silicon thin film method. This technique has the advantage of large area thin films can be prepared, may be far from in-situ doped, low cost, a simple, easy to form a production line. Conventional furnace annealing at high temperature, rapid thermal annealing, the metal-induced crystallization, the crystallization induced by microwave part of the scope of the solid phase crystallization. Inspiron 1300 battery Inspiron 1318 battery

1. Conventional high-temperature furnace annealing

The method is of high purity nitrogen in a vacuum, or under the protection of the thin layer of amorphous silicon in the annealing furnace into the amorphous polysilicon. It is the use of the recrystallization of thin amorphous silicon to polycrystalline silicon thin films prepared by one of the most direct and simplest method, but also the first country people to adopt a crystallization technology.

In addition to the grain size of a thin film of polycrystalline silicon by effects of temperature, the condition of the initial structure of amorphous silicon film is also closely linked. Preparation of thin films of amorphous silicon in many ways, such as magnetron sputtering, the CVD method. Under normal circumstances, the use of the CVD method and prepared a-Si: H thin films after solid-phase crystallization, the grain can be better quality and larger size of polycrystalline silicon thin film. Because the method of depositing thin films of amorphous silicon, which contains large quantities of hydrogen. In fact, the deposition conditions on the preparation of a-Si: H films in the H content and its relationship with the combination of Si means the monitoring of solid phase crystallization process of thin layers of polysilicon and nature material plays a crucial impact. Sony VGP-BPS8 Sony VGP-BPS8A  a-Si: H films deposited at low temperature, solid phase materials in thin layers of polycrystalline silicon crystals obtained after the grain will be. Because the low temperature deposition of amorphous silicon materials has led to a higher state of disorder, making the nucleation method of solid phase crystallization (SPC) of thin films of polysilicon prepared by low density and therefore greater grain size.

For the CVD method is used, compared to direct deposit obtained materials in thin layers of polysilicon columns, using solid phase crystallized thin film polycrystalline silicon material obtained has a size larger grains, leading to its high carrier mobility rate. At the same time, it also found that the deposition of a-Si: H thin films after crystallization in solid phase, its increases in grain size with film thickness. Typically, for about the temperature to 400 ℃ under the conditions of depositing a-Si: H thin-film solid-phase crystallization process is the a-Si: H thin-film at about 600 ℃ under the conditions of heat treatment of approximately 15 hours. Through such a process may be CVD a-Si: H thin-film phase completely transformed into polycrystalline silicon. In addition, the study found that the use of PECVD deposition of thin films of amorphous silicon, low substrate temperature, deposition rate of the highest degree of disorder in the films of amorphous silicon will be higher using the crystallization polycrystalline silicon thin film amorphous silicon obtained grain size of the film will be larger; PA-10 PA-12 PA-16 a-Si film thicker polysilicon films crystallized after the grain size while the largest, but the time required for complete crystallization more long. In addition, other measures to facilitate access to large grain polysilicon thin-film quality, such as VCD thin film polysilicon increased processing ion implantation, using the method of strain polycrystalline silicon thin film was produced in the formation of some structural disorder of amorphous regions, reducing the nucleation center of origin, after annealing for more polysilicon thin photographic materials, and also can then take called “part of the doping method” to achieve the increase in grain size, two layers of film deposited on the substrate and the lower doped with phosphorus, as a nucleation layer, the upper part is Doping not, as a layer of crystal growth, after annealing can also obtain a larger grain, and found that the higher the degree of disorder of the undoped layer, the grain will be larger.

People have always thought that this tradition of classic high-temperature furnace annealing is a problem that is limited only by the glass substrates at a lower temperature (600 ℃ or so) annealing, but at a lower annealing temperature, the annealing time up to 10 hours long. However, with the technology of preparation of glass is currently developing and improving a number of glass can withstand temperatures get higher and higher, such as Corning 1737, the softening point temperatures as high as 975 ℃. With the glass as9T215 P/N 310-4804 A1021

The method of crystallization of simple equipment, easy operation, process maturity, and easy to control the crystallization conditions, and may be a large area, processing large volumes, is used in the preparation of polycrystalline silicon thin polycrystalline silicon thin film solar cell materials, there is a good perspective of industrial applications.

