Digital battery

Overcharging the electrochemical reaction:

 

From the equation to see that the battery overload, precipitation positive plate of oxygen, plaques precipitating negative hydrogen. Due to the hydrogen electrode catalyst for the broader region, and hydrogen can easily spread to the hydrogen electrode surface, therefore, hydrogen and oxygen can easily recombine to form the battery Within the water, so that the gas pressure inside the container remain unchanged, this re-compounded rate quickly, you can make the internal battery of the oxygen concentration does not exceed a few per thousand. Inspiron 5150 battery Inspiron 700m battery

 

From the formula above reaction can be regarded as batteries reaction metal-hydride nickel and nickel-cadmium similar, but the negative charge resulting from the discharge process is different from the latter two reactive can be seen that the Ni - MH can also be done to seal a structure type. Nickel-metal hydride used more KOH electrolyte solution, and add a small amount of LiOH. Vinylon using porous nylon membrane or non-woven fabrics such as nonwovens. To avoid the latter part of the battery charging process pressure is too high, the battery is equipped with an explosion proof.

 

Battery Charging Characteristics Inspiron 8500 battery Inspiron 8600 battery

The Ni-Cd battery charging characteristic curve in Figure 1. When the constant current into the discharge had finished charging the battery because the battery’s internal resistance voltage drop generated, so the battery voltage has increased rapidly (A). Since then, the battery began to accept the charge, the battery voltage to a lower rate continues to rise. In this context (Beach AB), the electrochemical reaction to generate a certain amount of oxygen in the same time as the same rate of oxygen and the chemical combination of hydrogen, therefore the temperature of the battery internal and gas pressure is very low.

 

Process of charging the battery, the compound of oxygen to oxygen is higher than when the battery increases the internal pressure. * The normal pressure inside the battery is about 1 pound force / inch 2. Overload, the rate of charge, the battery internal pressure will soon be in place by the force of 100 pounds / inch 2 or more. Inspiron 9200 battery Inspiron B120 battery

 

Examine a variety of ways of pricing method, the nickel-cadmium batteries produced gas is an important issue. Bubbles gathered at the plate surface of the plate will reduce the surface involved in chemical reactions and increase the resistance of the battery internally. Overload, battery produce much gas, if not rapidly compounds, the internal pressure of the battery would be increased considerably, which would damage the battery. Furthermore, the pressure is too great, the battery sealed play an open porosity, so that the oven electrolyte. If the electrolyte has continued to make holes through the oven, the viscous nature of the electrolyte increases, the transport of ions between the plates becomes difficult if the internal resistance of the battery to increase the capacity decrease. Inspiron B130 battery Latitude D410 battery

 

After some time (c), the electrolyte begins to produce air bubbles, the bubbles gather at the plate surface, so that the effective area of lower plate, so the impedance internal battery increases the battery voltage began to rise rapidly. This is close to an electrical signal accordingly.

 

Sufficient power, the rechargeable battery in the battery current is not converted into energy storage, but in the positive potential of oxygen on-board ultra-generated. Oxygen is due to the electrolyte resulting from electrolysis is not due to return to the cadmium hydroxide, cadmium generated. Potassium hydroxide and water in the composition of the electrolyte, hydrogen and oxygen ions in oxygen, water and free electrons, the formula for reactionLatitude D800 battery Latitude D810 battery

 

4OH-→ O2 ↑ 2 H2O +4 e –

 

Although the oxygen in the electrolyte can quickly produce surface plate negative electrolyte in the composite, but significantly increased the temperature of the battery. In addition, since the charging current used to produce oxygen, thereby increasing the pressure inside the drum.

 

Because a large number of hydroxyl ions from that of a hydroxide of cadmium little easier out of oxygen, so sharp rise in temperature inside the battery so that battery voltage drops. Therefore, the peak battery voltage curve (D points).

 

Electrolyte, the generation of oxygen compounds is an exothermic reaction, battery during overload (point E) and continues to produce oxygen, so that the temperature within the battery and pressure rise. If you force the exhaust causes the electrolyte to reduce battery capacity and damage the battery down. If the gas can be discharged quickly explodes. Latitude X1 battery XPS M2010 battery

 

Using runoff low constant current charging, the batteries have a dendrite. The dendrites can spread through the partition between the plates. In the proliferation of more severe cases, the dendrites will be part or all of the short-circuit the battery.

 

Characteristics of Ni-MH rechargeable batteries, nickel-cadmium is similar to both the voltage during charging, the temperature curve shown in Figure 1-2 and Figure 1-3. As you can see, termination charge, the battery nickel-cadmium voltage drop is much larger than the nickel-metal hydride. When the battery capacity will reach 80% capacity prior to the temperature of nickel-cadmium rises slowly when the battery capacity reaches 90% after the nickel-cadmium will soon rise in temperature before. When the battery is fully charged when the base, NiCd / NiMH battery temperature increase rate in almost the same. Studio 15 battery Studio 17 battery

 

Ni-Cd Ni-MH battery charging principles and practices - the process of pricing and pricing methods, September 23, 2009 Author: Anonymous Source: ATEX Battery Test Lab Editor: Open the process of pricing and pricing methods

The process of loading the battery can generally be divided into pre-charge, fast charge, top-up trickle charge into four stages.

Term Unused long or a new battery, the top one on the use of Fast-charge, it will affect battery life. Therefore, it should be the first with a small current to the battery charging, charging that meet certain conditions, this step is called pre-load.

 

Fast charging is charging high current, fast recovery of the battery power. Fast-loading rate of 1C or more generally the time of fast charging, battery capacity and the loading rate determining. Studio 15 battery Studio 17 battery

To avoid overcharging, the charger uses a number of load current low. The normal charge nickel-cadmium batteries can accept the charge rate of C/10 or less, so the charging time to over 10 hours. The use of current low charge, the battery does not produce too much gas, the battery temperature is too high. As long as the battery charger, receiving the low constant-current battery charger will be able to provide a trickle charge small current. Rechargeable battery with low current, the heat generated within the battery can be dispersed naturally.

 

Problem Charger Trickle main recharges too slowly, for example, with a capacity of 1 Ah battery, using C/10 charge rate, charging time to over 10 hours. In addition, the battery re-apply a fill rate is low, when there is a dendrite. In most loader drip, not to any voltage or control the temperature information, and therefore can not guarantee that the battery is fully charged, immediately after the bifurcation charger. 6Y270 75UYF G5266

 

Fast charge constant current charge and point charge pulse are two types of charge at constant current is a constant current to the load current, the pulse load is the first use of pulsed current to charge the Battery. And then let the battery discharge and so on. Great battery pulse amplitude, width very narrow. Usually discharge pulse amplitude for pulse charging 3 times. Although the amplitude of the pulse discharge and battery capacity related, however, with the ratio of current amplitude load remained unchanged, the pulse load signal load current as shown in Figure 1-4.

