Digital battery

2. Lithium continued expansion of production capacity

 

Rockwood, SQM, FMC and production companies lithium accounted for about 3 / 4, some of China’s lithium ThinkPad R52 battery ThinkPad T40 battery production of small producers account for about 1 / 4. SQM produces about 35% of the global supply of lithium carbonate. Rockwood Corporation, through its business unit of specialty chemicals Chemetall produces about 30% of lithium carbonate on the planet, while the production accounts of FMC for approximately 5% ~ 10%.

 

In 2009, the world’s resources in lithium consumption of 8 million tonnes, is expected to five years later, the United States alone 10 million lithium-electric cars, the demand would consume resources of 100,000 tons of lithium. Since 2005, the soaring price of lithium over 10 million yuan per tonne in November 2009 rose to over 60 million yuan per tonne. Inspiron B120 battery Inspiron B130 battery

 

In 2008, production of lithium in the world (equivalent lithium carbonate) estimated at 8 million tons / year. The status quo of the global industry of lithium carbonate, the threshold of significant resources, capacity is highly concentrated. At the end of 2008, global demand for lithium carbonate for a total of approximately 95,000 tons, a major international manufacturers have SQM in Chile, the United States and Germany, the total capacity Chemtall CME year of 79,000 tons, representing 80% of global market share. The large-scale production of lithium carbonate as the company needs to have reserves of lithium resources are more abundant in salt lake resources, mineral rights, which makes the resources of industry with higher barriers to entry, on the other hand, the vast majority of the world’s resources are high in salt magnesium low base of lithium, and high-Mg low separation of brine lithium carbonate lithium technology process purification is very difficult to control before such technology is only a few hands of foreign companies, making the industry of lithium carbonate, but also provides many technical obstacles. Therefore, lithium carbonate has created the oligopoly structure of global industry. hp Pavilion DV1000 battery  hp Pavilion dv4000 battery

 

Lithium mainly from three suppliers, “Lithium Triangle” (Argentina, Bolivia and Chile) to produce brine deposits of lithium. SQM and companies Rockwood Salar de Atacama region of Chile production of lithium, the advantage of lithium at high concentrations and high evaporation rate in the production process may be using solar energy. In addition to outside of South America, companies are Rockwood U. S. Silver Peak, Nevada, brine produced by lithium.

 

FMC Corporation from Salar de Hombre Muerto in Argentina storage brine produced lithium, a filtration process, filtering process faster but more expensive than other processes.

 

Previously, Li Li-Hui career sediment extract. Through this process, however, occur because purity is low, requiring several extraction steps and is energy-intensive process. China is now used only from spodumene to produce a large number of lithium carbonate. M8403 A1079

 

Storage Capacity of South America is increasing. SQM is now the production capacity of lithium carbonate from 3 million tons / year in the third quarter of 2008, expanded to nearly 4 million tons / year. If market demand is strong, it will be extended to be able to 6 million tons / year.

 

Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia has a lithium-store approximately 550 million tons.

 

Admiralty Resources Inc. plans to develop north of Rincon Salara Argentina extended extraction brine, the mine has an equivalent of lithium carbonate from 10.5 thousand tons. All offers World production of lithium carbonate is about 20%. The goal now is to start production in 2009. 50 tons / year average system was commissioned in April 2008.

 

Currently the “Li-triangle” of production of lithium PA-10 PA-12 PA-16 is always a great advantage of economic cost. However, higher prices contribute to the development of lithium storage outside of South America. Nordic Mining Company of Norway through the acquisition of lithium-development projects in Finland, Europe’s leading lithium carbonate for industrial battery manufacturers. The company expects production in 2013 in Finland, 3300 tons / year of lithium carbonate. Esmeralda County, Nevada, United States, presented the perspectives for the development of the mine brine lithium, the Black Pearl will be developed in mining companies, including California, Nevada and Utah, Great Basin, which mine brine lithium.

 

The first 20 years, Chinese manufacturers have also implemented this increase. China in 2007, total global market for lithium is about 1 / 4. 2 to 5 years, China will be able to significantly increase its production capacity is expected to have more than doubled.

 

Lithium-ion source of raw materials in our very extensive. China is one of resources of lithium in the world, the power, especially in the salt lake in Qinghai and Tibet, a large number of lithium resources, development of Salt Lake, not only low-cost lithium - ion 9T215 P/N 310-4804 A1021 to provide raw materials, but also conducive to the development of the western region. At the same time, manganese, iron, vanadium and phosphorus rich resources in China. Synchronous motor permanent magnet with a small size, light weight and high performance features, but China is a large country of rare earth permanent magnetic materials for lithium-electric cars, provided that the hardware warranty.

 

China has been found in the Qaidam Basin, mine brine lithium, but the concentration of the brine mining Chinese small, so that China-made lithium-price the company SQM, and Rockwood doubled.

 

Lithium Salt Lake in the independent R & D, which provides technology and production process of magnesium on the basis of a number of large industrial enterprises in China in recent years in the depths of the Qaidam Basin Zabuye Salt Lake and start build lithium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide and other chemicals production base. The current national production companies lithium carbonate mainly in Tibet, mining, CITIC Guoan, Western Mining Group, Qinghai Salt Lake Group, the four companies, while the extraction of Tibet CITIC Guoan accounted for the vast majority, the two companies in 2008, lithium carbonate Total production over 4000 tons. M7332 402018-001 371790-001

 

October 12, 2009, Japan, Toyota Tsusho Corporation (hereinafter referred to as Toyota Tsusho) and China CITIC Guoan Information Industry Company Limited (hereinafter referred to as CITIC Guoan) have signed a letter of intent, both parties will cooperate in the production and sale of battery lithium carbonate grade and downstream products. Toyota Tsusho is the Toyota Group in automotive related company trading business, CITIC Guoan is a subsidiary of listed company CITIC Group, the West has now taijnar Qinghai Salt Lake, an area of 570 square kilometers, is a lithium liquid based mining of large deposits of lithium carbonate in resources highlighted. This is another signal that the competition was a new energy vehicles to advance upstream resources.