2. Metal induced crystallization (MIC)

In the amorphous silicon thin film coating the top layer of metal film or metal film coated on the substrate plating layer of amorphous silicon film so that the amorphous silicon with metal contacts, which can significantly reduce temperature crystallization of amorphous silicon (300 ℃, the crystallization can take place), shorten the time crystallization, and so-called metal-induced crystallization in solid phase. Metal induced solid phase crystallized polysilicon films Prepared crystallization time, micro-structure and grain size with deposition PECVD a-Si: H thin film deposition temperature and substrate surface is completely foreign to the state. Therefore, the metal induced solid phase crystallization of amorphous silicon thin-film original condition asking a lot, you can significantly reduce the scope of conditions of thin film deposition process. However, they are heavily dependent on the choice of metal type and annealing temperature. Can be used to trigger a lot of metal, such as the A1, Au, Ni, Pt, Ni, Cr, Pd and so on, metals, induced effects are slightly different. Metal-induced crystallization phenomenon since the 20th century was discovered 70 years, there have been many theories to interpret, some are more successful, they can explain many phenomena observed experimentally. M7332 402018-001 371790-001 According to the theories related to the process of crystallization can be described as follows: when the temperature rises and supported, metal and silicon inter-diffusion and then react to form the metal-silicon, generating a mixture of a silicon. For silicide metal, this mixture is a silicide, for a total of dissolved metals, such a mixture is a total melt metal and silicon. Under certain temperature, the metal-Si bond formation and rupture processes, but because of the free energy of crystalline silicon in a low, metal-Si bond breakage following the liberation of atoms silicon tend to neighboring silicon atoms to form a stable crystalline keys If participation in this process of metal-sufficient if it would release a sufficient number of atoms of silicon to form silicon micro -grains. Silicon grains came after the formation of crystalline silicon / metal mixture of silicon / amorphous silicon structure system. Then the formation of silicon-metal bond and breaking the reaction process is still ongoing, but in the crystalline silicon / metal interface of a mixture of silicon bonds have dominated the process of fracture, while in the metal a mixture of silicon / amorphous silicon in the formation of the binding interface dominated. Producing this difference is due to the free energy remains with the amorphous silicon is higher than the crystalline silicon. The whole system (crystalline silicon or mixture of metal structure Si Si /) in the continuous process of thermal motion tends to the free energy is always decreasing. In addition to crystalline silicon interface generated by the excess metal atom must pass through the metal to achieve a mixture of side silicon amorphous silicon to make this response to be effective, a mixture of metal a silicon crystal thickness will be restricted when speed. PPP012L F1781A PA1650 In addition, if the metal mixture volume of silicon is too small, which is involved in metal-Si bond as reflected by the number is too small, then the interface per unit time per unit area to produce a quantity limited fracture effectively, thus limiting the rate of crystallization. This process makes the silicon grains grow older, while promoting the metal-silicon mixture of forward movement, the last metal layer and the layer switching layer of amorphous silicon occurs, the amorphous silicon polysilicon. Briefly, by co-melting metal or metal silicide metal-induced crystallization to participate, they are based on the same mechanism, namely, metal-Si bond breaking and reorganization of the audit process heat to promote a regional reorganization of the network, and because of its intrinsic crystalline silicon free energy lower than the amorphous.

In recent years, to prepare for the polycrystalline silicon thin-film solar cells, polycrystalline silicon thin film transistors of polycrystalline silicon materials, it is the crystallization technology, much research. As the aluminum content-rich, low price, so a number of aluminum-induced crystallization unit Beishou search of all ages. Many studies have shown that in aluminum-induced crystallization process that affect the quality of polycrystalline silicon thin film parameters are numerous, especially in annealing time, annealing temperature, aluminum, and the ratio thickness of amorphous silicon film, the grain size of aluminum, Al / a-Si interface conditions. The higher the annealing temperature, grain size, the largest, but the rate of crystallization is slower; thick amorphous silicon film is constant, with increases of films of aluminum thickness, the crystallinity of thin films polysilicon has increased the size of the largest grain. In addition, increasing the grain size of polycrystalline aluminum, or aluminum and A-Film increase if a thin layer between Al203, PCGA-AC16V6 PCGAAC19V3 VGP-AC16V7 also cause the increase of silicon grains with a reduced rate of crystallization.