 

Charging process, the nickel-cadmium reduced to nickel hydroxide nickel hydroxide, cadmium hydroxide, cadmium restores. During this process, the bubbles generated, gathered at the plate on both sides, so that the effective area of the plate is reduced, so that the plate resistance increases. Since the effective area of smaller plates, the charge in the full time required for increased capacity. HD438 KD186 NF343

 

Join pulse discharge after the bubble left the plate and with the compound negative oxygen on board. This process reduces the depolarization of the internal pressure of the battery temperature and internal resistance. At the same time, most of the charge in the battery is converted into chemical energy rather than gas and heat.

 

Charge-pulse width of discharge should be chosen to ensure the plate to restore the crystalline structure of the original, eliminating the memory effect. Using measurements of depolarization discharge can improve the efficiency of charge and can load current very rapid.

 

Using some quick charge only the right, after the cessation of fast charging, the battery is fully charged. To ensure the refill to 100% of the power, but by adding up the loading process. Complete the charge rate is generally not exceed 0.3c. By completing the charging process, the temperature will continue to increase when the temperature exceeds the limit, the charger into the charge state of maintenance. G1947 RN873 Y6142

 

Store, the nickel-cadmium batteries will power the flow of C/30 at C/50 reduced due to self-discharge the battery to compensate for the loss of electricity to supplement the charge after the end loader runoff should be transferred automatically to the process of electricity. Slow charge, also known as maintenance costs. According to self-discharge of the battery characteristics of stocking slow are generally low. As long as the battery connected to the charger and the charger switched on, in maintaining the state of charge, the charger the battery charging rate will be an additional burden, it will give the battery is fully charged, the state’s total.

 

Fast Control Method of end load

Fast method of charging, the charging current is several times the normal load current. Enough power, if not quickly stop the fast charging, the battery temperature and internal pressure will increase rapidly. The internal pressure is too great, the battery sealed play an open porosity, so that the oven electrolyte, resulting in the viscosity of the electrolyte was increased, and increases resistance to the internal battery, the capacity decrease. GD761 Y9943 FK890

 

Functionality of the battery NiCd fast charge can see that, after fully charged, the battery voltage began to decrease, the battery temperature and internal pressure increases rapidly to ensure that battery is fully charged, but charges can be used time control time control of voltage and temperature control over methods.

(1) Timing Control

1.25C rate charged battery may be sufficient 1h; The loading rate of 2.5 ° C, when used, 30min May suffice. Therefore, according to battery capacity and current load, it is easy to determine the time required for charging. This control approach is the easiest, but since the beginning of the state of battery charge are not identical and some costs to a shortage of batteries, some battery before charging, so that when the loading rate of less than 0.3c only allows the use of this approach. GK479 3R305

 

(2) voltage control

In the method of voltage control, the easiest to detect is the highest voltage of the battery. The method of voltage control commonly used are the following:

Maximum voltage (Vmax) can be seen from the characteristic curve of load, the battery voltage reaches its maximum when the battery is fully charged. Loading process, when the battery voltage reaches the specified value, should immediately stop fast charging. Weaknesses of this control method are: the battery fully charged, the maximum voltage of the ambient temperature, load the pace of change, but every single battery pack the maximum charge pressure is also a difference, so this method may not be very Specifically the battery have sufficient charge. Inspiron 2500 battery Inspiron 3700 battery

 

Negative voltage increment (DELTA-V) due to increased negative battery voltage and the absolute voltage of the battery has nothing to do, but the rate of temperature and no load and other factors so that you can better judge the battery is fully charged. Weaknesses of this control method are: the battery voltage is a negative increment, the battery was charging, so the battery at higher temperatures. In addition, Ni-MH battery is fully charged, the battery voltage to pass through a longer time before a negative increment, the more serious charge. Therefore, this control method applied mainly nickel-cadmium.

 

Voltage and zero-increment (0ΔV) Ni-MH battery charger, to avoid waiting for a negative voltage increment is taking too long and damage the battery, usually 0ΔV control laws. Disadvantage of this approach are fully charged before the battery voltage is within a certain period of time may very few changes, leading to premature termination of fast charge. To this end, at present most of the Ni-MH Battery Quick Charger-0ΔV use of highly sensitive detection, when the battery voltage is slightly lower, the immediate cessation of the fast charge. Inspiron 3800 battery Inspiron 4000 battery

 

(3) temperature control

To avoid damaging the battery, the battery temperature is too low when you can not start fast charging, the battery temperature increases the required values, you must immediately stop fast charging. Methods of temperature control are used:

Maximum temperature (Tmax) during charging, usually when the battery temperature reaches 45 ℃, should immediately stop fast charging. The temperature of the battery can be mounted in conjunction with the battery thermistor to detect. Disadvantage of this approach is the thermistor response time longer, the temperature tests, a lag at the same time, the battery has a maximum operating temperature and environment temperature. When the ambient temperature is too low, adequate power, the battery temperature can be reached 45 ℃. Inspiron 4100 battery Inspiron 4150 battery

 

Elevated temperature (DELTA.T) to eliminate the impact on the environment, the method of temperature control can be used. When cells reach the required temperature rise of the value immediately after the cessation of the fast charge. In order to achieve temperature control, must use two thermistors were used to detect the battery temperature and ambient temperature.

Variation rate of temperature (DELTA.T / Δt) of the nickel hydrogen and nickel-cadmium batteries fully charged, the battery temperature rose rapidly, but increased at a rate of DELTA.T / Δt is basically the same when the temperature rise of the battery 1 ℃ per minute, it should immediately terminate fast charge, this method of load control, widely used in recent years. It should be noted, due to resistance thermistor temperature and the relationship is not linear, therefore, to improve the accuracy of detection should seek to reduce the thermal resistance of nonlinear effects. Inspiron 8000 battery Inspiron 8100 battery

 

The minimum temperature (Tmin) where the battery when the temperature is below 10 ℃, with very fast charging current, it will affect battery life. In this case, the shipper should be transferred automatically to trickle charge until the battery temperature is 10 ℃ after, then transferred to the fast charge.