 

China’s Tibet Autonomous Region of the Economic Commission announced in late August 2008, Tibet will expand the resource base of the largest of China Lithium Zabuye Salt Lake, their investments will reach 1.084 billion yuan. After completion of the project, annual sales revenue of 639 million yuan, profits and taxes 200 million yuan. The expansion project would be a lithium salt and 5,000 tons / year based on the construction of the lithium salt of 2 million tons / year, 5,000 tons of lithium chloride per year, lithium PPP012L F1781A acer-pa1650-adapter-p-52844.html”>PA1650 500 tons / year, 200 tonnes of high purity lithium / year, material lithium 30 tons / year, and other lithium compounds, 490 tons / production capacity this year. Salt Lake Zabuye Zhongba County, Shigatse in Tibet, it is the world’s known resources of more than three megatons Lithium is one of the great salt lake, the brine surface, intergranular brine and solid mineral include carbonate Lithium, total reserves of up to 2.4663 million tons. Which only the surface to control the economic base of brine reserves reached 704.1 thousand tons, the amount of lithium resources in China ranks first.

 

Statistics show that the hinterland of Qinghai-Tibet is located in the Qaidam Basin, rich in potassium, sodium, magnesium, lithium, boron and other mineral resources, including magnesium chloride 3.1 billion tons, representing about 99% of the country to maintain reserves, lithium chloride nearly 14 million tonnes, representing 83% of countries maintain reserves. In early 2007, human West taijnar Qinghai CITIC Guoan Technology Development Corporation-Project tons of lithium carbonate was officially put into production in Qaidam Basin, the taijnar West Lake has become an important production base for carbonate lithium. PCGA-AC16V6 PCGAAC19V3 VGP-AC16V7

 

In addition, the largest China has a wealth of brine magnesium high ratio between lithium treatment in May will be more complex.

 

A alleged that hybrid electric vehicles or pure electric vehicle batteries and other applications of lithium demand will continue to grow. At the current demand for speed, world supply would meet in 1775, the Salar de Atacama in Chile was 6.9 million tonnes of recoverable lithium, Salar de Uyuni in Bolivia has 5.5 million tons of lithium recoverable.

 

Lithium Jiangxi Province New Energy and Industrial Base, November 17, 2009 in Jiangxi Province, Yichun city park open. The nation of the first base of the lithium battery industry, Yichun play three years of its lithium carbonate caused by the largest production base in Asia, five power one year period play caused by the lithium PA3468U-1ACA PA3097U-1ACA PA3396U-1ACA the largest production base in China. Yichun, Jiangxi province has the largest in the world is mine lithium is now proven recoverable reserves of lithium oxide is 110 million tonnes, representing 31% of the country, representing 12% of the world, and good use of resources, Yichun’s “Lithium industry is incredibly. It is understood that the lithium battery of the first industrial country basis, the planning area of 20 square kilometers (30,000 acres), there are already new energy sources in the United States, the Chinese house, Foster and other energy projects in more than 20 lithium-signed enrollment contracts signed in funding over 10 billion yuan. Lithium cope with future development of the industry is expected to development objectives is divided into three stages: 2009 ~ 2012, output power, lithium energy industries and new endeavor to 8.0 billion before the end of 2012, 2013 and 2015, industry lithium CLP new energy begins to take shape, and seek the year before the end of 2015, the production value of 300 billion yuan from 2016 to 2020, formed a relatively complete set of cluster energy lithium new industry, and we’re trying to break the end of 2020 the output value of 100 billion yuan the previous year. PA3467U-1ACA PA3282U-1ACA

Rising gasoline prices and increased consumer awareness of green has been the global automotive industry to review its training system power, rechargeable lithium-ion 361742-001 371785-001 417066-001 batteries for hybrid electric vehicles has now become (HEV) application technology come to the forefront.

 

Analysts said that the face of near-zero emissions from the point of view, hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) battery with 2015 sales of lithium is expected to more than 500 million U.S. dollars.

 

Currently, Rockwood Holdings, Chile, Quimicay Sociedad Minera (SQM) and FMC Corporation is the world’s leading manufacturer of lithium, the effectiveness of lithium to be due to many new applications.

 

1. Lithium For development prospects ion

 

Lithium in the application of lithium-ion is confirmed. The first phase of cell phone applications, each cell needs to use about 1 / 10 ounce of lithium carbonate. The second step is the demand of 346970-001 367759-001 F2024A laptops, mobile phones require the use of lithium carbonate is about 10 times the amount used.

 

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) use of lithium batteries for laptop computers must use lithium-lithium 100 times.

 

The lithium-ion batteries should be the performance of the HEV to play a key plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) using the combustion engine and two electric propulsion systems. HEV, including plug-in hybrid (PHEV), the system used by combustion engines, because there is enough electricity for storage can be powered by battery, a certain distance. In addition, the pure electric vehicle (EV) does not define the combustion engine, rely on battery electric drives. The lithium-ion batteries is expected to enable the plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) price and performance to natural gas powered cars comparable. F2024B F4486B F4809A

 

Although Nickel - Metal Hydride has been applied to most of HEV batteries, but lithium-ion battery and compared to the manufacture of chemicals, plants larger and smaller. Toyota Prius hybrid electric cars common to nickel - metal hydride-powered. Toyota said that by 2010, hybrid sales of 1 million years.

 

Chemical manufacturers to invest in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), there is potential for development. Rockwood company has developed a proprietary technology of lithium salts driver, as driver lithium battery can help to overcome some challenges. SQM with Europe, Japan, Korea and the United States, the leading manufacturer of cathode business alliance created to develop automotive lithium-ion batteries.