To reduce material waste, reduce costs, monocrystalline silicon and polycrystalline silicon solar cells are advancing the development thin. Satellite M55 battery Tecra A3 battery In this crystalline silicon thin-film batteries nanocrystalline grain size from millimeters up to now have, for convenience, they are collectively known as community photovoltaic cells polycrystalline silicon thin film solar. As the production of polycrystalline silicon thin film, low cost, efficiency, good stability, high efficiency of opto-electronic conversion of recent years that people in the colony of optical technology, techniques of passive restraint and technologies such as the carrier continued progress, polycrystalline silicon thin film batteries of the growing popularity of attention, the future solar cells will become major competitors. In considering how to cut a thin silicon at the same time, people moved towards the poly-silicon thin-film battery research.

Preparation of polycrystalline silicon thin film There are several ways in which the deposit chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is the preparation most widely used of the polycrystalline silicon thin film method. In this method, source gases such as silane (SiH4) in the plasma (PECVD), catalysis (Hot-Wire CVD) There are various methods such as the feasibility of the process of decomposition. After the decomposition of material in the gas phase reaction, after a series of arrival of the substrate and deposit growth. Tecra A4 battery Tecra A5 battery In most cases, using diluted hydrogen source gas to prepare a thin film of polysilicon, while the pure silane to prepare thin films of amorphous silicon. However, evaporation by electron beam (EBE) has its unique advantages compared to the vapor deposition method using the gas source, the solid silicon material as raw EBE may have a higher use raw materials. In addition, to obtain a better quality of polycrystalline silicon thin film, but also by two-step method (two-step process) for the preparation of polycrystalline silicon thin film, namely: first, by CVD, or the Evaporation by electron beam (EBE), the rule of law was thin film amorphous silicon, and solid phase crystallization method (SPC) method or rapid thermal annealing (RTP) as the film of poly-silicon thin obtained as a result.

1, Chemical Vapor Deposition Method

1. Deposits chemical vapor plasma (PECVD) method

Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) L61 is a kind of method of chemical deposition vapor is in the chemical deposition at low pressure steam, while the use of the influence of discharge plasma glow on the process using PECVD technology may be in non-silicon substrates, the small grains of polysilicon thin film preparation. Tecra A6 battery Tecra A7 battery

Using plasma enhanced chemical vapor method for preparing the deposits of polysilicon thin film process, currently led by a combination of both SiH4 and H2 gas as a source of gas, if the mere introduction of a pure SiH4 gas, PECVD deposition of the substrate from above films are thin films of amorphous silicon. In the process of depositing thin films of polycrystalline silicon by method of radio-frequency glow discharge (Radio Frequency Glow Discharge) decomposition of silane under the effect of RF power, silane gas is decomposed into a number of new particles : atoms, radicals, and different ions and plasma. These new particles through the migration process of dehydrogenation of a series of complex post-deposition on the substrate. Overall, a deposition process of thin films of polycrystalline silicon can be divided into two phases: the decomposition of SiH4 gas and groups filing. The decomposition of SiH4 gas is divided into two phases: first, in the glow discharge, the collision of high energy electrons with SiH4 gas to decompose SiH4. Micro-reaction process of the deposition process in Figure 1.

At the same time, because in general the deposition pressure, gas molecules and groups of free range is about 10-3 ~ 10-2cm, much smaller than the size of the reaction chamber, in which the diffusion process on the substrate between them due to collision with each other and the emergence of new reactions, the main type of reaction are: A1175 MacBook Pro 15 inch battery A1078

In which the concentration of the diffusion equation group can be expressed as follows:

Where G () x is the production rate, the concentration of N in the core group, D is the diffusion coefficient, N for the SiH4 concentration, k as the core group and the reaction rate of SiH4. From this equation, we can see that people with high reactivity, low diffusion coefficient, the higher the concentration of groups is very difficult to reach the substrate, while for SiH 3 groups due to its inability to react with SiH4 and has a high diffusion coefficient, is likely to spread the surface of the substrate plate and depositing a film.