 

(4) Integrated control

The advantages and disadvantages of different control methods. To ensure that under no circumstances can accurately and reliably control the battery charging, and currently widely used in rapid chargers, including regular monitoring, control voltage and temperature control of a integrated control legislation. Inspiron 8200 battery Latitude C500 battery

Ni-Cd / Ni-MH development of battery

In 1899, the Waldmar Jungner-open type nickel-cadmium, the first use of the plate nickel, almost at the same time, Thomas Edison invented the electric car batteries for nickel-iron. Unfortunately, due to the time of this alkaline plate battery those other materials were more expensive, so the effective implementation has been considerably restricted. ThinkPad R50 battery ThinkPad R51 battery

 

Later, Jungner of nickel-cadmium batteries, after several important improvements, performance improved significantly. One of the biggest improvements in 1932, scientists began using the battery nickel active material. They are active substances in porous nickel plates in nickel plate and then in metal hull. Battery Nickel-cadmium, another milestone in the history of development in 1947 and “sealed nickel-cadmium type developed. In this cell, a chemical reaction to produce a variety of gas should not drain the battery in combination chemical may be. Sealed nickel-cadmium successful development of nickel-cadmium range of applications has increased significantly. ThinkPad R52 battery ThinkPad T40 battery

 

Sealed nickel-cadmium batteries, high efficiency, long life cycle, the energy density, small size, light weight, compact structure, and does not require maintenance, so in the industrial and consumption were widely used.

 

With the development of space technology, people have become more demanding food. Mid-70s, the United States has successfully developed a powerful, light weight, long life, low-cost batteries nickel metal hydride, and in 1978 successfully applied to satellite cells navigation as, batteries nickel-metal hydride and nickel-cadmium with the same volume over capacity can be doubled, and there are no pollution problems caused by cadmium. Its operating voltage is identical to the nickel-cadmium, hope of life in much the same, but it has a good over-charge and over-performance discharge. In recent years, nickel-metal hydride is the world’s attention, a constant stream of new technologies. Ni-MH is published, we should use the containers to high-pressure hydrogen storage, then the people using metal hydrides to store hydrogen, which is made up of low atmospheric pressure and even nickel-metal hydrides. In 1992, Sanyo in Japan to produce 2 million per month batteries nickel metal hydride. Currently, over 20 development units and production of nickel-metal hydride batteries, nickel metal hydride made the overall performance reached the advanced international level. ThinkPad T41 battery ThinkPad T42 battery

 

Battery Parameters

Battery of five main parameters: the battery capacity, rated voltage, internal resistance, termination voltage discharge and tension-end load. The battery capacity is generally Ah (AH) said, 1Ah is able to 1A of current, discharge 1 hour. Unit cell of the number of active substances contained in the decision level battery charge, while the active substance from materials of the drums and the volume of the decision, therefore, generally the longer the battery size, more capacity. And battery capacity of the relevant parameter is the battery charge current. Charging the battery’s current charge rate C is generally said, C is the rated capacity of the battery. For example, with 2A being on 1Ah battery, charge rate is 2C; Similarly, with 2A current from the battery 500mAh, the loading rate is 4C. ThinkPad T43 battery ThinkPad T60 battery

 

The battery runs the factory, unlike positive and negative electric potential between the nominal voltage of the battery. Rated voltage from the electrode materials, electrode potential and electrolyte concentration internal decision. When the temperature of the environment, use of time and changes in working conditions, output voltage of the unit is a slight change in the stack, in addition, the battery voltage and output power the battery is left is a certain relationship. Nickel-cadmium cell nominal voltage of about 1.3V (it is generally considered to 1.25V), cell Ni-MH rated voltage of 1.25 V.

 

The battery internal resistance determined by the plate resistance and resistance to the flow of ions. In the process of charge-discharge, the plate resistance is unchanged, but the impedance of the ion current to changes in electrolyte concentration and to increase or decrease the change of charged ions. ThinkPad R32 battery ThinkPad R40 battery

 

Battery power sufficient, the board of the same active substance has reached the saturation point, then continue to charge the battery voltage does not increase the tension at present known to voltage charge termination. Nickel-Cadmium battery charging voltage termination of 1,75 ~ 1.8 V, Ni-MH voltage battery charge termination of 1.5V.

 

Termination voltage discharge is the minimum allowable battery voltage discharge. When the voltage is below the battery voltage termination discharge to discharge, the battery voltage decreased rapidly at both ends to form a depth of discharge, so that the resultant formation of a council where he is not easy in the resume normal load, thus affecting the battery life. Discharge voltage and the rejection rate of termination. Battery voltage nickel-cadmium discharge and flow of the termination of the relationship, as shown in Table 1-1, Ni-MH discharge battery voltage termination is generally defined as 1V.

 

Ni-Cd Ni-MH battery charging principles and methods - Nickel-cadmium works September 23, 2009 Auteur: anonymous: ATEX Battery Test Lab Editor: nickel-cadmium WorksThinkPad X60 battery FRU 92P1141 40Y6799

 

Nickel-cadmium cathode material for nickel hydroxide and a mixture of graphite powder, the negative electrode material for the sponge like powder and cadmium oxide powder of cadmium, the electrolyte is usually sodium hydroxide solution or potassium hydroxide. When the temperature is high, using a density of 1.17 ~ 1.19 (15 ℃ h) solution of sodium hydroxide. When the temperature is low, the use of density is 1.19 ~ 1.21 (15 ℃ h) a solution of potassium hydroxide. To -15 ℃ below, using a density of 1.25 ~ 1.27 (15 ℃ h) a solution of potassium hydroxide. To account for low-temperature performance and retention capacity load, sealed nickel-cadmium with a density of 1.40 (15 ℃ h) solution with potassium hydroxide. To increase the capacity of the battery cycle life, often in the electrolyte by adding a small amount of lithium hydroxide (about the electrolyte per liter plus 15 ~ 20g). Inspiron 1100 battery Inspiron 1150 battery

 

Nor-Cd rechargeable batteries, the cathode active material of a board of nickel hydroxide NiOOH〕 〔, active material for negative electrode in a board of cadmium metal battery discharge nickel-cadmium, cathode active material of a board of nickel hydroxide, the material of negative electrode active board hydroxide cadmium.

 

1. Discharge in the process of an electrochemical reaction

(1) negative reaction

Cadmium on the anode after the loss of two electrons in a bivalent cadmium ions Cd2 +, and then immediately to the solution of hydroxide of two OH-binding generates hydroxide cadmium Cd (OH) 2 deposited on the plate cathode.

 

(2) the positive reaction

Cathode material asset is a board of nickel hydroxide (NiOOH) crystals. Nickel is positive trivalent ions (Ni3 +) Network of nickel ions for both the external circuit for the negative change in two electronics, generating two divalent ions 2Ni2 +. At the same time, the solution of ionization of water molecules for both of the two hydrogen ions in the positive plate, and the lattice oxygen anions on the two combined to produce two hydroxyl ions, then with the network the original two hydroxide ions, and the two nickel ions bivalent generated two crystals hydroxide nickel. Inspiron 1300 battery Inspiron 1318 battery

 

The sum of the two types above, ie, nickel-cadmium discharge in May the general reaction:

2. Pricing in the process of chemical reaction

Pricing, charging positive and negative, respectively positive and negative battery is connected to the discharge of the battery in the event and the exact opposite of the electrochemical reaction that occurs to restore the negative reaction, the reaction of oxidation cathode occurs.