 

However, the automotive industry in the mass production of hybrid electric vehicles are F4812A HSTNN-lB31 PB991A still at the initial stage, the lithium battery car is still very low. The strong growth in other end user demand and the prices just continue to support the application of lithium.

 

Bank of America, Kevin McCarthy, according to forecasts, sales of lithium 2015 HEV will approximately 6 billion dollars. Analysis, HEV lithium there are more opportunities for long-term development. It is estimated that by 2010 sales of approximately one million hybrid electric vehicles, will double annual sales by 2015. Bank of America, Kevin McCarthy expects operating income in 2015 consumption of lithium batteries account for almost half of batteries pure electric vehicles in 2007 will be the total amount of lithium is less than 1% increase in sales business in 2015 was 1 / 4.

 

Rockwood company in 2007 by lithium carbonate, lithium metal and lithium compounds from total operating revenues of approximately 4.5 billion U.S. dollars. FMC 2007 sales of 210 million U.S. lithium. Rockwood and similar to FMC products of lithium PB992A PB994A PP2182D carbonate and special common lithium products downstream. SQM is the world’s leading manufacturer of lithium carbonate, which came in 2007 from lithium and lithium derivatives revenues of 179.8 million U.S. dollars.

 

Batteries, and medical end-users together accounted for on the supply of lithium Rockwood 40%. Analysts estimate that the short term, demand for lithium in the pharmaceutical sector will be affected mainly by strong demand for butyl lithium and other battery applications of lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate and stimulate request.

 

Production of lithium carbonate consumption in HEV cases showed a high demand there is no double-digit rates. In 2007, nearly 20% of demand growth is expected in the medium term will continue to be above 10% rate.

 

In most applications the PP2182L HSTNN-LB31 battery, the rapid increase in the medium term are presented in the grease lubricants lithium hydroxide, glass and glass-melting material with lithium carbonate, lithium carbonate and d ‘ other air conditioning systems.

 

With lithium-ion HEV Powered accelerate the commercial market, the battery company Johnson Controls-Saft was in January 2007 in France, a large-scale production of the world’s leading manufacturer of batteries for hybrid electric vehicles production, and has been with Mercedes hybrid electric vehicle company signed class supply lithium-ion battery contracts, hybrid electric vehicles in the class of commercial production in early 2009. NEC Electronics Japan, the annual production in 2009 is 13,000 lithium-ion batteries by 2010 expansion to 6.5 million units, to apply to hybrid electric vehicles Nissan. Latitude C500 battery Latitude C510 battery

 

Some car manufacturers use lithium-ion battery powered hybrid electric vehicle program developed. Tesla Motors has been the United States in March 2008 to begin production in 2008 Tesla Roadster electric hybrid vehicles, we will launch the 2009 model. Toyota and Matsushita joint venture Panasonic EV Energy Company in 2009 vehicle production limited to lithium-ion batteries in 2010, transition to mass production.

 

A number of other manufacturers of lithium ion, including LG, South Korea Company, Chemical, Society and the South Korean Hyundai Motor Company has signed a contract with effect from July 2009 to Accent Hybrid distribution of electric vehicles lithium-ion batteries. PHEV Saturn and General Motors Volt EV mass production in 2010. Sanyo Electric Company will begin production of 1.5 ~ 20000 / year on lithium-ion battery for HEV use in 2011. Volkswagen, hybrid electric cars in 2010 using the Sanyo Electric Company-technology lithium ion batteries. Latitude C540 battery Latitude C600 battery

 

2009 lithium-ion rechargeable battery market was formally established. This is because in Japan and the automakers abroad have started in the cars on the use of lithium-ion battery. Domestic manufacturers in Japan, Toyota Motor, Fuji Heavy Industries, Mitsubishi Motors has decided to adopt, while in Europe and the United States, Daimler also said that the adoption. In addition, Nissan, Germany, Audi, General Motors is also ready to adopt in 2010.

 

Decided hybrids (HEVs) and electric vehicles (EV) performance of rechargeable batteries, most of the more significant changes occur. The reason is that Toyota, Nissan, automakers top of Japan have since introduced in 2009 models with lithium-ion rechargeable battery. Latitude C610 battery Latitude C640 battery

 

Objects involved in HEV, EV, plug-in hybrid (PHEV) and other areas. Toyota has announced it will start a subsidiary in 2009 - Panasonic EV Energy production in small batches for the hybrid rechargeable lithium-ion battery, started mass production in 2010.

 

In 2000, “Tino hybrid” style on the first lithium-ion battery is equipped with Nissan, also in 2010 with mass production of lithium-ion rechargeable HEV and EV. HEV due to the back of four-wheelers motor, the current transmission has been made public, and tap into the luggage compartment is equipped with a lithium-ion battery. These batteries will be Nissan and NEC, NEC Dong-Jin, a joint venture Automotive Energy Supply (AESC) provides. Latitude C800 battery Latitude C810 battery

 

In addition to Toyota, Nissan, other major providers are also required to use the lithium-ion battery. Fuji Heavy Industries, mass production scheduled in 2009 to “Plugin Stella Concept” for the prototype EV, Nissan will be the same car using batteries manufactured AESC. In addition, Mitsubishi Motors will also purchase and GS Yuasa Corporation (GS Yuasa), as a joint venture between Lithium Energy Japan (LEJ) Batteries manufactured in 2009, mass production of EV “i MiEV”.

 

Honda plans new models of HEV further in 2009 and 2010 in the “Fit” in additional HEV models, but has not yet shown that in general the use of lithium-ion HEV battery. However, the company in November 2008 in Japan began to rent vehicles to hybrid fuel cell “FCX Clarity” is equipped with lithium-ion rechargeable battery, replacing the capacitor has been used before. Latitude C840 battery Latitude CPi battery

 

In foreign manufacturers, the Volkswagen Group in Germany is planned for 2010 Audi Announces HEV, the lithium-ion batteries, Sanyo Electric will mass production in 2009. The decision of General Motors on the HEV market in 2010, lithium-ion batteries will also Hitachi Vehicle Energy (Hitachi Vehicle Energy) for mass production by the end of 2009.