The process of thin film deposition, but also contains two processes, namely, the groups filing process and molecules or atoms of the film surface in the desorption process. In the growth of the hair surface should be possible: the growth of surface-H, SiH 3 groups SI and growth of the surface to form dangling bonds Si-Si Bond Bond; Si-Si bonding binding growth thin films. Due to the presence of hydrogen atoms, SiH 3 did not reach the growth surface, bonding with the dangling bonds If, while the group will continue to spread SiH 3 migration. So non-H thin film processing is a long process of health is an important step. The H by thermal excitation and the atomic or molecular H2 in the form of spontaneous release of the surface, you can also group with the surface or react with the release of ions, such as: A1045 PowerBook G4 15 battery

≡ Si-When expressed on the surface and thin-film bond network structure of the synthesis of silicon atoms.

The foregoing is based on pure silane and hydrogen gas source for the reaction to the use of plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition mechanism of growth of deposits of polysilicon thin film analysis. Throughout the reaction process, when the SiH4 concentration exceeds a certain critical value can produce a variety of polyhedra has been shaped Si particles, the nucleation of these fine particles will be homogeneous if, and adsorption of SiH4 thin If the reaction nuclear generating surface of the particles continue to grow the film even further growth.

2. Very high frequency plasma enhanced chemical deposition from vapor phase (VHF-PECVD)

Using conventional radio deposition plasma chemical vapor frequency (RF-PECVD) Preparation of thin films of polycrystalline silicon, to achieve the low temperature deposition, you must use a dilution of the high hydrogen silane as reactive gas, so the deposit rate is limited, it is difficult to satisfy practical application. Polysilicon thin-film deposition rate as the increase in effective ways of one of the very high plasma deposition chemical vapor frequency (VHF-PECVD) technique in materials polysilicon thin-layer preparation and the application of research is a very wide range of applications. IBM ThinkPad R51 battery  IBM ThinkPad R52 battery

VHF-PECVD deposition technique has been able to dramatically improve the rate of deposition of thin films of polycrystalline silicon, mainly because the excitation of plasma more conventional VHF radio frequency plasma: l) the electron temperature below 2 ) the benefits of greater electron density.

VHF-PECVD deposition equipment, mainly from the three bedroom PIN, vacuum system, the system of gas supply, the power of incentives and heating of substrate and other major unit.

PIN 3 reaction chamber is opened a window Watch P bedrooms and a bathroom-type N and N, respectively P-type materials, the deposition room, I for the preparation of the intrinsic layer of material, the valve between the chamber reaction to isolate, thin film deposition process to work independently of each other.

At the end of the vacuum system is divided into the vacuum system and exhaust system into two parts. The end of the vacuum system includes a turbo-molecular pump and a pre-class mechanical pump, exhaust system, an independent not connect to each chamber of three mechanical pumps. Reaction gas firm Gas line dedicated to provide all the working chamber pressure by meter route air traffic, Zhengzhou University Graduate Thesis Chapter II Preparation of polycrystalline silicon thin film technology and the growth of the flowmeter mass on the principle of the creation and control, and through the regulation of emissions of exhaust gas pumps mechanical size before opening valves to control the working pressure of reaction chamber . F4812A HSTNN-lB31 PB991A

Inspiring a dedicated power supply for VHF. Energy mainly by the signal generator, amplifier, corresponding devices, frequency and power meter, components, etc..

If the filing system is the device by converting the old power supply system, heating system put in place because the original design of the main defects in the electrode substrate is located in a high frequency power introduced in the electrodes of the following processing of the raw film deposition, surface growth, likely to fall into powder that such damage, thus affecting the quality of materials in thin layers, which affect the preparation of solar batteries is particularly important.