 

(1) negative reaction

Negative pricing hydroxide board, cadmium, first ionized into ions and hydroxide ions of cadmium and cadmium ions from the outside or access to electronic circuits to produce atoms of cadmium bound to plate pole, while the hydroxide ions in solution involved in the positive feedback:

(2) the positive reaction Inspiron 1420 battery Inspiron 5100 battery

Under the influence of power outside of the council cathode, lattice of nickel hydroxide, two nickel ions bivalent loss of one electron is generated nickel ions trivalent, while the mesh of the two hydroxide ions free hydrogen ion, remain in the network of anions of oxygen, releasing hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions in solution combine to produce water molecules. Then the two nickel ions trivalent and two anions of oxygen and two hydroxyl ions combine to produce two crystals of nickel hydroxide:

 

The sum of the two types above, which is too Charger Ni-Cd when the electrochemical reaction:

 

The end of the battery charging when the charge current of the battery decomposes into water, the reaction took place in the positive plate and negative will be plenty of oxygen and deposition of the hydrogen, the electrochemical reaction is as follows: Latitude D620 battery Latitude D800 battery

 

The electrode reaction above may be considered that the exclusion of sodium or hydrogen, potassium hydroxide is not directly involved in the reaction, only play the role of electrical conductivity. From the reaction of the battery, the water molecules produced during filling and discharge in the consumption of water molecules, the loading and unloading to process the concentration of electrolytes is very small, can not be detected per meter of density level loading and unloading.

 

3. Terminal voltage

Enough power immediately after uncoupling charging circuit, nickel-cadmium electromotive force of up to 1.5V or so, but quickly abandoned 1,31-1.36 V.

Battery voltage nickel-cadmium administration charge-discharge process changes can be expressed as:

U load = E + charger I load R

U = E could put I put in R

The style can be seen that the charging of the voltage across the battery above the discharge and charge current larger, higher voltage, discharge current increased, the lower voltage. Latitude D810 battery Latitude D820 battery

When the battery nickel-cadmium discharges discharge current standard, the average working voltage of 1.2V. 8am rejection rate of adoption when the battery voltage to 1.1V, the battery or the end of electric discharge.

 

4. Strengthening and capacity of the main factors influencing

After the battery is fully charged, under certain conditions of release, the release of provisions for the termination voltage, the battery release of total capacity when the battery nominal capacity, the ability of Q the discharge current and the time unloading the product to represent this type are as follows:

Q = I * t (Ah)

Battery capacity nickel-cadmium and the following factors:

① The number of active substances;

② rate of discharge;

③ electrolyte.

The discharge current directly affect the termination voltage discharge. The closure of the discharge voltage required, the discharge of the battery of larger capacity current of the smallest. Latitude D830 battery Latitude X300 battery

 

The use of different components of the electrolyte, the battery capacity and life expectancy have some impact. In general, the environments of high temperature to improve battery capacity, often add a small quantity of electrolyte in the lithium hydroxide to form a mixed solution. The results show: l electrolyte by adding 15 ~ 20g lithium hydroxide in water at room temperature, the capacity can be increased by 4% ~ 5% to 40 ℃, capacity may be increased by 20% . However, the concentration of electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries too, not only increases the resistance of the electrolyte, but also that the board left in the anode of lithium-ion (Li +) slowly infiltrated into the network within pairs of positive effects harmful chemical changes.

 

Temperature of the electrolyte on the battery capacity of greater impact. Because the temperature of the electrolyte material chemical reaction of active plate is also gradually improving. XPS M140 battery XPS M1210 battery

 

Harmful impurities in the electrolyte batteries smaller capacity. The main impurities harmful is carbonate and sulfate. They can increase the resistance of the electrolyte, and crystallization at low temperature easier to plug porous plate so that the battery capacity has decreased significantly. In addition, the carbonate ions with the role of negative plates, producing carbonic acid cadmium negative electrode plate attached to the surface, causing the drivers side, so that the battery internal resistance increases, the capacity decrease.

 

5. Resistance

Nickel-cadmium batteries internal resistance and conductivity of electrolytes, the plate structures and their size related to the conductivity of the electrolyte also with the density and temperature. Resistance Resistance battery electrolyte mainly by the decision. Potassium hydroxide and changes in sodium hydroxide solution resistivity with density. 18 ℃ when the solution of potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide solution minimum resistivity. Usually, the internal resistance of nickel-cadmium batteries can be calculated by: 6Y270 75UYF C1295

 

6. The efficiency and lifetime

Under normal conditions, the effectiveness of nickel-cadmium batteries ηAh capacity for 67% -75%, ηWh efficiency of 55% ~ 65%, the life cycle is about 2000 times. Capacity and power efficiency efficiency ηWh formula ηAh is as follows:

 

(U loading and unloading must be considered as the voltage average U)

7. Memory effect

Process of nickel-cadmium batteries, so not all given the power end started to load, unload, next time, you can not provide all the power. For example, nickel-cadmium batteries is only 80% of capacity after the release start charging later, fully charged, the battery can deliver 80% of electricity, a phenomenon called “memory effect . GD761 TD347 U4873

Full press release after the battery power, very small crystals board. The drum part of the discharge, the nickel hydroxide is not completely in the nickel hydroxide and nickel hydroxide remaining will be combined to form larger crystals. Larger crystals of nickel-cadmium are the main reason for the memory effect generated.

 

Works of Ni-MH

Nickel-metal hydride and nickel-cadmium with the same volume compared to a doubling of capacity, load life cycle of discharge is also longer, and no memory effect. Ni-MH active material of positive electrode for NiOOH (discharge) and Ni (OH) 2 (Load), material negative plate active for H2 (discharge) and H2O (load) of the electrolyte with 30% of the hydroxide potassium solution, charge and discharge when the electrochemical reaction is as follows:

 

According to the equation: pricing, precipitation negative hydrogen, stored in a container, the positive nickel hydroxide into nickel hydroxide (NiOOH), and H2O; discharge of hydrogen at the electrode negative is used, the positive change of nickel hydroxide in nickel hydroxide. D5318 HD438 KD186

2.4 Loading-discharge technology BSMS

2.4.1 based on the voltage across the load and discharge management A1175 MacBook Pro 15 inch battery

On the basis of load current and Technology discharge voltage can be simply described as follows:

The charging voltage CPU + ΣI ≤ ΣE? RX + ΣI? ΣUJ RO + (3)

Discharge voltage UC1 ≥ ΣE - (ΣI? RX + ΣI? ΣUJ RO +) (4)

 

Specifications of the current charge and discharge are based on the voltage across the battery to adjust the load current. Available as the constant current load, multistage charging constant current, constant voltage, constant voltage current limit, and derivatives resulting from a variety of debit, smart devices are pricing based on the charging voltage terminal-type discharge technology. The inconsistency of such equipment to suit the characteristics of the battery is extremely poor and can not be applied to the common lead acid, etc. rich liquid class of non-battery charge and discharge sealed can not meet the requirements for a balance of high-power lithium-ion and other new requirements. A1078 A1045 PowerBook G4 15 battery

 

Figure 4, the process of charging single battery status voltage

 

Figure 4 is a Lithium Power Series 102 powered by battery charging voltage diagram monomer battery status. In this state, the battery voltage higher than the average of 37.3% monomer, it is voltage controlled, the battery would be a serious part of the congestion.