4. Filing Rapid Thermal Chemical Vapor (RTCVD)

RTCVD (Rapid Thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition) is the atmospheric pressure CVD (APCVD) has, based on induction heating, optical or radio frequency heating of the substrate and material support substrate so that the temperature the plant quickly reach the reaction temperature. Laboratories RTCVD graphite boat by radio frequency (RF) heating. Aspire 3000 battery LCBTP03003 RTCVD inner wall of the reaction temperature is lower, it does not react to the energy deposition occurs, so RTCVD are cold reactor wall. With the high deposition temperature polysilicon thin film of other commonly used methods: such as low pressure CVD (LPCVD) and liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) over, TRCVD The main advantage is the relatively simple devices, the deposition rate of high-speed heating and cooling (and hence less energy consumption) Simple answer, there are a variety of combinations to choose gas source. Some method of deposition on the growth rate anisotropy is strong (as EPA), this effect is much lower in the CVD process, which is heterogeneous in the polycrystalline and epitaxial thin film on a substrate is very important.

 

CVD deposition of a thin film of crystalline silicon crystal growth from the vapor phase of the complex physicochemical processes. Growth process can be divided into the following steps:

 

1) The transport of reaction gases in the drop zone and spreads to the substrate surface; PB991A PB992A PB994A

 

2) The reaction of molecules adsorbed on the surface of the substrate;

 

3) The reactive chemical reactions between molecules. Generated silicon atoms on the surface migration, aggregation, deposition;

 

4) The adsorption reaction by-products and left the drop zone.

 

The above steps took place one after another, the total deposition rate is determined by the slowest step in the decision, then the rate of deposition of layers mainly by the decision, the above measures 1 3. Overall, the temperature is low, the reaction of the chemical reaction between molecules determine the rate of growth of thin films (a situation that control the reaction rate), the temperature is high, the deposit rate will be more subject to control chemical reaction rate. At that time, to reach the reaction surface of the substrate will determine the number of molecules the size of the deposition rate (a situation that the transfer of control of mass). PP2182D PP2182L HSTNN-LB31

 

Secondly, the solid phase crystallization of amorphous silicon thin film method (SPC)

 

Solid-phase crystallization technique (CPS) is to the solid state in the thin amorphous silicon atoms in silicon layers are activated, restructuring, so that thin layers of amorphous silicon thin polysilicon crystallization technology Film. It is characterized by the occurrence of crystallisation of amorphous solids below their melting temperature after the temperature of crystallization. Low-cost poly-silicon thin-film solar cell, tends to be used as a substrate of glass cheap, silane gas as raw materials, the growth method of PECVD a-Si: H film, then heat-treated in a polycrystalline silicon thin film method. This technique has the advantage of large area thin films can be prepared, may be far from in-situ doped, low cost, a simple, easy to form a production line. Conventional furnace annealing at high temperature, rapid thermal annealing, the metal-induced crystallization, the crystallization induced by microwave part of the scope of the solid phase crystallization. Inspiron 1300 battery Inspiron 1318 battery

 

1. Conventional high-temperature furnace annealing

 

The method is of high purity nitrogen in a vacuum, or under the protection of the thin layer of amorphous silicon in the annealing furnace into the amorphous polysilicon. It is the use of the recrystallization of thin amorphous silicon to polycrystalline silicon thin films prepared by one of the most direct and simplest method, but also the first country people to adopt a crystallization technology.

 

In addition to the grain size of a thin film of polycrystalline silicon by effects of temperature, the condition of the initial structure of amorphous silicon film is also closely linked. Preparation of thin films of amorphous silicon in many ways, such as magnetron sputtering, the CVD method. Under normal circumstances, the use of the CVD method and prepared a-Si: H thin films after solid-phase crystallization, the grain can be better quality and larger size of polycrystalline silicon thin film. Because the method of depositing thin films of amorphous silicon, which contains large quantities of hydrogen. In fact, the deposition conditions on the preparation of a-Si: H films in the H content and its relationship with the combination of Si means the monitoring of solid phase crystallization process of thin layers of polysilicon and nature material plays a crucial impact. Sony VGP-BPS8 Sony VGP-BPS8A  a-Si: H films deposited at low temperature, solid phase materials in thin layers of polycrystalline silicon crystals obtained after the grain will be. Because the low temperature deposition of amorphous silicon materials has led to a higher state of disorder, making the nucleation method of solid phase crystallization (SPC) of thin films of polysilicon prepared by low density and therefore greater grain size.

 

For the CVD method is used, compared to direct deposit obtained materials in thin layers of polysilicon columns, using solid phase crystallized thin film polycrystalline silicon material obtained has a size larger grains, leading to its high carrier mobility rate. At the same time, it also found that the deposition of a-Si: H thin films after crystallization in solid phase, its increases in grain size with film thickness. Typically, for about the temperature to 400 ℃ under the conditions of depositing a-Si: H thin-film solid-phase crystallization process is the a-Si: H thin-film at about 600 ℃ under the conditions of heat treatment of approximately 15 hours. Through such a process may be CVD a-Si: H thin-film phase completely transformed into polycrystalline silicon. In addition, the study found that the use of PECVD deposition of thin films of amorphous silicon, low substrate temperature, deposition rate of the highest degree of disorder in the films of amorphous silicon will be higher using the crystallization polycrystalline silicon thin film amorphous silicon obtained grain size of the film will be larger; PA-10 PA-12 PA-16 a-Si film thicker polysilicon films crystallized after the grain size while the largest, but the time required for complete crystallization more long. In addition, other measures to facilitate access to large grain polysilicon thin-film quality, such as VCD thin film polysilicon increased processing ion implantation, using the method of strain polycrystalline silicon thin film was produced in the formation of some structural disorder of amorphous regions, reducing the nucleation center of origin, after annealing for more polysilicon thin photographic materials, and also can then take called “part of the doping method” to achieve the increase in grain size, two layers of film deposited on the substrate and the lower doped with phosphorus, as a nucleation layer, the upper part is Doping not, as a layer of crystal growth, after annealing can also obtain a larger grain, and found that the higher the degree of disorder of the undoped layer, the grain will be larger.