PIN Mimuro compartment continuous VHF PECVD deposition equipment for the parallel plate capacitor electrode structure and the performance of electrodes in place, the distance between the electrodes in adjustable between 1.5-3.5cm, common electrode spacing of about 2.5cm. Deposit system for thin films of this at the end of a vacuum better than 5 × 10-5PA. Working gas for the hydrogen dilution of silane gas flow in the measurement of mass flow meters and control the operating range of gas pressure of O-200Pao power incentive points with four VHF operating frequency: 60MHz , 70MHz, 80MHz, 40MHz, the output of O-100W, power of size to be headed by a meter. PA3383U-1BRS PA3395U-1BRS PA3534U-1BRS

3. Chemical deposition at low vapor pressure LPCVD

Low pressure deposition chemical vapor (LPCVD) method containing mainly silicon in the gas chamber, by heating near the surface of the substrate by stimulating the decomposition, the decomposition of silicon and hydrogen and the formation of under them have a variety of groups took place near the surface reaction, the silicon film formed on the substrate. Was significantly lower than in O.1MPa work under pressure in terms of peripheral LPCVD, low pressure can increase throttle response studio and reaction products through the ability of the boundary layer diffusion. At the same time, to partially offset the impact of downward pressure may increase the total quantity of reactive gas in the gas in the concentration ratio. Compared to the normal pressure CVD equipment, low pressure chemical deposition vapor pressures of work, almost as low as l00Pa, resulting in response to the gas diffusion coefficient increased by about three orders of magnitude . Despite pressure to reduce the thickness of the surface layer of the substrate border has increased, but the flow of gas can also be increased accordingly. Thus, the overall result is greatly improved rate of thin film deposition. Low pressure deposition chemical vapor (LPCVD) method will only come into contact with the gas to the surface at high temperature deposition of thin films, while the lower surface temperature of contact is not filed. Low-pressure chemical vapor deposition method has the advantage of the longer period the reaction chamber can be kept clean. Under normal circumstances, the use of heterogeneous substrate LPCVD thin films directly deposited polycrystalline silicon grain size is below 500nm, the grain can be obtained in this way more and good quality polysilicon thin films. apple PowerBook G4 12 inch battery apple MacBook 13 inch battery During LPCVD epitaxial growth substrate before cleaning, and taking the region by adjusting the reaction temperature and pressure to change the deposition rate of thin film materials and performance. Low deposition device chemical vapor pressure and atmospheric general features of hot wall-type The main difference is that it requires a vacuum pump to maintain pressure throughout the system works.

Some time ago rumors were that Windows 7 may damage the laptop battery does not have friends around a similar phenomenon, but the end is the Windows 7 ruined the battery or the battery itself is really bad, this issue has been controversial, in fact I believe that the system can ruin the battery is still weak, so the system is actually capable of such things, chances are from 2000, XP era appeared, and why it waited until now. 346970-001 367759-001 F2024A

Later, on the Internet that Microsoft engineers, a blog, which explains in detail this problem happens I also subject to Microsoft entrusted with the translation of this article was finished, he pushed for your information, look known as the informed observer, see the letter chi is literally worth a good mention, briefly, the user has an explanation.

My English is limited, we can see if the translation is bad, as does not affect the original intent, or laugh, if not tell me is secretly also doubtful.

The author is Steven Sinofsky, the Father said was responsible for most of the first Windows product years old fiercely.

Last week we saw some in the blogosphere about Windows 7 and battery active subjects, including “Please consider replacing the battery in the new Windows 7 news. As this is a topic on the Windows 7 project, we’ll use this blog to provide people with updated information. As we have said on many occasions, we are always committed to improving the quality of Windows 7 and take seriously any reports we receive these reports will identify potential problems and these F2024B F4486B F4809A problems may lead the failure of systems. In previous posts we talked when we receive the report of the bug, especially when we begin to see some reports suggest that the same question, we’ll take what follows. During the past week, we worked hard through these steps and to view more content, we would like to learn more about this problem in Windows 7 Is there where we must solve. At this stage we have no reason to believe that in this case there is no question about Windows 7’s.

Users posted in the blog and forums to claim that Windows 7 warning that “Please remember to replace batteries, while in the upgrade to Windows 7 before this problem does not occur, this situation has caused Last week the attention of a number of newspaper articles. These articles described in the posts in support of the Forum, said Windows 7 is not only to warn people with defective batteries to the user - that’s what we work for the design of Windows 7 — but has also hinted that Windows 7 In response to this State has made the wrong report, even worse, causing damage to these cells. For everyone in this circle into a good understand - Windows 7 on F4812A HSTNN-lB31 PB991A battery warning issued by the law, because it is really bad, Windows 7 is not made an error report on the state batteries, or by any path leading to cell damage. In each case, we were able to confirm these reports are in fact necessary to recommend replacing the battery.