 

2.4.2 On the basis of the extreme single battery charge and control technology of landfill

Mechanical Science and Research Institute of Intellectual Property Rights in independent groups based on the single pile ultimate load applications and technology and new landfill facilities, with an inconsistency of the battery excellent adaptive characteristics. On the basis of the extreme single battery charging systems, the core of what is a priority for loading and unloading process of adjustment of the extreme state of battery charge and discharge current of monomer to the state in the limit to ensure the absence of fresher, more discharge, ultra-light-intensity on problems arise, thus ensuring the safe operation of battery systems. PA3451U-1BRS PA3399U-1BAS

 

Charge the battery only and flow based on the strategy of extreme technical skill and the following priority:

The highest priority: until the battery voltage control terminal monomer in the specified scope;

 

Second priority: voltage across the battery under control within limits;

 

Third priority: the maximum temperature must be less than or equal to the maximum allowable temperature;

 

Lowest priority: the load current must be less than or equal to allow the load current;

 

On the basis of the extreme single battery charge and control technology for the implementation of successful research to develop new lithium-ion power battery charge and discharge device with a new generation foundation. After the technology to optimize, improve and improve, we are now with the maturity of engineering applications. PA3399U-2BAS PA3399U-1BRS

 

2.5-battery system for evaluating the quality of the site

 

Applying the power of lithium inevitably involve ordinary end users. The power of the lithium complex structure of the technically demanding and high maintenance battery to advance higher requirements. Most existing electrical battery of tests is for scientific research institutes, large and medium designed for the needs of the production process is expensive, the use of the complexity of the technical quality customer specifications. Applicable to the user on the site of power lithium battery system of quality assessment is the driving force to promote large scale application of lithium batteries that must be addressed in supporting technical conditions for the Maintenance and foundation management. PA3399U-2BRS PA3465U-1BRS

 

Mechanical Science and Research Institute at the end user demand for battery care and management objectives successfully developed the user-driven on the power system battery location of the assessment system quality. The system is integrated into management systems battery to collect and record data support system, using the platform of data processing power, brought an inexpensive, easy to use, the battery applied to the end of the system Assessment of the quality of the user. The system performance of the assembly of the battery charge and discharge corresponding to the system performance and battery assembly for rapid assessment of the situation, etc., to provide users with reliable data at support of maintenance and management, and provides up to 8 batteries with the algorithm set of tools. Satellite A80 battery Satellite M100 battery

 

As users of the system battery power system to fully utilize the actual operating conditions in the automated data collection and recording, without expensive equipment and the load-discharge simulation equipment, has a very good price. System structure in Figure 5.

 

With the value of the static tension obtained by different sampling points, BSMS systems collect and record the conditions of the operating system user data battery voltage, in essence, is reflected in actual Working under the condition of the battery monomer EMF, resistance, electrical connection, charging status, air temperature and many other complex factors, known and unknown characteristic parameters of integrated features. User maintenance, no special analysis of relevant factors. Instead, the analysis of specific factors may cause unpredictable errors. The direct use of these parameters characterizing the cell system to assess and group, but the greater accuracy and credibility. Satellite M105 battery Satellite M40 battery

 

With characteristic parameters of the battery is relatively poor and the standard deviation on the balance of the battery (including the electromotive force, resistance, electrical connection, the state of charge on the battery performance such the impact of all factors) the assessment may be an accurate assessment of the battery system performance, the actual operating conditions and respect for users. Meanwhile, the real work to be automatically collected data on each single cell, the same battery system at different data and data from different battery systems have good reproducibility and comparability. Battery systems for assessing horizontal and vertical quality of the comparability of data sources provided the foundation.

 

The successful development of the system to provide users with a set of very low cost for the daily management of the power tool battery system for assessing quality, battery and load equipment selection and discharge of basic maintenance. Satellite M45 battery Satellite M50 battery

 

2.6 lithium battery power test system group

 

The system is mainly used for energy production and use of lithium batteries during the load tests, experiments discharge conditions pricing simulation, set analog electrical conditions, according to the characteristics of packet data corresponds to the power of lithium batteries.

 

The system structure of Figure 6, has three modes: Intelligent loading and unloading mode control packets, the conditions control mode. Version to provide linear and nonlinear group group, which has nine kinds of linear block grouping methods to choose from. Satellite M55 battery Tecra A3 battery

 

Energy lithium battery system test packets, using “Based on the extreme single cell” technology to control charge and discharge, can load and unload effective security controls, combined BSMS collection methods data and has a unique feature of the platform packet processing site focused on Power Lithium battery system test packets, simulating actual working conditions under the state of battery charge and discharge conditions can be grouped in the battery separator has a good consistency of matching sets of batteries, battery manufacturers at the last address of the battery, inconsistency program.

 

In Figure 7 (a) for the 108 batteries in running, Figure 7 (b) that the curve of error of 0.5% in group situations. The battery is divided into three groups: a type of cell in which a total of 41 type B were 3 batteries, battery type C 1. Inspiron 9200 battery Inspiron 9300 battery

  

(1) of the complete life cycle considerations, the battery life of lithium was less than the common lead-acid. Energy Industry of the lithium entered the large construction industry and promote the use of a new historical stage. Power Li-ion in a group of applied technology and research facilities is the development of the energy industry’s current lithium battery, an important issue.

 

(2) The system energy technologies of the lithium-key, key equipment and process of product research, is directly linked to sustainable development of the lithium battery industry, the overall situation.

 

(3) “Based on the stack extreme monomer” of the charge and discharge controls the success of search technology the new power systems for lithium battery, and a new generation of equipment charge-discharge, research and development, has established a strong technical base. Inspiron 9400 battery Inspiron B120 battery

 

(4) SBCM successfully battery power search system management technology integrated lithium battery systems integration, has laid an important foundation. SBCM used to make systems lithium battery power does not produce overload, over discharge, ultra-light problems on the current, safe operation of power system by lithium battery offers the best solution .