 

People have always thought that this tradition of classic high-temperature furnace annealing is a problem that is limited only by the glass substrates at a lower temperature (600 ℃ or so) annealing, but at a lower annealing temperature, the annealing time up to 10 hours long. However, with the technology of preparation of glass is currently developing and improving a number of glass can withstand temperatures get higher and higher, such as Corning 1737, the softening point temperatures as high as 975 ℃. With the glass as9T215 P/N 310-4804 A1021

 

The method of crystallization of simple equipment, easy operation, process maturity, and easy to control the crystallization conditions, and may be a large area, processing large volumes, is used in the preparation of polycrystalline silicon thin polycrystalline silicon thin film solar cell materials, there is a good perspective of industrial applications.

 

2. Metal induced crystallization (MIC)

 

In the amorphous silicon thin film coating the top layer of metal film or metal film coated on the substrate plating layer of amorphous silicon film so that the amorphous silicon with metal contacts, which can significantly reduce temperature crystallization of amorphous silicon (300 ℃, the crystallization can take place), shorten the time crystallization, and so-called metal-induced crystallization in solid phase. Metal induced solid phase crystallized polysilicon films Prepared crystallization time, micro-structure and grain size with deposition PECVD a-Si: H thin film deposition temperature and substrate surface is completely foreign to the state. Therefore, the metal induced solid phase crystallization of amorphous silicon thin-film original condition asking a lot, you can significantly reduce the scope of conditions of thin film deposition process. However, they are heavily dependent on the choice of metal type and annealing temperature. Can be used to trigger a lot of metal, such as the A1, Au, Ni, Pt, Ni, Cr, Pd and so on, metals, induced effects are slightly different. Metal-induced crystallization phenomenon since the 20th century was discovered 70 years, there have been many theories to interpret, some are more successful, they can explain many phenomena observed experimentally. M7332 402018-001 371790-001 According to the theories related to the process of crystallization can be described as follows: when the temperature rises and supported, metal and silicon inter-diffusion and then react to form the metal-silicon, generating a mixture of a silicon. For silicide metal, this mixture is a silicide, for a total of dissolved metals, such a mixture is a total melt metal and silicon. Under certain temperature, the metal-Si bond formation and rupture processes, but because of the free energy of crystalline silicon in a low, metal-Si bond breakage following the liberation of atoms silicon tend to neighboring silicon atoms to form a stable crystalline keys If participation in this process of metal-sufficient if it would release a sufficient number of atoms of silicon to form silicon micro -grains. Silicon grains came after the formation of crystalline silicon / metal mixture of silicon / amorphous silicon structure system. Then the formation of silicon-metal bond and breaking the reaction process is still ongoing, but in the crystalline silicon / metal interface of a mixture of silicon bonds have dominated the process of fracture, while in the metal a mixture of silicon / amorphous silicon in the formation of the binding interface dominated. Producing this difference is due to the free energy remains with the amorphous silicon is higher than the crystalline silicon. The whole system (crystalline silicon or mixture of metal structure Si Si /) in the continuous process of thermal motion tends to the free energy is always decreasing. In addition to crystalline silicon interface generated by the excess metal atom must pass through the metal to achieve a mixture of side silicon amorphous silicon to make this response to be effective, a mixture of metal a silicon crystal thickness will be restricted when speed. PPP012L F1781A PA1650 In addition, if the metal mixture volume of silicon is too small, which is involved in metal-Si bond as reflected by the number is too small, then the interface per unit time per unit area to produce a quantity limited fracture effectively, thus limiting the rate of crystallization. This process makes the silicon grains grow older, while promoting the metal-silicon mixture of forward movement, the last metal layer and the layer switching layer of amorphous silicon occurs, the amorphous silicon polysilicon. Briefly, by co-melting metal or metal silicide metal-induced crystallization to participate, they are based on the same mechanism, namely, metal-Si bond breaking and reorganization of the audit process heat to promote a regional reorganization of the network, and because of its intrinsic crystalline silicon free energy lower than the amorphous.

 

In recent years, to prepare for the polycrystalline silicon thin-film solar cells, polycrystalline silicon thin film transistors of polycrystalline silicon materials, it is the crystallization technology, much research. As the aluminum content-rich, low price, so a number of aluminum-induced crystallization unit Beishou search of all ages. Many studies have shown that in aluminum-induced crystallization process that affect the quality of polycrystalline silicon thin film parameters are numerous, especially in annealing time, annealing temperature, aluminum, and the ratio thickness of amorphous silicon film, the grain size of aluminum, Al / a-Si interface conditions. The higher the annealing temperature, grain size, the largest, but the rate of crystallization is slower; thick amorphous silicon film is constant, with increases of films of aluminum thickness, the crystallinity of thin films polysilicon has increased the size of the largest grain. In addition, increasing the grain size of polycrystalline aluminum, or aluminum and A-Film increase if a thin layer between Al203, PCGA-AC16V6 PCGAAC19V3 VGP-AC16V7 also cause the increase of silicon grains with a reduced rate of crystallization.

To reduce material waste, reduce costs, monocrystalline silicon and polycrystalline silicon solar cells are advancing the development thin. Satellite M55 battery Tecra A3 battery In this crystalline silicon thin-film batteries nanocrystalline grain size from millimeters up to now have, for convenience, they are collectively known as community photovoltaic cells polycrystalline silicon thin film solar. As the production of polycrystalline silicon thin film, low cost, efficiency, good stability, high efficiency of opto-electronic conversion of recent years that people in the colony of optical technology, techniques of passive restraint and technologies such as the carrier continued progress, polycrystalline silicon thin film batteries of the growing popularity of attention, the future solar cells will become major competitors. In considering how to cut a thin silicon at the same time, people moved towards the poly-silicon thin-film battery research.