To use all tools at our disposal, including the links in the Forum Report this item to the customer, customer service, communication, and our manufacturers of computers, of course, also included in Windows 7 telemetry, we have been tracking reports, and on this new feature to discuss, try to demonstrate that Windows 7 may lead to behavioral problems in the report of the open division. In the latter case we are trying to understand the scope of its application, and access to equipment to reproduce the behavior of error. To date, all these steps that we have a client in a battery of health problems described in the report and in any case, we investigated the Windows 7 is very accurate for the detection of a defective battery. Before I start talking about the state of this particular problem, we should first examine the details behind this new functionality. PB992A PB994A PP2182D

The battery life of the computer (you’re using the hour race), the most obvious component is one of the battery itself. The capacity of the battery in the computer itself, the degradation is used to load and the supply of electricity (like all rechargeable batteries do). The reason is that chemical changes in the farm complex includes irreversible changes, and increased internal resistance, and more depending on the design and manufacture of the battery. On the user’s computer in such degradation in terms of battery life will shorten battery life. Finally, the battery must be replaced, so the computer can be restored to the battery life acceptable. A quick check consumer laptop, the battery will usually guarantee of 12 months, what about the life of the battery, but also by the statistics that we can come to accept the apparent degradation of battery life time (which means you have started paying attention to the need for more frequent refills). Like ours, have used the same computer a laptop (or a cell phone, music player or other equipment necessary for rechargeable batteries) in 2023, and take frequent repetitive load, there is no doubt that we can “feel” to the battery life of mitigation, in the absence of any information provided to us under the assumption of reference that can be attributed to the alleviation of life PP2182L HSTNN-LB31 battery of any element.

Windows 7 uses a new feature of laptop battery, this function of the circuit and firmware can give Windows a comprehensive report on the battery level of health. It is the use of kilowatt-hours (Wh) in the calculation of the absolute power capacity. Windows 7 On this basis, make a simple calculation, the original design capacity of the battery, based on accurate data and to calculate the current capacity fade percentage. In Windows 7, we set the decay rate of 60% ceiling (which is the available capacity of the battery is only 40% of design capacity), and Windows 7 will help you interpret the report. At this stage, for example, a battery charging could be provided after 5 hours of electricity, but now, on average, only about 2 hours. Windows 7 in the stack in the notice is the icon of the battery meter and sends the notification message, “Please consider replacing the battery.” This notice is the new Windows 7 features, in Windows Vista and Windows XP does not exist.

The battery meter displays a notification indicating that the PA3383U-1BRS PA3395U-1BRS battery may be bad

Drums by the PC system firmware (or BIOS) on battery capacity and health reveal the degree of information. In the Firmware Interface (ACPI) on the detailed specifications, but the most local level, the platform hardware and firmware provides read only a few regions, these areas and describe the battery status. The firmware provides a battery of data, including manufacturer, serial number, design capability and capacity of the last full charge. The last two pieces of information - the design capability and capacity last full charge - what Windows 7 is used to determine how many cells were naturally attenuated. This information is read-only, and no way to make Windows 7 or any other operating system to prepare, implement or configure the information of battery status. In fact, all pairs of conduct discharge of the battery is completely controlled by the hardware in the hands of the battery. Windows reports that it can be read from the system firmware in the battery information. Some reports erroneously claimed, Windows has proposed to amend the information, it is absolutely impossible. A1021 M7332

As mentioned previously, the whole world that we have received the relevant report, we see only the new features of Windows 7 to use this report on the status of the battery, and we see that the battery described in the report ’s has not reached the specified threshold. Here, we examine the specific data to support this view. Some users of the previous system, all normal, in upgrading the computer system after seeing such a warning would be surprised, of course, it is very reasonable. Essentially, because the attenuation caused by the battery, but for users of this decline is unclear, difficult to detect until Windows 7 provides such information has changed. We recognize this feature in Windows 7 a “cause” changes in performance, but in fact do all the things Windows 7 reports only by those who have already taken place.

The following data points helps us understand that the report information. Keep in mind that we do telemetry are optional to join, anonymous, and follow the Privacy Policy.

