Digital battery

Battery industry is another important component of the energy sector is the economic development of a new hot spot in 2006, the United States there are two top ten science and technology plan for the proposed battery , lead the industry Laptop battery acid, one third of total sales, and electricity, transport, development of information industries is closely tied to the truck automotive and other transportation and powerful system-wide uninterrupted power supply in the control of social production and business activities and human life, an essential product. The industry lead acid battery is the twenty-century and the first application of the most promising prospects of new green energy systems, while related to the implementation of national development strategies sustainable.

In recent years, lead-acid battery technology continues to grow, mature products. Structure progressively from the IBM ThinkPad T60 battery optimization and improvement, maintenance free batteries widely used, is still military, civilian transportation equipment, a device power supply important for our country become the world of big auto-producing countries play an important supporting role. VRLA batteries, gel batteries as backup power, large reserves of power components of heart, his production has become an important basis for economic development in the sex industry. Promising lead acid battery industry.

The main raw material for lead-acid batteries - lead repeated use recyclable, provided that the introduction of battery recycling waste related industrial policies, the right to direct the market, we can really solve the shortage of non-China Non-ferrous metals, lead pollution, resource and environmental problems a lot. Therefore, a correct understanding of the industry of storage Dell U4873 battery, the status quo, identify trends and effectively solve their own problems, is the recycling of resources and building a conservation-oriented society, is an effective way of scientific development in the national economy.

Firstly, the status quo of China’s lead-acid battery industry

Since its accession to the WTO, as well as the domestic industry and international battery, encourage manufacturers to increase investment in China, cause the rapid development of China-acid battery industry, the growth rate Annual over 30%. At the same time as the increasing demand of international market, China became the world’s largest exporter of lead acid batteries. Involve China, the acid hp 367759-001 battery technology and the gap between the international level was not evident, car batteries at international advanced level, use the power, the battery technology for electric bikes near the international advanced level.

After more than 20 years of development, maintenance free battery and sealed storage has achieved great success in technological advances to make lead-acid batteries, not only in transportation, military and national defense are widely used traditional areas, and is widely used in solar photovoltaics, wind power, communications power supply, power conversion and distribution, rail, maritime communications, starting, lighting, power, UPS power. Technological advances have contributed to the rapid development of industry stockpiles, making it one of the branches emerging future. However, because the lead, the main raw material-acid batteries - lead prices in the second half of 2004, a substantial increase, and continued to maintain a high price to run, lead-acid sony VGP-BPS2A battery drop-profit sector profit.

In recent years, along with changes in market demand, lead acid batteries continue to improve methods and processes of production, manufacture, scale, the specific energy battery, life cycle, the performance, consistency, use of safety and environmental protection continues to increase. With supply electric bicycle battery such as the development of technologies to high temperature drying is progressing rapidly. Generally believed that high temperature drying can increase the lifespan of the battery in recent years, and the ratio of negative additives also accumulated a large number of parameters, and identified a number of ordinary experiences. At home for other advanced technologies, such as liquidation of battery type, bipolar type, thin plates, etc. are still at the research stage, there is no mass production.

Status report of our patented technology, the toshiba PA3191U-2BRS battery industry in recent years, the overall line of development of defense technology is the improvement of the battery structure and evolution of the battery. The foreign patents are primarily related to cash thin bipolar plates lead acid battery, using the module structure of cells and colloid electrolyte lead battery sealed. Therefore, our proprietary technology with foreign countries is lagging a bit.

Secondly, lead-acid battery industry, the status quo and problems of environmental protection

After years of construction and development of China’s lead-acid battery industry has been primarily consisting of the system and showed trends of rapid development, environmental issues also made a breakthrough, at present, fumes of lead from China and the dust, sulfuric acid mist and methods of water treatment techniques and was essentially mature, medium and large lead acid battery manufacturers constantly increase the technological transformation efforts and modernizing process equipment commonly used in high efficiency cartridge precipitator replacement electrostatic dust-collector style, using a wet cleaning fumes of lead dust, with turbulent Ball sulfuric acid mist cleaning treatment fog absorption tower, flocculation reaction of lead-containing waste water treatment of acid technology to eliminate or reduce the impact of pollutants on the environment, producing a continuous improvement of working environment, most large and medium-sized manufacturing companies to achieve cleaner production, it is partly thanks to the certification of the National Environment.