 

Preparation of polycrystalline silicon thin film There are several ways in which the deposit chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is the preparation most widely used of the polycrystalline silicon thin film method. In this method, source gases such as silane (SiH4) in the plasma (PECVD), catalysis (Hot-Wire CVD) There are various methods such as the feasibility of the process of decomposition. After the decomposition of material in the gas phase reaction, after a series of arrival of the substrate and deposit growth. Tecra A4 battery Tecra A5 battery In most cases, using diluted hydrogen source gas to prepare a thin film of polysilicon, while the pure silane to prepare thin films of amorphous silicon. However, evaporation by electron beam (EBE) has its unique advantages compared to the vapor deposition method using the gas source, the solid silicon material as raw EBE may have a higher use raw materials. In addition, to obtain a better quality of polycrystalline silicon thin film, but also by two-step method (two-step process) for the preparation of polycrystalline silicon thin film, namely: first, by CVD, or the Evaporation by electron beam (EBE), the rule of law was thin film amorphous silicon, and solid phase crystallization method (SPC) method or rapid thermal annealing (RTP) as the film of poly-silicon thin obtained as a result.

 

1, Chemical Vapor Deposition Method

 

1. Deposits chemical vapor plasma (PECVD) method

 

Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) L61 is a kind of method of chemical deposition vapor is in the chemical deposition at low pressure steam, while the use of the influence of discharge plasma glow on the process using PECVD technology may be in non-silicon substrates, the small grains of polysilicon thin film preparation. Tecra A6 battery Tecra A7 battery

 

Using plasma enhanced chemical vapor method for preparing the deposits of polysilicon thin film process, currently led by a combination of both SiH4 and H2 gas as a source of gas, if the mere introduction of a pure SiH4 gas, PECVD deposition of the substrate from above films are thin films of amorphous silicon. In the process of depositing thin films of polycrystalline silicon by method of radio-frequency glow discharge (Radio Frequency Glow Discharge) decomposition of silane under the effect of RF power, silane gas is decomposed into a number of new particles : atoms, radicals, and different ions and plasma. These new particles through the migration process of dehydrogenation of a series of complex post-deposition on the substrate. Overall, a deposition process of thin films of polycrystalline silicon can be divided into two phases: the decomposition of SiH4 gas and groups filing. The decomposition of SiH4 gas is divided into two phases: first, in the glow discharge, the collision of high energy electrons with SiH4 gas to decompose SiH4. Micro-reaction process of the deposition process in Figure 1.

 

At the same time, because in general the deposition pressure, gas molecules and groups of free range is about 10-3 ~ 10-2cm, much smaller than the size of the reaction chamber, in which the diffusion process on the substrate between them due to collision with each other and the emergence of new reactions, the main type of reaction are: A1175 MacBook Pro 15 inch battery A1078

 

In which the concentration of the diffusion equation group can be expressed as follows:

 

Where G () x is the production rate, the concentration of N in the core group, D is the diffusion coefficient, N for the SiH4 concentration, k as the core group and the reaction rate of SiH4. From this equation, we can see that people with high reactivity, low diffusion coefficient, the higher the concentration of groups is very difficult to reach the substrate, while for SiH 3 groups due to its inability to react with SiH4 and has a high diffusion coefficient, is likely to spread the surface of the substrate plate and depositing a film.

 

The process of thin film deposition, but also contains two processes, namely, the groups filing process and molecules or atoms of the film surface in the desorption process. In the growth of the hair surface should be possible: the growth of surface-H, SiH 3 groups SI and growth of the surface to form dangling bonds Si-Si Bond Bond; Si-Si bonding binding growth thin films. Due to the presence of hydrogen atoms, SiH 3 did not reach the growth surface, bonding with the dangling bonds If, while the group will continue to spread SiH 3 migration. So non-H thin film processing is a long process of health is an important step. The H by thermal excitation and the atomic or molecular H2 in the form of spontaneous release of the surface, you can also group with the surface or react with the release of ions, such as: A1045 PowerBook G4 15 battery

 

≡ Si-When expressed on the surface and thin-film bond network structure of the synthesis of silicon atoms.

The foregoing is based on pure silane and hydrogen gas source for the reaction to the use of plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition mechanism of growth of deposits of polysilicon thin film analysis. Throughout the reaction process, when the SiH4 concentration exceeds a certain critical value can produce a variety of polyhedra has been shaped Si particles, the nucleation of these fine particles will be homogeneous if, and adsorption of SiH4 thin If the reaction nuclear generating surface of the particles continue to grow the film even further growth.

 

2. Very high frequency plasma enhanced chemical deposition from vapor phase (VHF-PECVD)

 

Using conventional radio deposition plasma chemical vapor frequency (RF-PECVD) Preparation of thin films of polycrystalline silicon, to achieve the low temperature deposition, you must use a dilution of the high hydrogen silane as reactive gas, so the deposit rate is limited, it is difficult to satisfy practical application. Polysilicon thin-film deposition rate as the increase in effective ways of one of the very high plasma deposition chemical vapor frequency (VHF-PECVD) technique in materials polysilicon thin-layer preparation and the application of research is a very wide range of applications. IBM ThinkPad R51 battery  IBM ThinkPad R52 battery

 

VHF-PECVD deposition technique has been able to dramatically improve the rate of deposition of thin films of polycrystalline silicon, mainly because the excitation of plasma more conventional VHF radio frequency plasma: l) the electron temperature below 2 ) the benefits of greater electron density.

VHF-PECVD deposition equipment, mainly from the three bedroom PIN, vacuum system, the system of gas supply, the power of incentives and heating of substrate and other major unit.