We have already seen this report has not noticed the new hardware or recently purchased a computer to reproduce. Although we have seen reports that the new computer has received the notice but in all cases, we confirmed that these cells already in disrepair. 402018-001 371790-001 PPP012L

Our OEM partners should use their telemetry (call center, support forums, etc.) and we already know they did not see any circumstance beyond their expectations. It should be noted that manufacturers of computers for customers to solve the battery problem, have a clear vision of what both the general area or a particular model, a calendar and batteries at the end, what was expected.

Throughout the online support of importance and self-help forums, and worked at the appropriate time to follow all the errors on this notification has been reported. Through this work, we identified a new battery or the computer does not reproduce the problem described in the report and has learned that the battery capacity is indeed attenuated.

Telemetry customers of RTM, only a small percentage of users receiving a “Please consider replacing the battery,” the notice, as expected, we find that these systems are used for more than 1 , 5 years. Compared to the pre-release version, we see relatively less notice, reduce the average age in the system. F1781A acer-pa1650-adapter-p-52844.html”>PA1650 PCGA-AC16V6

Microsoft has received 12 protests customer service, in addition to various other bodies of eight additional events. So far (a total of 20 events) these events do not show an addition to the battery for any reason other than degradation.

Microsoft TechNet moderator of the community was used to help additional customers contact regarding this notification, we report that the appointment of staff to service additional customer to prepare for this question. In any case, we have received about 30 contacts, which found no opinion on this new argument or status.

In the Windows 7 pre-release version of the test, the notice said, we can see from our customers almost exactly the same experience. In fact, look at the tests pre-publication sale of equipment, we can see that the system has received the notification to maintain a steady increase in very small numbers. From this point of view realistic, many customers have purchased a new computer, Windows 7 and recently purchased a computer using Windows Vista Upgrade Available. PCGAAC19V3 VGP-AC16V7

During the inspection, which shows that reporting, the reports of telemetry equipment, we see no other reliable data show that any other system abnormalities.

Although information on the status of the battery available to the operating system via ACPI is read-only access, we conducted a code review and thorough checks to determine that there is no possibility change the status code of the battery information.

These data will confirm our point of view, we see the emergence over time the normal degradation of the battery. In the new Windows 7 features provided in the transparency of the technologies used to produce an opinion, which in the past is not visible to customers, but after upgrading to achieve quickly. This is what we have seen these posts in an emergency root cause, but the reality of the situation can change the battery. We have not confirmed the purchase of new machines and the status of the battery. PA3468U-1ACA PA3097U-1ACA

As we have said about the quality of all reports of Windows 7, we will continue to treat with care, when the ratio of potential problems, we’ll use all tools at our disposal to clear it from the bottom, in need of code changes, we will be improved and to customers. We are sure that because we can, we are concerned by this report, and basically solve the problem, but we will continue to monitor the relevant circumstances. In particular, we continue to work with our OEM partners, communication and contact, they will be monitored closely to their customers and the computer.

Finally, if you believe you received the wrong message, and your battery is new, or you believe that your battery is in the best condition, please inform us of this situation or the original manufacturer of your ‘computer. PA-16 9T215

As the current lithium batteries are not part of the retirement provisions of the state hazardous waste, which creates a lithium invisible in the resumption of differences in waste management. New discoveries through the interviews, there are currently on the treatment of lithium batteries past, the state does not expressly provide the industry and there is no unity. For the treatment of used batteries, and all businesses dealing with the standards must be further refined. Inspiron B130 battery Latitude D410 battery

Ankaya Automobile Co., Ltd. Pioneer Deputy Party Secretary Wang told reporters, national standards defined in the capacity of batteries is less than 70 ~ 80%, it can be used in automotive energy storage. To reduce the cost of single user car ankaya and battery manufacturers and users pay for using the battery one year lease, used batteries from battery manufacturers will then themselves. Shenzhen Wuzhou Dragon Bus member of staff said that businesses have customers from the market before and battery manufacturers to reach an agreement through consultation, the user buy electric bus two years later, the battery plant batteries for recycling. However, battery manufacturers can provide services to update the user how the costs and recovery of these elements are not clear, but later also two years by technical and pricing decisions of products.