However, for several reasons, the process of cell production of the pollution problem has not been well resolved, particularly in some of the many small and medium enterprises serious pollution problem in the production process: from Many manufacturers, small-scale, are more ecprice polluting, the uneven quality varies, some lack the environmental conditions of the factory workshop style rush into mass action, approximately one quarter of companies without approval Environmental Site of unauthorized construction, plant control of pollution are not complete, production is not strict measures of environmental protection and industrial safety and hygiene conditions, the operator and dangers to the ecological environment. Production permit system does not strictly own production, plant protection of the environment in respect of this point. Although our country since 2005, implementing the system of production permit, but because of the approval and implementation, there are problems and do not encourage manufacturers to achieve truly clean production, and many Manufacturers are not the legalization of Compliance (currently 930 companies were certified homes), causing serious environmental problems. Laws relating to the protection of the environment there is much more imperfect and not entirely satisfactory. Against polluting enterprises, protection of the environment and the fines and other ministries is limited, companies can not compare the social costs of pollution. In addition, the country does not specify protection for large and medium-sized policies apple M8403 battery manufacturers, and local departments of environmental protection is also for the management of small manufacturers of batteries, only the emphasis of regulation on businesses large and medium, reflecting firms’ costs of treatment of large and medium, monitoring costs, the “three simultaneous” evaluation fee, as a heavy burden. 

Introduced the use of nickel-metal hydride battery of new products also accelerated the acquisition of all the heat, of course, it is unique “temperament” as the energy density, the number of charge cycles and more details ‘memory effect is small, non-toxic metals such as cadmium, mercury are also a number of advantages achievement of nickel-metal hydride Laptop battery position in the bull market.

With all the hands in nickel-metal hydride batteries steadily increasing number of scientific leap in the use and maintenance has gradually at the sight of attention. As we all know, the brand Ni-MH IBM ThinkPad R51 battery life can be charged according to the official request that 500-1000 times, but this is actually a good value, and often do not respond to such a life. But as a sensible use of chargers, more in depth understanding of nickel-hydride batteries, metal, we have left to do, “longevity”.

1. Under normal circumstances, the new nickel-metal hydride batteries contain a small amount of electricity we buy on driving charge and then reuse. However, if time battery plant is quite short, electricity is sufficient to recommend use first and then reload.

2. The new nickel-metal hydride batteries to buy a general charge to go through 3-4 times and use of, performance can play in the best condition, many of my friends for the first time, the prosecution encountered a small problem, for example, the first charge did not imagine the number of PP film so many? In the 3-4 times after charging and the use of all be resolved.

3. Although nickel-metal hydride Dell Latitude D820 battery memory effect is small, as much as possible is recommended after each use finished loading and is full of time, do not charge you would use for one count and then. Only longevity, “Oh, the important point.

4. The battery charging, the charger should pay attention to the heat surrounding the deliberate use of what wind there too is no need for fans, but noted that the shipper should not put too much debris around. Ordinary users the process of using the battery, the battery is often not a dedicated storage bag; users to replace the battery, will acquire the habit of easy storage battery, regardless of where the place is clean and moist . The consequence is that the battery they get dirty easily, easy-to-metal contact, such as keys, etc. contact, easy to moisture, and it is the enemy of batteries. Recommendation: Users should set up a special cell to place points and keep the battery clean. To avoid problems such as loss of electricity to keep the Dell KD186 battery and contact points of the battery to both ends of the inner lid clean, if necessary, use a soft, clean and dry pasture.

5. A long time did not have time, remember to remove the battery from the storage battery, placed under dry conditions recommended brand of battery in the box to prevent short-circuit the battery.

6. A long time without nickel-hydride batteries in the metal shop a few months later, the battery naturally in hibernation “state”, the battery life considerably reduced. If Ni-MH battery has been placed for a very long time, I suggest you begin with the slow charge is appropriate to impose. For another important issue at stake here: for Ni-MH HSTNN-LB31 battery, the battery must be completely discharged, then save, store, or online? Both points of view very different from what it should be used? Many people think that we should adopt the first, but I thought that to save the battery charge is reasonable. Because: According to tests, Ni-MH battery to save the best conditions to save about 80% charged. Because the nickel-metal hydride batteries self-discharge rate is high (10% -15% per month or almost), if the battery is completely discharged, then save it for a long time not to use the ‘battery-discharge phenomenon will discharge excessive battery, may damage the battery. Do not believe? So you think to buy a new nickel-metal hydride rechargeable battery is not all there is electricity, which is the reason. Recommendation: Apart from correcting the wrong point of view, maintenance of the battery to start in the right direction, otherwise it will backfire.