  

Author:

 

Qian Liang was born in 1949, Senior Engineer, Mechanical Science Research Institute, Center for Advanced Manufacturing Technology Research Institute current of Electric Vehicle Technologies Power Supply, Power of the Professional Committee of China Electronic Chamber of Commerce Executive Director of ‘Beijing Food Association, Executive Director of China Society of Automotive Engineers Electric Auto Chapter members. “Chemical and the system of physical force” magazine editorial board, development of power industry of the State responsible for planning information. Since 1986, has been engaged in battery powered applications new technologies and research facilities. Inspiron B130 battery Inspiron E1405 battery Responsible for the formation of the Second Artillery Force has put in place (Baoji) pricing Institute of Technology, the Second Artillery Corps (Beijing) pricing Institute of Technology, Director work-in-chief. has long been engaged in the armed forces and the local battery for applied research and development equipment. Undertook a “95″, “15″, “Eleventh Five-Year”, the army and the national “863″ electric vehicle specific topics. Since 15, the study focused on the orientation of the lithium battery charging power, discharge, field-quality assessment based on technology and maintenance of the application of the technology group, access to a number of technical patents and scientific research.

 

HAO Yong-Chao: Mechanical Science and Research Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technology Research Center, Institute of assistant electric vehicle power technology. Participated in the national “15″ “Eleventh Five-Year” “863″ electric vehicles, Inspiron E1505 battery Inspiron E1705 batteryl arge projects, projects the Beijing Olympics as the science and technology research and development, primarily engaged in the power battery charging technology key activities and development facilities, especially in the power battery charging equipment, systems, battery management and monitoring systems.

 

Xiao Yaling: Graduated from China Agricultural University College of Information and Electrical Engineering, working at the Research Institute of Mechanical Sciences and Advanced Manufacturing Technology Research Center for Electric Power Vehicle Institute of Technology, Professional Committee of China Electronic Chamber of Commerce of Power Power Supply Systems Working Committee Office of the Secretariat. Is principally engaged in the supply system by lithium battery management system of monitoring and research systems integration technology. Latitude D410 battery Latitude D420 battery

Abstract: The industry lithium entered the industrialization of the construction and promotion of the main stage under a large scale. Systems technology strength of the lithium-key integration and product research is an important issue at this point. This article describes the individual cells into groups based on extreme applications of technology, systems Lithium Power key technologies of integration, the key components and research products and developments. A1012 A1022 A1185

 

The number of supporting science projects and national technology and the market is supported by the duel, the new lithium-ion battery in key technologies, basic research on materials and products have made significant progress. Single Power performance of the lithium was able to basically meet the requirements of use. Although the cost of lithium purchasing power is still higher than lead-acid batteries, but the full life cycle of global economic considerations, the cost was much less than batteries lead acid. Energy Industry of the lithium entered the large construction industry and promotes the use of a new historical stage. A1060 apple iBook G4 12 inch battery apple iBook G4 14 inch battery

 

As the power of lithium batteries from the previous phase to focus its development on key technologies, key materials, and product development, lithium batteries power the group applied technology has not been granted the attention, resulting in battery technology lithium power systems integration key components and key products research lags far behind the development of battery technology. Most will apply to movements and other non-current sealed lead-acid battery, the technology-rich fluids and equipment for the lithium battery power, resulting in some of the battery charge and discharge monomer occurred during charging, compared rejection, over current and over-temperature, etc. problems so that the battery has been seriously injured, the safety of the battery has dropped drastically shortened life, and even the burning of battery explosions and other accidents have been place. To adapt to the power characteristics of lithium in a group of application technology and equipment, is an effective solution to life Power Group lithium lower security and the shortening of the effective. Aspire 3000 battery LCBTP03003

 

The power supply industry lithium entered the large construction industry and promotes the use of a new historical stage. Power Li-ion in a group of group technology and technology and equipment, is to ensure the safe operation of battery power one of the important conditions in support. Power system lithium battery includes the assembly of the battery charging systems, electrical systems and systems for maintenance management.

 

1 Background

 

Thanks to the power electronics and control technologies for the rapid development of technology in two stages pricing has undergone a multi-stage constant current charging, constant current load → → → constant current limiting load at constant voltage charging several stages of development. Reloading Equipment has also undergone a rectifier vacuum tube and mercury arc rectifiers → → selenium rectifier silicon controlled rectifier silicon rectifier → → High Frequency Switching Power Charger several steps. TravelMate 290 battery BATBL50L6 As the digital control technology and computers, in particular, the technology embedded micro-controller for rapid development of technology to support the control device has grown rapidly charge the device from manually adjust the development Fast high automated equipment and intelligent charging.

 

Energy of the lithium is completely different with lead-acid batteries of a traditional type of batteries for charging and discharging lead-acid batteries are much more stringent requirements: According to the United States U? S? A president Popypore findings of Dr. Zhang Council Zhengming oxide, lithium manganese battery charging voltage must be limited to less than 4.225V ~ 4.250V, if more than 0.085V, the battery can cause damage. Additional cost, over discharge, high-intensity light-on, will significantly shorten the lifetime of the power of lithium battery, or even combustion, explosion and other accidents. Inspiron 1720 battery Inspiron 1721 battery

 

At present, widely used in the internal battery and International Power SOC techniques based on safety management, hopes based on the state of charge (ie, SOC) estimates to determine the optimal load current and current discharge to reach the battery is not the purpose of pricing has occurred.

 

To avoid overload, must now answer: VBE + I? R0 ≤ allowed to charge 1 (voltage)

To prevent over-discharge, shall meet: VBE - I? R0 ≥ allows the charging voltage (2)

 

This line of thinking ignores one important issue: the impact of a major factor in the voltage across the battery charge and discharge (I) and resistance (R0). Battery allows the battery charge current is mainly affected by the internal resistance of constraints, while the battery internal resistance (R0) and capacity (Ah) is not to determine the relationship. The same capacity battery internal resistance (R0) also varies considerably. Therefore, based on battery state of charge (SOC values) to determine the current, we can not prevent overload and the problems of discharge occur. Although the basis of a specific battery, a large number of experiments based on the mathematical model relatively more accurate SOC is estimated, we can only accommodate a specific cell from a specific period of time, n ‘ have no interest and versatile. In addition, a few dozen to several hundred cells in series power supply battery, how to precisely target your battery monomer to determine the resistance itself is a very complex problem. Inspiron 1520 battery Inspiron 1521 battery

 

Research to adapt to the characteristics of Lithium Power Load and unload new technologies and new equipment is to promote the development of the lithium battery industry, an important issue.