But experts said that the bus industry, due to electric buses for the bus companies more than consumers, whether the development of appropriate standards, implementing them is not difficult. Pioneer Wang said that the industry develops electric bus, disposal of used batteries will be resolved sooner or later. Latitude D800 battery Latitude D810 battery

Overseas grants recycling batteries involved in battery manufacturing equipment industry want

At present, some developed countries abroad, recycling of waste batteries have been carried out a series of active exploration, and has accumulated much experience though. Many countries have developed relevant policies, for our reference. For example the United States, Japan, the industry of battery recycling scrap with his post-handed, each dealing with a ton of government subsidies for certain production-South Korean battery manufacturers, each producing one ton of a certain amount of deposit to pay for the recovery of those who deal with these costs, and appoint a special facility for processing. Some manufacturers state taxes battery or impose environmental management interruptions waste treatment companies in the battery of tax and so on. Latitude X1 battery XPS M1210 battery

The arrival of the energy crisis, so that we can not but face an energy revolution. And the promotion of electric vehicles is the key to have first a good product, reasonable prices, the second is the technology continues to improve. Ding Xue told reporters of the lithium iron phosphate “carbon coatings,” a company patents in the hands of the United States. However, Australia, Japan and other countries have involved the use of technology. Although our country is less than the volume of electric bus and does not charge fees related to patents, but if the technology was in the hands of foreigners, sooner or later become the industrialization process of China irons electric vehicles broken utensil.

MA Xian Zhongda Auto Group General Manager, told reporters that the company planned to enter the field of manufacture of the battery, and this plan is likely to be implemented this year. He said that although the industrialization of the domestic electric buses are not yet, but the basic technology will sooner or later a breakthrough. XPS M1330 battery XPS M1530 battery

In the interview, companies are also urged the government to further regulate the market for electric cars, which contributes to the industrialization of the early arrival of electric buses. The Ministry of Finance announced that the central government will be arranged special funds for energy conservation a part of emission reduction funding in support of national energy saving and new energy vehicles for demonstration and extension. The specific point of view, including the use of hybrid vehicles on the use of batteries lead acid and nickel-metal hydride, lithium-ion batteries are two types of 10 meters above the city bus transit The maximum grant per 80,000 yuan and 42 million euros; pure electric Car Standards allowance for each of the 50 million vehicles to fuel cell grants up to 600,000 yuan each. The 10 meters below the pure electric vehicles can be subsidized 60,000 yuan each cell vehicles to subsidize fuel for 250,000 yuan each. This “across the board,” Paul Winter in Korea does not appear the United States, also made a lot of companies have made veiled criticisms. Han Dong Bao Blunt noted that firms in R & D of 10 meters and 10 meters above models, there are no obvious technical differences, the subsidy policy should be refined. He suggested that the under-activity of advanced research and development of electric vehicles, and other businesses to invest in a combination of factors fully into account the amount of subsidies for electric cars. At the same time, the state should take the outside right of way for new energy vehicles, such as purchasing tax free, so that customers buying new energy vehicles have benefited directly affect the user to take the initiative to buy. In addition, countries should further improve networking, so that the electric buses have a place to “run”, and improve the building charging station, ensuring a normal load of the electric bus. XPS M1730 battery XPS M2010 battery

MA Xian that local authorities often have to purchase local production of new energy vehicles, from the perspective of long-term development, this kind of local protectionism affects the electric vehicle industry, the normal and orderly development, can not make a real strong acceptance in the market for enterprise products to be.

This reporter has also learned through interviews in the optical current battery life, three years is basically the upper limit. Buses have been implemented a normal life cycle is 8 years old, which means that bus, “Life in general need to be replaced 2 to 3 times the battery. Battery costs and maintenance costs are not cheap. A alleged that during the Olympics in Beijing, the price of each vehicle, the battery is only a few hundred thousand dollars. High battery prices are likely to be in the future the process of industrialization of new energy car started stumbling passengers. The main consumers of energy bus new - The bus companies also hope that the factory battery and manufacturers together to find ways to reduce business re-use batteries. “Only with reliable performance, the real benefits of the products the user must be a registered user in order to move towards industrialization,” said Ding Xue. Studio 1536 battery Studio 1537 battery