 

PIN 3 reaction chamber is opened a window Watch P bedrooms and a bathroom-type N and N, respectively P-type materials, the deposition room, I for the preparation of the intrinsic layer of material, the valve between the chamber reaction to isolate, thin film deposition process to work independently of each other.

 

At the end of the vacuum system is divided into the vacuum system and exhaust system into two parts. The end of the vacuum system includes a turbo-molecular pump and a pre-class mechanical pump, exhaust system, an independent not connect to each chamber of three mechanical pumps. Reaction gas firm Gas line dedicated to provide all the working chamber pressure by meter route air traffic, Zhengzhou University Graduate Thesis Chapter II Preparation of polycrystalline silicon thin film technology and the growth of the flowmeter mass on the principle of the creation and control, and through the regulation of emissions of exhaust gas pumps mechanical size before opening valves to control the working pressure of reaction chamber . F4812A HSTNN-lB31 PB991A

 

Inspiring a dedicated power supply for VHF. Energy mainly by the signal generator, amplifier, corresponding devices, frequency and power meter, components, etc..

 

If the filing system is the device by converting the old power supply system, heating system put in place because the original design of the main defects in the electrode substrate is located in a high frequency power introduced in the electrodes of the following processing of the raw film deposition, surface growth, likely to fall into powder that such damage, thus affecting the quality of materials in thin layers, which affect the preparation of solar batteries is particularly important.

 

PIN Mimuro compartment continuous VHF PECVD deposition equipment for the parallel plate capacitor electrode structure and the performance of electrodes in place, the distance between the electrodes in adjustable between 1.5-3.5cm, common electrode spacing of about 2.5cm. Deposit system for thin films of this at the end of a vacuum better than 5 × 10-5PA. Working gas for the hydrogen dilution of silane gas flow in the measurement of mass flow meters and control the operating range of gas pressure of O-200Pao power incentive points with four VHF operating frequency: 60MHz , 70MHz, 80MHz, 40MHz, the output of O-100W, power of size to be headed by a meter. PA3383U-1BRS PA3395U-1BRS PA3534U-1BRS

 

3. Chemical deposition at low vapor pressure LPCVD

 

Low pressure deposition chemical vapor (LPCVD) method containing mainly silicon in the gas chamber, by heating near the surface of the substrate by stimulating the decomposition, the decomposition of silicon and hydrogen and the formation of under them have a variety of groups took place near the surface reaction, the silicon film formed on the substrate. Was significantly lower than in O.1MPa work under pressure in terms of peripheral LPCVD, low pressure can increase throttle response studio and reaction products through the ability of the boundary layer diffusion. At the same time, to partially offset the impact of downward pressure may increase the total quantity of reactive gas in the gas in the concentration ratio. Compared to the normal pressure CVD equipment, low pressure chemical deposition vapor pressures of work, almost as low as l00Pa, resulting in response to the gas diffusion coefficient increased by about three orders of magnitude . Despite pressure to reduce the thickness of the surface layer of the substrate border has increased, but the flow of gas can also be increased accordingly. Thus, the overall result is greatly improved rate of thin film deposition. Low pressure deposition chemical vapor (LPCVD) method will only come into contact with the gas to the surface at high temperature deposition of thin films, while the lower surface temperature of contact is not filed. Low-pressure chemical vapor deposition method has the advantage of the longer period the reaction chamber can be kept clean. Under normal circumstances, the use of heterogeneous substrate LPCVD thin films directly deposited polycrystalline silicon grain size is below 500nm, the grain can be obtained in this way more and good quality polysilicon thin films. apple PowerBook G4 12 inch battery apple MacBook 13 inch battery During LPCVD epitaxial growth substrate before cleaning, and taking the region by adjusting the reaction temperature and pressure to change the deposition rate of thin film materials and performance. Low deposition device chemical vapor pressure and atmospheric general features of hot wall-type The main difference is that it requires a vacuum pump to maintain pressure throughout the system works.

In view of the World Conference on Climate in Copenhagen late last year let the Chinese public familiar with the new conditions of low-carbon, this session of the CPPCC, ThinkPad R52 battery ThinkPad T40 battery the “low-carbon economy” will become one of Keyword hottest, coupled with the recent spate of foreign acquisitions in the automotive industry and calls back to the broadcasting of major events, etc., so I think that both present a new directed energy The industry consolidation, automatic redialing, a harmonious society, and government procurement will be representatives of the automotive industry and five members of the center of attention.

 

1, a new energy seems to disappear in the past.

Climate change and environmental pressures in the automotive industry have created their sights on new energy vehicles.

  

March 4, Geneva Motor Show will be officially opened. Known as “the tendency to weathercock,” said the Geneva Motor Show has opened the 80th “anniversary” and it will also lead the global automotive industry has entered a new development area. This auto show, the new trend that energy is no longer a spectator, but to become a true hero. ” Even the Ferrari and Porsche began to move toward the rich are also “green.” What was once held in North America and the Tokyo Motor Show, but also become a vehicle for new energy stood stage. Inspiron 1300 battery Inspiron 1318 battery

 

Looking at the internal development of new energy vehicles to electric cars and hybrid vehicles based on new energy sources have been thunder and heavy rain in such a small market-oriented is not high. At present, except a small number of hybrids in the sale of several imports, only Thailand and the mass public BYD electric cars on the market. In addition to grants, Matching and other issues, the new energy vehicles can not be a big step forward in the nucleus of the obstacles is that if the industry focuses on the body energy vehicles, he will backfire on the current development of the internal combustion engine is caused by growing car market devastating blow. Therefore, how to achieve traditional cars and vehicles with new energy, unified and coordinated development is located within government, industry, companies face an urgent need to tackle the problem. Therefore, new energy the first place, the NPC and members of the first focus of concern is really not an exaggeration.

 

Second, consolidation of the industry is the general trend.