7. There are many messages from friends post questioned how to meet Ni-MH? After investigation, after many specialists battery reach a unanimous conclusion to remind friends. Do not nickel hydride metal discharge the sony VGP-BPS2 battery, excessive discharge may cause the failure of pricing to harm is much greater than Ni-MH battery memory effect of the battery itself!

8. Auto multimeter test battery is full or not. Ni-MH batteries in general charge before the voltage is below 1.2V, filled with normal voltage is 1.4 V or later. We as a judge, also very easy to judge the condition of the battery.

9. Chargers can be divided into fast charge and trickle charge. Low load current is small, typically around 200 mA, such as our common load current is about 160mA. His long-time charge, 1800mAh Ni-MH toshiba PA3399U-1BAS battery should be 16 hours or more. Even if I was a little slow, but the charge would be filled very full, and do not hurt the battery. Fast charge current is usually in the more than 400mA, charging time significantly reducing the number of .3 to 4 hours can manage that, but also won the affection of all. Several types of fast charge, prices vary. Therefore, we often have questions about the same load faster, why the price is a big gap in it? Good charger in particular is a good fast charge brought against over-charging protection function, for example, we have a common understanding Acura Panasonic BQ 390 charger has been particularly noteworthy in this regard, excellent software chip capacity charge the battery while it also brought evil upon the battery, quick charger minimized.

10. Conflict: trickle charge does not hurt the battery charging time is too long, however; fast charge can save time, but there is damage to the battery, even if the surface is the world need the best degree Panasonic BQ390 charger only very good harm reduction, but not totally avoided. Contradiction can be resolved is to buy a quick charge and a trickle charge. Quick charge with the load for some time, for example, 5.10 times after the transition to slow Chong Chongdian once or twice. This apple A1078 battery performance to return to a higher state.

11. The batteries are commonly used battery, four or six, and this time, to maintain the balance of each cell is very important, otherwise, due to a battery problem has affected the work of the entire battery. First, the battery capacity and ensure consistency, the best place to buy the same brand of the same type of battery time. Then the internal battery power to maintain consistency, simply, is that the electric battery is either full or empty. If there are more groups in the composition of the battery, you can try to “select” look. Means that the specific capacity, similar to the battery voltage and other parameters in one set of battery cells in series, due to poor conditions, under normal circumstances let endpoint measures after the tension and son of red blood on it.

12. Speaking on the last charge and discharge.

Top of the range of NI-MH Aspire 3000 battery charger with battery test delta-V to determine if the battery is full. When the curve of discharge voltage of the battery and is somewhat similar to the beginning of a more rapid rise, followed by rising slowly until the stuffing is good, the tension began to decline rapidly, but decrease in not very large. Before commonly used nickel, cadmium batteries are also similar, but drop the speed and the amplitude was higher than the NI-MH. Most chargers on the market type (less expensive) is often used is the value of the charge pressure, such as the elderly GP 1.4V Rechargeable value Po is the pressure that is precipitated at 1.4V when the battery voltage, because there is no difference, and charge on the end. Such a result is often that the battery can not be bridged, particularly in some older battery due to increased internal resistance, the real addition to the low voltage battery. And this charger currents tend to be smaller, often charging more than 10 hours. Using Delta-V cutoff automatic charger, since it can precisely control the load time, use may be more reliable high-current load. High charging current nickel-metal hydride battery for damage and do not want to imagine the contrary, the use of DC current, but also require high current load. The first is a matter of time, not talk. Then, Ni-MH battery has a characteristic, that is, the higher your current rate, it can release the most common, and now is tigre DC electric current is not small, so relatively speaking the use of relatively large load current is a choice, you can clean the toshiba PA3191U-4BRS battery is added. General 5 charge current should not exceed 1.5 C, C to the battery capacity is 1000MAH batteries, not more than 1.5A. I usually carried with the load 0.5C (my charger with adjustable current). Discharge zone, in normal circumstances, DC Black can be a burden on Na Qu, NI-MH little memory effect. However, in a period of time after use, and the balance of the cell to activate the battery when the battery discharge and control the termination voltage. NI-MH battery termination voltage of 0.9 V, the discharge time careful not to over-discharge, the 0.9V for each battery when it may stop the rejection file. NI-MH battery is not powerful nickel-cadmium batteries, the overcharge and over discharge and is more sensitive to high temperatures. Charge and discharge temperature. In general, do not let the hp F4809A battery temperature exceeds 45 degrees. When the battery is fully charged, the battery will be hot, filled with large current when the temperature is 42 degrees and not more than 45 degrees, otherwise life will soon be reduced, the battery internal resistance will increase. Also, the load of the battery temperature is higher, and so on until after the cooling of its rechargeable battery, charging money for having to wait for the freshness of the battery. After a long time is not re-using, it is preferable to activate the battery to discharge a few times. Usually used in time to pay attention to maintaining the integrity of the wrapping paper, can not be broken in order to prevent short circuits. Do not fight the impact of the battery, do not fire and so on.