 

2 Research Progress

 

Mechanical Science and Research Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technology Research Center, integrated into the group of battery long been engaged in applied technology and equipment, research experience, successfully developed a new type of power to adapt lithium-ion-lithium system has a battery management system integrated BSMS known (Syntheses Battery Management System). Vostro 1500 battery Vostro 1700 battery

 

Since 2003, this system will be used for the Beijing Olympics in the demonstration project of electric vehicles. After several years of practical application of optimization continues to improve and upgrade, has formed a stable, secure, reliable, functional and applicable to other new types of lithium-ion power fed battery of new integrated management system. Has been formed by the eight patents and seven corporate standards consisting of a complete system.

 

2.1 BSMS basic structure of

 

Shown in Figure 1, BSMS include BMS, charging system and discharge system. Also includes field-oriented quality systems evaluation, counting location of the battery and charging systems, is estimated SOC and other auxiliary functions. Inspiron 1525 battery Inspiron 1526 battery

 

Unlike most existing monitoring devices does BMS (Battery Management System), BSMS can not save only real monitoring data collection in real time to better control the time of the charge and discharge? In the process of managing charge-discharge, using self-owned intellectual property rights “based solely on the Extreme Battery” Charging Technology, which can effectively prevent the occurrence of certain cells in relation to costs, by over discharge, ultra-light problems on-current can not only adapt to the power of lithium, but also compatible with up to 6 different types of battery charge and discharge management.

 

2.2 BSMS Management

 

BSMS in one of the main production unit Battery Management System (BMS), the notable feature is the support system for data acquisition, remote load and the integrated BMS control unit discharge and charge the ‘discharge unit charge and discharge system that uses on the basis of the extreme single Inspiron 1720 battery Inspiron 1721 battery charge and discharge of new technologies, which can effectively prevent the occurrence of energy lithium fresher, more discharge Ultra-light-on intensity. Collect and record data in support of embedded systems, battery power for assembly on site Quality System Assessment to provide users with the use of advanced technology to maintain technical means.

 

BMS is also incorporated in a high accuracy electrical energy (kWh) per meter of renting the battery model and metering and billing, illustrated in Figure 3.

 

BMS collect and record data automatically embedded systems, large capacity (FLASH) data card, and powerful platform for data processing is high performance user-focused site energy of the battery assembly quality systems evaluation. Inspiron 2600 battery Inspiron 2650 battery

 

BMS has the following characteristics:

 

(1) To improve the reliability of data collection and records, using digital sampling of the battery voltage of monomer, temperature, sampling and digital sampling WDT dual redundant safety technical measures. Even if the voltage sampling circuit disturbances occur, failure can still ensure that the monomer battery monitoring information security, which effectively raises the charge and discharge process control security.

 

(2) Interface charge control uses a CAN bus, tour guide load control interfaces for load control and I / O interfaces. A variety of control modes and control systems, redundant safety load control system so that BMS has a very high charge and discharge control of the security and reliability. Inspiron 5150 battery Inspiron 5160 battery

 

(3) To meet the needs of different products, providing a variety of configuration options are: standard, economical, single and special type, as Table 1.

 

(4) Intelligent management: BMS support the application of lithium manganese oxide, iron phosphate, lithium, nickel-metal hydride, VRLA battery and so on to control six load customs intelligent, without human intervention, which effectively reduces the abuses caused by man-made accidents.

 

2.3 Loading and discharge management BSMS

Intelligent loading and unloading management of high security are the unique advantages of BSMS. Inspiron 6000 battery Inspiron 630m battery

 

To meet the different users, providing four types of charge-discharge control system configuration, shown in Table 1.

 

Among them, the standard model (A), synchronous digital sampling and a CAN interface, as a tax base and control interface discharge, but also has guidance control circuit load, based on Interface single battery charge voltage loopback control. This configuration provides a high reliability and security applications such as electric cars and other high-end applications. Collect and record the data support system battery powered remote monitoring and user-oriented site on the battery power quality system assessment. Inspiron 6400 battery Inspiron 640m battery

 

Economics (B) in the standard configuration based on the elimination of digital sampling and CAN communication interface. Based on the single loop battery voltage feedback is the interface command to configure the basic control interface and discharge and load the load control circuit and redundant safety guidance system control of discharges, the same high safety, cost-effective in applications such as UPS, low profile electric vehicles and other general applications.

 

Single (C), to meet stringent cost, relatively easy to control, such as security, electric bicycles, portable power and so on, based on the configuration of the single battery only by the I / O loop control system of charge-discharge. Inspiron 700m battery Inspiron 710m battery

 

Economic form (B) and single (C) No collecting data and record systems do not support battery-powered remote monitoring and user-oriented site on the battery power system quality assessment.

 

Above mentioned three types of configurations for the charge and discharge cycle of the battery mode operating system.

The fourth configuration is designed to operate a long period of trickle charge mode current battery systems for backup. In the standard configuration with the addition of self-balancing device automatic mode long-term net flow operation, it can automatically dispose of Equalization; the battery can be less maintenance mode of continuous operation. Inspiron 8500 battery Inspiron 8600 battery

Battery System Architecture

 

Over the years, nickel-cadmium PA3285U-2BRS PA3285U-3BRS batteries and newer technology Ni-MH battery has been the dominant market position. Li-ion is that in recent years, only enter the market. However, by virtue of its prominent superior performance, its market shares rapidly. Li-ion storage capacity incredible, but the tension of the individual cell and current are too low, insufficient to meet the needs of hybrid engines. To increase the current take up several batteries in parallel to obtain a higher voltage, then take up several batteries in series.

 

Manufacturers of batteries are generally similar to the “3P 50S” short for words to describe the layout of the stack, 3P 50S “on behalf of three cells in parallel and 50 batteries in series.

 

Because there are several cells in series, the modular structure is an ideal choice for battery management. For example, up to 12 batteries in series to form 3P 12S array to a battery unit (block). These charge the batteries of an electronic circuit with microprocessor management and balance. The output voltage of the battery blocks the serial number of the battery and the battery voltage of the decision. A single lithium PA3421U-1BRS PA3591U-1BRS battery voltage is generally between the range of 3.3 ~ 3.6 V when the output voltage between the battery pack between 30 ~ 45V.

 

Hybrid Electric Vehicle Drive around the need for 450V DC supply voltage. To compensate for the different state of charge of the battery voltage caused by differences in the battery and the motor drive unit connected between a DC / DC converters. The converter can also be limiting.

 

To enable DC / DC converters to achieve the best operating condition, the battery voltage must be maintained between 150 ~ 300V. To this end, should be 5 to 8 blocks in series with the battery.