 

After the golden decade, early development, development of automobile industry in China is at a new level and a point of departure, both production and marketing breakthrough 13.5 million, becoming the largest market in the world. hp Pavilion DV1000 battery  hp Pavilion dv4000 battery

 

However, our goal is to make electric cars, rather than a simple power car. The industry consolidation is the only way of becoming stronger. Merger and integration at the same time, would also reduce the gas industry, excess capacity on the industry.

Recently, official press conference of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, has announced the first half of this year the central government plans to implement a new policy to encourage the integration of the automotive industry to further develop the brand of the family car. It is understood that this new policy, revealed in 2015, cars manufactured brands represent more than half of total turnover of the car brand of domestic auto manufacturers own car to reach the market share home to about 40%.

 

Last year, Chang’an integration Hafei and Changhe is integrated oil flares said. In addition to national groups or local Auto current major automotive manufacturers and distributors as well as ancillary businesses, service firms, group management across the board. In particular, the autonomy of Crown corporations and private brands, which should be in this, go ahead. PA3534U-1BRS PA3191U-3BRS

 

Listed are bigger and stronger capital base, mergers and acquisitions and restructuring is an integrated resort. Before the Spring Festival, there are media reports, Zhejiang private car Zhejiang Thai private consortium public financing totaling 700 million yuan, is planning to market. Including the Guangzhou Auto Group, Chery, Lifan, Great Wall and the FAW are interested in 2010 a share above.

 

Yi Gu and another undercurrent in the automotive market potential movement Chung. January 6, the group of Dalian will leave the message list in the industry caused no small vibration. Largest car dealership in Shanghai - Shanghai Yongda, northern giant car dealers several years ago a large group of questions ad, cars Guanghui, Canton and other household objects CARSELLA Top of car dealer listed already occupied before the enclosure movement . A1008 A1012

 

However, because China’s market space vehicle development for more living space for all types of automotive companies has in recent years due to mismanagement of mergers were fewer and corporate restructuring. At the same time, mergers and reorganization of local government must also be recognized to be implemented. And each region will be the automotive industry in the development of regional economic behavior, solve the employment problem of the pillar industries in the context of trans-regional mergers and acquisitions more difficult.

 

How clever to pass through the hands of the integration of local carmakers, while avoiding local protectionism, how the market for automotive companies to provide better policy support. I fear that will be the subject of a second. A1022 A1185

 

3, Toyota recalls the door to the expansion of independent brands in China sounded the alarm.

 

Currently, the world glancing at a company, the head of a family business, that is, Toyota Motor and Toyota, Akio. Toyota said the door is not only the world of the automobile, but public opinion as a whole in the center of the vortex of concern. In addition to Toyota due to blindly expand and reduce costs has led to defects in the quality automotive products, appropriate vehicles for treatment unreasonable and irrational, is also the main reason the outbreak of the recall is complete. According to related statistics, in 2009 the case of internal reminder of the car are over 50, total recall of nearly 150 vehicles, but all are passive recall. The face of product design and manufacturing defects, there is no manufacturers take the initiative to recall their products.

 

In fact, take the initiative to recall the results of the recall is over a hundred times more passive. This is because, at present, consumers have a rational understanding of the product recall and will not blindly believe that product recalls will say no, can not buy. If we can take the initiative to recall and is therefore able to understand consumers and manufacturers responsible attitude. apple iBook G4 12 inch battery apple iBook G4 14 inch battery

 

Consequently, automobile manufacturers in North American brands including self-employment, it must be reminded of the incident inspired door Toyota in control of a good product, R & D and production quality at the same time , product recall correctly, respect the interests and demands of consumers, is royalty.

 

4, essentially established in the automotive community have also made a series of questions.

 

As the first decade of China’s gold at the end of the automotive industry, the entry of China into the community of the automobile is an indisputable fact. However, the amount of car ownership continues to grow, but also exposed many social problems such as impaired driving and gave the driver, old man scratched thousands of illegal vehicles, roads and other online traffic control limit enforcement of fishing and so on. Aspire 3000 battery LCBTP03003

 

How to solve these social problems? The government should establish what type of education and management of long-term mechanism? I fear that the representatives and members of the automotive world will be a very great impact on these public representatives of the demonstration to express their suggestions and proposals.

 

5, support the development of independent brands should make a difference in government procurement.

 

To be published in the first half of this year, a new version of “The automobile industry development policy” of the two themes is to encourage independent brands and new energy vehicle development. The new industry policy will focus on motor vehicles of the brand that encourages companies to develop the basic elements of R & D and technological transformation, focusing on brand, construction of canals, market to support the consumer credit, and the second market for used car and pushing their own brands “out”. In addition, the new version of “policy” clearly stated in 2015 its own brand cars to represent 50% of the domestic market, the vehicles under their own brand on the account for 40% of the internal target on the automotive market.

 

However, brands are looking for has been the vehicle model of government procurement has always relied on a joint venture. Sony VGP-BPS2 Sony VGP-BPS2A

 

However, according to relevant reports, in order to implement the state to support and develop the policies of their own company car brand, Chongqing Municipality Bureau of Finance this year, the municipal official cars will be the first time a unified tendering: the local car brand, give extra points, marks the independent proportion of purchases for official vehicles will rise to over 50%. In addition, the purchase of buses in the use of imported vehicles is strictly prohibited.

 

This may be a positive signal that the government in the purchase of official vehicles be tilted according to its own brand. However, how this experience to the whole country? How to dramatically change the price of own-brand cars in the traditional concept of low quality poor? This may be a number of representatives own car business brand and members really need to tell the subject.

 

In the post-crisis, the auto industry in China this year is the golden age of the beginning of the second year, is also a marked recovery in China in the car also key to another. Given the complex and unstable world economy, faced with new energy and a number of thesis directed by industry hope that Latitude D620 battery Latitude D820 battery the representatives of the automotive industry and members will bring a number of constructive proposals and the feasibility of the motion and to the Government and industry leaders departments attach great importance and processing for the automotive industry and automotive and strengthen the harmonious development of society was a good basis.