The world’s largest thin film solar batteries first manufacturer to 0.87 USD per watt production costs 944 million U.S. dollars in 2009 mid-term revenue and market capitalization of 12 billion U.S. dollars, breaking the bubble theory of thin-film batteries. However, the technology of thin film Laptop battery with each passing day in this market, which will eventually Swordsman, at present it is still difficult to judge. ?

For the thin film batteries have launched the project poses potential problems arising, as prices dropped polysilicon, the market there is a concern - a relatively thin crystalline silicon battery IBM 40Y6799 battery film cost advantage will be weakened, some property owners or solar power plant will turn to the use of cost is significantly reduced in the crystalline silicon batteries and their components. Manufacturers Suntech polycrystalline silicon batteries and even the bar Shi Zhengrong also argued that “thin-film solar is definitely a bubble, and short-term challenge is very great that the conversion efficiency of over 15% and costs less than 5 percent of cases, have the opportunity.

The world’s largest thin film solar battery manufacturer first (First Solar) with the financial results of striking the thin film VGP-BPS2C batteries to suppress the outside world “bubble” in the conflict. After experiencing the first quarter of 2009 fell short chain, solar energy first in the second quarter income from operations reached $ 526 million, up 97%, 26% Bizenga ring in Meanwhile, not only improved its market share and market value in the holistic V manufacturers in the first place. In crystalline silicon batteries in the context of the sharp reduction in production costs, the thin-film batteries not only has not lost market share, but under the continuous improvement of technology, to resist unit pressure drop component, will further reduce unit production costs.

Downward trend in unit costs of production

First Solar in manufacturing is almost cadmium telluride (CdTe) thin-film batteries synonyms. Since 2002, cadmium telluride thin-film BATBL50L6 batteries to reach a production volume for the first solar energy has grown at an alarming rate, production of 6.5 MW from 2004 to 2008 of 504 MW, the rate of growth compound annual 139% in 2008, was Q-Batteries in production after the second largest photovoltaic manufacturers. The first half of 2009, income from the point of view, First Solar has Yueshen global PV manufacturers.

First Solar’s competitiveness steady decline primarily on the ability to continue to reduce unit manufacturing costs. Financial data revealed that the first unit cost of producing solar energy has increased from 2004 to U.S. $ 2.94 per / watt compressed to 2008 to U.S. $ 1.08 per watt. In the photovoltaic industry turn down in the fourth quarter of 2008, First Solar energy, the average cost of production fell to 0.98 U.S. dollars per watt, the cost of production is first in the world less than U.S. $ 1 per watt of solar energy companies. In 2009, to further reduce production costs, fourth and second quarter of 0.93 U.S. dollars / W and 0.87 USD / W. First Solar, president of the public said it expects its cost of production in 2014 thin film A1045 batteries are expected to lower the U.S. $ 0.52-0.63 per watt and efficiency of opto-electronic conversion is currently 10.9% to 12.5%.