 

The need for balance

 

When the voltage is beyond the permissible range, the lithium can be easily damaged. If the voltage exceeds the upper and lower limits (eg, Nanophosphate battery voltage of 3.6V lithium, respectively upper and lower limits, and 2V), the battery may be irreversible damage to, or at least increases the rate of ’self-discharge of the PA3191U-4BRS  PA3285U-1BRS battery. A fairly wide range of loading conditions, the output voltage can maintain stability, so that under normal circumstances, the possibility beyond the safe range is relatively low. However, near the safety limits of the curve of the upper and lower limits of the area is very steep. As a precaution, carefully monitoring the voltage level is essential.

 

When the battery voltage is close to the threshold, you must immediately stop discharging or charging. Balance function of the circuit is to regulate the battery voltage corresponding to the store in a safe place. To achieve this end, when the battery is at a voltage of battery and other batteries are not at the same time, they must be transferred between the energy in the PA3285U-2BRS battery.

 

Load Balance

 

A balanced approach to the traditional passive

 

In the traditional system of management of battery, each cell through the switch are connected to a load resistor. Passive balancing circuit can be specified separately discharge the battery, but only in the charging mode, the battery voltage up to suppress the voltage rise. To reduce energy consumption, commonly used in a small current of 100mA, which may lead to take hours to complete the charge balance? apple PowerBook G4 12 inch battery apple MacBook 13 inch battery

 

2 Balanced Active

 

The literature describes several initiatives in the charge balance method, these methods use the transfer of energy storage components. If using capacitors as storage device, you need a certain number of switching components will work with all capacitor energy storage battery connected. In contrast, using magnetic fields to store energy more efficiently, this system is the core of the transformer circuit. Infineon project team Vogt Electronic Devices Co., Ltd. (Electronic Components GmbH VOGT) to develop a corresponding prototype, which can be used for:

 

The energy transfer between multiple cell battery voltage multiplexing, as a land-based voltage mode digital conversion enter in principle, the structure is to use flyback converter (flyback converter). The transformer with the magnetic field energy stored there is a void in the heart of improving the resistance to prevent the material of magnetic saturation. M8403 A1079 A1008

 

There are two different windings of transformer:

 

Connected to the main winding and the battery

 

Under-windings and the battery connected to

 

Transformer model can be used to support a viable 12 batteries. The limiting factor is the number of possible connections. Transforming a prototype described in this article has 28 pins.

 

Switches Optimos 3 in the MOSFETs in series, they have a very low resistance, the resulting loss of conduction may be ignored. A1012 A1022 A1185

 

Each cell block from 8-bit microcontrollers of Infineon XC886CLM control, the controller has a flash memory and 32 KB of data memory, two CAN interfaces support the use of common equipment, automotive Controller Area Network (CAN) bus protocol communication, reduces CPU load, hardware algorithm for multiplication and division unit (MDU) to improve the operating speed.

 

The balance of the Li-ion battery charge of the Initiative January 11, 2010 Author: anonymous Source: Internet Publisher: ser

Balanced Approach

 

The processor may be bi-directional use, we can balance the situation by using two different methods. Firstly, one by a control circuit to detect the battery voltage, calculate the average, and then find the voltage and the average deviation of the larger battery. If the battery voltage is below average, while the use of limit equilibrium (bottom-balancing) method: if more than the average voltage, then use the equilibrium limit (Top-balancing) method. PA3465U-1BRS A1060

 

A minimum balance of

 

Figure 3 shows the need for a balanced approach in lower case in which the battery No. 2 was identified as the lowest battery voltage, the extra power.

 

Closed the main winding switch, the battery power to the processor. Then turn off the main switch of liquidation, closure of the corresponding sub-winding switch (in this case, the switch 2nd second winding) transformer transfers energy stored in the battery designated.

 

Each cycle consists of 2 active pulses and an interval of. In this case the period of 40ms, which corresponds to a frequency of 25 kHz. Transformer operating frequency should be higher than 20 kHz, to prevent the transformer core soft magnetic noise. asus A31-S5 battery asus A31-S6 battery

 

In a state of battery charge to reach the threshold of the equilibrium method can extend the working hours of battery. As long as the battery out of the current lower than the average balance of power, the vehicle can continue driving until the battery runs down the last.

 

2 Limit equilibrium

 

If battery voltage is higher than other batteries, it is necessary to remove excess energy from the battery, which is particularly necessary in the charge mode. If there is no balance function, then the first meeting immediately after the cessation of the battery is full charged. Balance function so that the entire battery voltage is maintained at the same level, thus avoiding the above situation from occurring. asus A32-A8 battery asus A32-S5 battery

 

Figure 4 shows examples of symmetric mode, the maximum energy flow. Voltage detecting, confirming, on the 5th battery is the highest battery voltage of the battery. Closed 5th time winding switch, current flows from the battery 5 transformers. Since the effect of the inductor, the current increases linearly with time. Given the inductance transformer is fixed characteristics, the maximum power of decision when the switch is closed. From 5 to leave the battery power is stored in the magnetic field of the transformer. Disconnected 5 times the winding switch, closing the main switch of liquidation, this time in the processor generator mode, the energy introduced into liquidation by large battery main battery.

 

Maximum mode balance between work and time and lower limits of the current balance is similar, but the work order and the current flows the opposite. asus A32-S6 battery asus A41-W3 battery

 

The balance of power

 

Based on Infineon’s E-configuration of the prototype cart, with an average balance 6 5A, over 50 times more reactive approach, while the remaining 5 A of current in the whole cell block consumes only 2W. Therefore, this balanced approach, no need to take special measures for cooling, while improving the energy balance system.

 

Detection voltage

 

For each state of the battery charge management, each of the battery voltage must be measured. Since only 1 of the battery in the micro-controller, analog-digital conversion within the cell block can not be measured directly in the cell voltage further. One possible program is used the network differential amplifier, but it needs to maintain the voltage level of the entire cell block. asus A42-A3 battery asus A42-W3 battery

 

The following is a just add a small amount of equipment to detect any method of battery voltage. The transformer’s primary role is to balance the load, but we can also use it as a multiplexer. In detection mode voltage, the flyback transformer model is not used. When the switches S1 to SN when someone in a locked, the battery connected to a voltage transformer was transmitted to all the windings. After simple pre-filter discrete signals detection are input to input pin microcontroller ADC.

 

S1 to SN of a switch is closed, the pulses generated by the detection of very short duration, real time may only be 4μs, if the energy stored in the transformer are not numerous. acer BTP-42C1 battery acer BTP-43D1 battery When the switch, the magnetic field energy stored in the main transistor fed back through the entire block of cells, thereby blocking the battery power is not affected. Again analyzed for the entire stack after the end of a scan cycle, the system returned to baseline.

 

Conclusion

 

Only by adopting the appropriate management system battery to fully utilize the advantages of lithium batteries. Take the initiative to load balance between system performance was significantly better than traditional passive methods. The creative use of a single processor, thereby reducing the cost of materials. acer BTP-44A3 battery acer BTP-52EW battery