Market share, increase rather than reduce

Zhou Tao, as the Great Wall Securities Research Institute estimates that if prices of polysilicon fall to 30-40 U.S. $ / kg, corresponding thin film toshiba PA3534U-1BRS battery production cost is 1.4 U.S. dollars per watt. A leading global supplier of polysilicon (Hemlock, MEMC, Wacker, etc.) unit costs were 30 U.S. dollars / kg, far lower than the U.S. domestic 60-80 dollars / kg costs, and thus see the price of polysilicon 30 U.S. dollars / kg is almost impossible, and batteries and components of production costs, the crystalline silicon batteries is difficult to compete with thin-film batteries. In addition, thin-film batteries suitable for automated production lines, the same work required for the production of crystalline silicon is only 1 / 25, the entire production process can be completed in 3 hours, much better than performance of crystalline silicon batteries.

Thus, despite the slowdown in crystalline silicon battery silicon crystal unit to provide more competitive, but increasing market share of thin-film batteries is an indisputable fact. The data show that manufacturers thin film hp PP2182D battery from the 2000 global market share of 10.1% to 12.5% in 2008, cadmium telluride and copper indium selenide Gallium thin-film batteries (CIGS) is still most extraordinary development, the growth rate is higher than the average PV. U. S. Energy Information Administration data show that the United States and Germany markets are experiencing the same trend: in 2008, the United States, 67.5% of PV modules using thin film technology, and from the latter in 2002 from less than 10% to 2007 years, nearly 40% in the German market adoption of photovoltaic thin films are up to 20%. In fact, because the crystalline silicon batteries and modules to the declining rate of production is lower than the cost of thin-film batteries, if the market share it has increased rather than decreased over the second quarter 2009, increase the share of thin-film batteries. Media Technology Green predicted that by 2012 the capacity of thin film batteries, solar energy accounted for 30% of total capacity.

Gross margin data also showed that the component units of the erosion of selling prices, solar energy first is almost not affected profitability. The fourth quarter of 2008, the first decline in short-term gross margin of solar BATCL50L energy, the two following quarters, gross margins have started to rebound in the first quarter of 2009, and in the second quarter reached a record high respectively.

However, because of differences between the two applications (crystalline silicon batteries in the solar roofs program has advantages, thin film batteries and photovoltaic power plant construction in large scale integration (BIVP) project is an advantage) industry and First Solar thin-film batteries is still “in a big” do not upgrade from the basic large-scale industry, so that a large-scale thin-film batteries will not replace crystalline silicon batteries.

Win in Chernical

Thin-part battery of the film market in the past, the steady increase is primarily attributable to the contribution of solar energy first. From a commercial point of view of the operation, the first solar energy is currently the only operating large-scale commercial manufacturers on a thin film Dell KD186 battery. 2008 shares of market thin-film batteries, the first account of solar energy for Liu Cheng. However, the rapid development of technology thin-film battery, in addition to the hands of the first solar thin film technology cadmium telluride battery, there are still two major types of thin battery technology of film production: the thin film silicon technology (such as a-Si) selenide and copper indium gallium thin-film technology.

Just the transformation efficiency perspective, the CIGS considerable advantage, in theory, the maximum effective rate of 19.9%, much higher than the 16.9% of cadmium telluride and silicon 12.8 %. Despite its raw materials, indium (In) is rarer, the world reserves are about 2 million tonnes, to 400 GW of 40Y6795 batteries available for use, but because of the current global CIGS few Manufacturers of batteries, and in 2010 the production capacity of 300 MW, the 14 tons of Indium be much lower than existing materials, the production of indium, the short-term reserves of the problem and not restrict the prospects of CIGS batteries.

From a cost perspective, the securities that although the price has dropped crystalline silicon, CIGS remain competitive prices. First, as CIGS batteries have not yet reached the volume of production, through the low cost of the demolition, taking into account the process similar to the cost of the membership of First Solar (primarily the depreciation of equipment, glass, materials and labor, etc.), and as a result of large-scale CIGS thin-film hp Pavilion dv6000 battery cost is about $ 1.07 U.S. per watt, well below the current cost of batteries crystalline silicon. Secondly, the CIGS batteries use glass substrates relatively inexpensive, such as rare elements needed for a significant reduction in the amount of wear effects In addition, the CIGS batteries better low light on the light requirements reduced Running time is much higher than the crystalline silicon batteries.

While the less efficient silicon-based photoelectric conversion thin-film batteries, because of unstable performance, the path of future development depends on technological progress. At The Great Wall Securities Zhou Tao seems, because of its key raw silane (SiH4) easily accessible, suitable for mass production, so if the conversion efficiency can be stabilized at 10% or more, will have a significant competitive advantage.